PONZO TUTOR NO 5
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): PONZO TUTOR NO 5
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 16.4K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 21:15:11
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
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FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PONZO TUTOR | PONZO TUTOR NO 5 | PRG | DuncanTwain | 25 | 9 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
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00003A40: A0 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 3A 97 58 28 49 29 2C 31 36 |..I.0.7:.X(I),16|
00003A50: 30 3A 81 54 54 B2 31 A4 50 50 3A 82 00 72 42 AB |0:.TT.1.PP:..rB.|
00003A60: A0 97 58 28 49 29 2C C2 28 41 28 49 29 29 3A 82 |..X(I),.(A(I)):.|
00003A70: 3A 8E 00 92 42 B4 A0 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 3A 97 59 |:...B...I.0.7:.Y|
00003A80: 28 49 29 2C 31 36 30 3A 81 54 54 B2 31 A4 50 50 |(I),160:.TT.1.PP|
00003A90: 3A 82 00 A8 42 B5 A0 97 59 28 49 29 2C C2 28 41 |:...B...Y(I),.(A|
00003AA0: 28 49 29 29 3A 82 3A 8E 00 C8 42 C8 A0 81 49 B2 |(I)):.:...B...I.|
00003AB0: 30 A4 37 3A 97 4D 28 49 29 2C 31 36 30 3A 81 54 |0.7:.M(I),160:.T|
00003AC0: 54 B2 31 A4 50 50 3A 82 00 DE 42 C9 A0 97 4D 28 |T.1.PP:...B...M(|
00003AD0: 49 29 2C C2 28 41 28 49 29 29 3A 82 3A 8E 00 FE |I),.(A(I)):.:...|
00003AE0: 42 7C A1 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 3A 97 41 28 49 29 2C |B|..I.0.7:.A(I),|
00003AF0: 31 36 30 3A 81 54 54 B2 31 A4 50 50 3A 82 00 14 |160:.TT.1.PP:...|
00003B00: 43 7D A1 97 41 28 49 29 2C C2 28 58 28 49 29 29 |C}..A(I),.(X(I))|
00003B10: 3A 82 3A 8E 00 34 43 90 A1 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 3A |:.:..4C...I.0.7:|
00003B20: 97 4D 28 49 29 2C 31 36 30 3A 81 54 54 B2 31 A4 |.M(I),160:.TT.1.|
00003B30: 50 50 3A 82 00 4A 43 91 A1 97 4D 28 49 29 2C C2 |PP:..JC...M(I),.|
00003B40: 28 58 28 49 29 29 3A 82 3A 8E 00 6A 43 C2 A1 81 |(X(I)):.:..jC...|
00003B50: 49 B2 30 A4 37 3A 97 41 28 49 29 2C 31 36 30 3A |I.0.7:.A(I),160:|
00003B60: 81 54 54 B2 31 A4 50 50 3A 82 00 80 43 C3 A1 97 |.TT.1.PP:...C...|
00003B70: 41 28 49 29 2C C2 28 59 28 49 29 29 3A 82 3A 8E |A(I),.(Y(I)):.:.|
00003B80: 00 A0 43 F4 A1 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 3A 97 4D 28 49 |..C...I.0.7:.M(I|
00003B90: 29 2C 31 36 30 3A 81 54 54 B2 31 A4 50 50 3A 82 |),160:.TT.1.PP:.|
00003BA0: 00 B6 43 F5 A1 97 4D 28 49 29 2C C2 28 59 28 49 |..C...M(I),.(Y(I|
00003BB0: 29 29 3A 82 3A 8E 00 F5 43 60 EA 52 24 B2 22 B0 |)):.:...C`.R$.".|
00003BC0: C0 B2 C0 B2 C0 B2 C0 B2 C0 B2 C0 B2 C0 B2 C0 AE |................|
00003BD0: 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003BE0: 9D 9D DD A0 DD A0 DD A0 DD A0 DD A0 DD A0 DD A0 |................|
00003BF0: DD A0 DD 11 22 00 24 44 61 EA 52 24 B2 52 24 AA |....".$Da.R$.R$.|
00003C00: 22 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |"...............|
00003C10: 9D 9D AD C0 B1 C0 B1 C0 B1 C0 B1 C0 B1 C0 B1 C0 |................|
00003C20: B1 C0 BD 22 00 5B 44 62 EA 41 24 B2 22 13 11 20 |...".[Db.A$.".. |
00003C30: 12 41 92 91 22 AA 52 24 3A 50 24 B2 22 13 11 1D |.A..".R$:P$."...|
00003C40: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003C50: 1D 1D 1D 12 50 92 91 22 AA 52 24 00 99 44 63 EA |....P..".R$..Dc.|
00003C60: 58 24 B2 22 13 11 11 11 11 20 12 58 92 91 22 AA |X$."..... .X..".|
00003C70: 52 24 3A 59 24 B2 22 13 11 11 11 11 1D 1D 1D 1D |R$:Y$.".........|
00003C80: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003C90: 1D 12 59 92 91 22 AA 52 24 00 C7 44 64 EA 4D 24 |..Y..".R$..Dd.M$|
00003CA0: B2 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |."..............|
00003CB0: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 12 |................|
00003CC0: 4D 92 91 22 AA 52 24 00 EA 44 65 EA 43 52 24 B2 |M..".R$..De.CR$.|
00003CD0: 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 B0 C0 AE 11 9D 9D 9D DD |"...............|
00003CE0: 1D DD 11 9D 9D 9D AD C0 BD 22 00 2A 45 66 EA 43 |.........".*Ef.C|
00003CF0: 43 24 B2 22 13 11 20 12 41 92 DD 11 9D 9D 9D 20 |C$.".. .A...... |
00003D00: 11 9D 20 11 9D 20 11 9D 20 11 9D 20 20 20 11 9D |.. .. .. .. ..|
00003D10: 9D 9D 20 20 20 11 9D 9D 9D 20 20 20 91 20 20 20 |.. .... . |
00003D20: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 00 45 45 67 EA 57 | ".EEg.W|
00003D30: 44 B2 34 30 3A 43 52 54 B2 31 30 32 34 3A 99 C7 |D.40:CRT.1024:..|
00003D40: 28 31 34 32 29 00 8B 45 68 EA 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 |(142)..Eh..I.0.7|
00003D50: 3A 41 28 49 29 B2 43 52 54 AA 57 44 AA 33 AA 32 |:A(I).CRT.WD.3.2|
00003D60: AC 49 3A 50 28 49 29 B2 41 28 49 29 AA 32 30 3A |.I:P(I).A(I).20:|
00003D70: 58 28 49 29 B2 41 28 49 29 AA 33 AC 57 44 3A 59 |X(I).A(I).3.WD:Y|
00003D80: 28 49 29 B2 58 28 49 29 AA 32 30 00 AD 45 69 EA |(I).X(I).20..Ei.|
00003D90: 4D 28 49 29 B2 59 28 49 29 AA 33 AC 57 44 3A 82 |M(I).Y(I).3.WD:.|
00003DA0: 3A 43 B2 43 52 54 AA 37 AC 57 44 AA 31 00 E1 45 |:C.CRT.7.WD.1..E|
00003DB0: 6A EA 53 44 24 B2 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 |j.SD$.".........|
00003DC0: 11 22 3A 43 4C 24 B2 22 22 3A 81 49 B2 31 A4 57 |.":CL$."":.I.1.W|
00003DD0: 44 AB 32 3A 43 4C 24 B2 43 4C 24 AA 22 20 22 3A |D.2:CL$.CL$." ":|
00003DE0: 82 00 03 46 6B EA 42 54 24 B2 22 13 22 3A 81 49 |...Fk.BT$.".":.I|
00003DF0: B2 31 A4 32 34 3A 42 54 24 B2 42 54 24 AA 22 11 |.1.24:BT$.BT$.".|
00003E00: 22 3A 82 00 36 46 6C EA 43 24 B2 43 52 24 AA 22 |":..6Fl.C$.CR$."|
00003E10: 13 11 B0 C0 B3 11 9D 9D 9D DD 11 9D DD 11 9D DD |................|
00003E20: 11 9D DD 11 9D AB 11 1D 1D 1D 1D 5F 43 41 52 52 |..........._CARR|
00003E30: 59 20 42 49 54 22 00 66 46 73 EA 4D 4C 24 B2 22 |Y BIT".fFs.ML$."|
00003E40: 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003E50: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003E60: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 22 00 70 46 74 EA 50 50 B2 32 30 |.....".pFt.PP.20|
00003E70: 00 92 46 93 EA 42 54 24 B2 22 13 22 3A 81 49 B2 |..F..BT$.".":.I.|
00003E80: 31 A4 32 34 3A 42 54 24 B2 42 54 24 AA 22 11 22 |1.24:BT$.BT$."."|
00003E90: 3A 82 00 DC 46 94 EA 50 54 24 B2 22 1C B0 C0 C0 |:...F..PT$."....|
00003EA0: C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 AE 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003EB0: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D DD 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003EC0: 1D DD 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D AD |................|
00003ED0: B2 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 B2 BD 22 00 24 47 95 |...........".$G.|
00003EE0: EA 50 54 24 B2 50 54 24 AA 22 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |.PT$.PT$."......|
00003EF0: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D CE A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 |................|
00003F00: A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 CD 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003F10: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D A5 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D |......==========|
00003F20: 3D 3D A7 22 00 60 47 96 EA 50 54 24 B2 50 54 24 |==.".`G..PT$.PT$|
00003F30: AA 22 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |."..............|
00003F40: 9D D0 CF A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 D0 CF 91 |................|
00003F50: 91 91 91 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 22 |..............."|
00003F60: 00 97 47 97 EA 50 54 24 B2 42 54 24 AA 22 91 91 |..G..PT$.BT$."..|
00003F70: 91 91 91 91 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003F80: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 22 AA |..............".|
00003F90: 50 54 24 AA 22 90 22 00 C7 47 98 EA 4D 4C 24 B2 |PT$."."..G..ML$.|
00003FA0: 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |"...............|
00003FB0: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003FC0: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 22 00 E2 47 99 EA 57 44 B2 34 |......"..G..WD.4|
00003FD0: 30 3A 43 52 54 B2 31 30 32 34 3A 99 C7 28 31 34 |0:CRT.1024:..(14|
00003FE0: 32 29 00 06 48 9A EA 57 32 B2 57 44 AD 32 3A 57 |2)..H..W2.WD.2:W|
00003FF0: 33 B2 57 44 AB 31 3A 57 31 24 B2 CA 28 C4 28 57 |3.WD.1:W1$..(.(W|
00004000: 44 29 2C 32 29 3A 00 28 48 9B EA 57 32 24 B2 CA |D),2):.(H..W2$..|
00004010: 28 C4 28 57 32 29 2C 32 29 3A 57 33 24 B2 CA 28 |(.(W2),2):W3$..(|
00004020: C4 28 57 33 29 2C 32 29 00 2E 48 C4 EA 8E 00 3B |.(W3),2)..H....;|
00004030: 48 18 F6 99 42 54 24 43 4C 24 3B 00 5B 48 19 F6 |H...BT$CL$;.[H..|
00004040: 99 42 54 24 22 12 52 45 54 55 52 4E 92 20 54 4F |.BT$".RETURN. TO|
00004050: 20 43 4F 4E 54 49 4E 55 45 22 3B 00 71 48 1A F6 | CONTINUE";.qH..|
00004060: A1 5A 24 3A 8B 5A 24 B3 B1 22 22 A7 36 33 30 30 |.Z$:.Z$.."".6300|
00004070: 32 00 86 48 1B F6 A1 5A 24 3A 8B 5A 24 B2 22 22 |2..H...Z$:.Z$.""|
00004080: A7 36 33 30 30 33 00 8C 48 1C F6 8E 00 99 48 22 |.63003..H.....H"|
00004090: F6 99 42 54 24 43 4C 24 3B 00 CE 48 23 F6 99 42 |..BT$CL$;..H#..B|
000040A0: 54 24 22 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 12 52 45 54 55 |T$".........RETU|
000040B0: 52 4E 20 54 4F 20 53 45 45 20 49 54 20 48 41 50 |RN TO SEE IT HAP|
000040C0: 50 45 4E 92 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 22 3B 00 E4 |PEN.........";..|
000040D0: 48 24 F6 A1 5A 24 3A 8B 5A 24 B3 B1 22 22 A7 36 |H$..Z$:.Z$.."".6|
000040E0: 33 30 31 32 00 F9 48 25 F6 A1 5A 24 3A 8B 5A 24 |3012..H%..Z$:.Z$|
000040F0: B2 22 22 A7 36 33 30 31 33 00 FF 48 26 F6 8E 00 |."".63013..H&...|
00004100: 13 49 7C F6 81 54 B2 31 A4 35 3A 99 50 54 24 4D |.I|..T.1.5:.PT$M|
00004110: 53 24 3B 00 29 49 7D F6 99 50 54 24 22 20 20 20 |S$;.)I}..PT$" |
00004120: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 3B 00 38 49 7E F6 99 50 | ";.8I~..P|
00004130: 54 24 4D 53 24 3B 3A 82 00 3E 49 7F F6 8E 00 49 |T$MS$;:..>I....I|
00004140: 49 E0 F6 8D 36 33 30 30 30 00 6A 49 E1 F6 99 53 |I...63000.jI...S|
00004150: 44 24 3B 3A 81 54 B2 31 A4 31 30 3A 99 43 4C 24 |D$;:.T.1.10:.CL$|
00004160: 3A 82 3A 99 53 44 24 3B 3A 8E 00 7E 49 44 F7 8D |:.:.SD$;:..~ID..|
00004170: 36 33 31 30 30 3A 8D 36 33 30 31 30 3A 8E 00 94 |63100:.63010:...|
00004180: 49 FF F9 8D 36 30 30 30 30 3A 99 22 93 22 3A 89 |I...60000:.".":.|
00004190: 31 36 33 30 00 00 00 |1630... |
..!...."....... PONZO*83*WATERLOO......"
.......K....53281,15:.53280,12:.".".N...
.". ..C64 TUTOR-5......"...
....................................."..
....". ..THE ADC'S OF 6510 MACHINE LANGU
AGE .. .":MS$." WELCOME! "......".......
..................................".,...
.60000:.63100:.63000.Z...."...THE .M.ICR
O.P.ROCESSOR .U.NIT (MPU)".|. ..".IN THE
C64 IS THE .6510.."...!..".HE (SHE?) WI
LL OBEY YOUR COMMANDS".R."..".IF YOU CAN
SPEAK THE RIGHT LANGUAGE"...#.."....AND
THAT'S .MACHINE LANGUAGE..".(.$..".WE'
LL LEARN SOME .MACHINE LANGUAGE".B.%..".
IN THIS TUTORIAL.".N.&..".BUT LET'S LET
THE .6510. TELL IT...".Y.'..63000...(.."
..............THE 6510...............".N
.-..".QWE'VE GOT A NUMBER OF INTERNAL"..
.2..".'REGISTERS' WHICH HOLD 8-BIT BINAR
Y".+.<..".NUMBERS(BYTES) FROM $00 TO $FF
(IN HEX).".V.A..".QWE CALL THEM 'A' AND
'X' AND 'Y'."..B..".(WE HAVE A FEW MOR
E..BUT WAIT..)"...F..".QYOU MAY LOAD THE
M WITH NUMBERS".Q.P..".AND PERFORM ADDIT
ION,SUBTRACTION,"...Z..".TESTS FOR ZERO
, > , < ETC.ETC.".(.D..".QLET'S GO THROU
GH SOME OF THESE .6510.".C.N..".COMMANDS
...":.63000.R.X.."."A$X$Y$.{....SD$"HERE
ARE A FEW OF THE COMMANDS"......".IN MY
REPERTOIRE:". ....63200... ..".LDA #$F3
"......"..L.OA.D. THE .A.CCUMULATOR WITH
THE"......".NUMBER F3 IN HEX..#$F3".".
...".THIS IS AN .IMMEDIATE. LOAD.".Z.H.M
S$." A=#$F3 ":.63300:N$."11110011":.40
110:.63200...R..".LDX #$AB":MS$." X=#$A
B ":.63300...W.N$."10101011":.40130:.63
200......".LDY #$DD":MS$." Y=#$DD ":.6
3300:N$."11011101":.40140......63200:.".
TAX":."..T.RANSFER CONTENTS OF .A. TO .X
..".E...MS$." X=A ":.63300:.41130:.
63200......".TYA":."..T.RANSFER CONTENTS
OF .Y. TO .A..":MS$." A=Y "......63
300:.41410:.63200.G...."..AND THERE'S .T
XA. AND .TAY.."......"...HERE ARE SOME M
ORE.:":.63200.2....".INX.":."..IN.CREMEN
T THE .X.-REGISTER BY 1.":MS$." X=X+1
".Y."..63300:N$."10101100":.40130:.6320
0...,..".DEX.":."..DE.CREMENT THE .X.-RE
GISTER BY 1.":MS$." X=X-1 ".D.6..63300
:N$."10101011":.40130:.63200...@.."AND T
HERE'S .INY. AND .DEY..":.63200.#.J..M$:
N$."10110101":PP.0:.40160:.ML$"$1234":PP
.20.`.T..SD$".INC $1234.":."..INC.REMENT
S MEMORY LOCATION $1234"...^.MS$." M=M+
1 ":.63300:N$."10110110":.40160:.63200.
Q.H..".DEC $1234.":."..DEC.REMENTS MEMOR
Y LOCATION $1234"...R.MS$." M=M-1 ":.
63300:N$."10110101":.40160:.63200.6.|.."
.ASL.":."..A.RITHMETIC .S.HIFT .L.EFT".`
....".ALL BITS OF THE .A.-REGISTER MOVE"
......".MOVE LEFT. A '0' COMES INTO THE
'LSB'"......".AND THE 'MSB' DROPS INTO T
HE 'CARRY'."......".QLSB=LEAST SIGNIFICA
NT BIT"......".QMSB=MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT
".....MS$." A=2*A ":.63300.T....C$:.C
,49:N$."10111010":PP.500:.40098:.63200:P
P.20.C.B..CC$:.C,32...L..SD$"..SEC.":.".
.SE.T THE .C.ARRY BIT."...V..CR$:MS$."
CARRY=1 ":.63300:.C,49:.63200......SD$".
.CLC.":."..CL.EAR .C.ARRY BIT.":MS$." C
ARRY=0 "......63300:.CR$:.C,48:.63200:.C
C$.J....".STA $1234.":."..ST.ORE THE .A.
-REGISTER"......".IN MEMORY LOCATION $12
34":MS$." M=A ":.63300.....N$."1011
1010":.41160:.63000.S.X..".THAT'S ENOUGH
. LET'S CLEAR THE SCREEN.."...B.."LDA #$
20 _LOAD A WITH #$20='SPACE'."...L.."ST
A $0400 I":."STA $0401 ._FILLS SCREEN".S
.V.."STA $0402 ._MEMORY WITH #$20.".....
."--- ----- .----------------":."STA $07
FF K_HENCE CLEAR SCREEN".Q....".BUT WE C
LEARLY NEED SOMETHING LIKE:":.".LDA #$20
"......"FOR X=0 TO #$3FF":."STA $0400+X"
:."NEXT X":.63000.A....".OR.....":."BEGI
N LDA #$20 _NOTE STATEMENT LABEL"......"
LDX #$00":."LOOP STA $0400,X _.IN
DEXED ADDRESSING"......" ^ INX":."
. ?CHECK FOR X=#$3FF?".O...." .. IF N
OT,GOTO 'LOOP'"......"..WE HAVE .COMPARE
. & .BRANCH. INSTRUCTIONS!".?.F..".WHAT
WE NEED ABOVE IS:":."..C.OM.P.ARE .X. TO
#$3FF".U.P..".& .B.RANCH IF .N.OT .E.QU
AL..TO 'LOOP'":.63010...Z.."....BEGIN LD
A #$20 . ".V....".
LDX #$00 ":.".LOOP STA $0400,X"..
....". ^ INX ":.". . CPX #$
3FF . ".N....".
.. BNE LOOP . ":.63200..
...."NOTE..........:WE WILL NEVER .STA.
IN .$07FF."......".IN THE ABOVE PROGRAM.
..SO...":.63010.W...."........ . CPX
#$400 ":.63200... .."ALSO, WE CAN .CPX
#$N. ONLY IF N LIES".%.*..".IN THE RANGE
$00 TO $FF.".N.4..".SO WE CHANGE THE CO
DE TO:":.63010.L.>.."....BEGIN LDA #$20
."...H..". LDX #$00 ":.".LOOP
STA $0400,X"...R..". STA $0500,X".P
.\..". STA $0600,X"...F..". ST
A $0700,X"...P..". INX ":.".
CPX #$FF .".=.Z..". BNE LOO
P .":.63000.H....SD$"....";:.T.1.10:.C
L$:.:.SD$"....";......"OR, WE CAN SIMPLI
FY THIS A LITTLE BY".E....".COUNTING .DO
WN. FROM X=$FF TO $00":.63010......"....
BEGIN LDA #$20 ."......". LDX #$F
F ":.".LOOP STA $0400,X".-....".
STA $0500,X".G....". STA $0600,X".
A.J..". STA $0700,X".{.T..". D
EX "......". BNE LOOP .":.
" ":.63000......SD$"..
..";:.T.1.10:.CL$:.:.SD$"....";......"..
.HOW CAN WE .BNE. WHEN WE DON'T DO ANY".
)...."..COMPARE.?":.63000.U....".YOU SEE
, .BNE. REALLY CHECKS TO SEE"......".IF
'0' IS THE RESULT OF AN ARITHMETIC".....
.".OPERATION..INCLUDING A .COMPARE..".R.
...".IN THE PAIR OF INSTRUCTIONS:"......
"..CPX #$FF":.".BNE LOOP":.".WE SUBTRACT
#$FF FROM THE".:....".VALUE OF X AND .B
RANCH. TO LOOP IF".A.$..".THE RESULT IS
NOT ZERO!":.63000......"..INX ":.".B
NE LOOP"...8..".WE BRANCH TO LOOP IF THE
RESULT OF".X.B..".INCREMENTING X IS .NO
T. ZERO.":."..."...L.."..DEC $1234":.".B
NE LOOP "...V..".HERE WE BRANCH TO LOOP
IF".J.`..".DECREMENTING $1234 IS NOT ZER
O.":."...".X.J.."..NOTE.: .CPX. INVOLVE
S A SUBTRACTION"...T..".(TO CHECK FOR ZE
RO RESULT)".X.~..".BUT IT DOES NOT......
.. CHANGE ANY REGISTERS!":.63000......".
LET'S .RVS. THE SCREEN.".&....".THIS REQ
UIRES LOOKING AT EVERY SCREEN".V....".ME
MORY LOCATION AND CHECKING THE .MSB.."..
....".IF IT'S .1. THEN CHANGE IT TO .0..
"......".IF IT'S .0. THEN CHANGE IT TO .
1..".Y....".(THE MSB DETERMINES IF THE C
HARACTER"......"IS IN RVS-FIELD)!".9.(..
".WE'LL:":."..LDA $0400,X":.".EOR #$80
. __???":.".STA $0400,X".F.2.."..EOR. I
S AN .E.XCLUSIVE .OR.!":.63000...<..".IF
.A. CONTAINS .10110101. (AFTER .LDA.)".
D.F..".THEN .EOR #$80. DOES AN EXCLUSIVE
-OR"...P..".WITH .10000000. ($80 IN HEX)
".. Z..".AND GIVES .00110101...VERY NICE
!".0 D..".OUR PROGRAM MIGHT GO:".A N..".
.BEGIN LDX #$FF ":.".LOOP LDA $0400,X
".. X..". EOR #$80 ":.". STA
$0400,X".A ...". LDA $0500,X":.".
EOR #$80 ".. ...". STA $0500
,X":.".ETC. ETC..UNTIL..."..!...".
STA $0700,X".C! ..". DEX ":.
". BNE LOOP ":.63000.O!...".IT'S
CLEAR THAT THIS WILL NOT DO IF"..!...".W
E WANT TO GO FROM $0400 TO $0500 TO".I!.
.."...TO $0N00,INSTEAD OF JUST TO $0700.
"..!H..".WE NEED A LOOP-WITHIN-A-LOOP"..
"R..".FOR LARGE N...SOMETHING LIKE:...".
M"...". M=$0400":." X=N _.N
INSTEAD OF 3".."..."LP1 Y=#$FF":."LP2
LDA M+Y":." EOR #$80".."..." STA
M+Y":." Y=Y-1".."..." IF Y<>0 G
OTO LP2 ":." M=M+$100":." X=X-1"
..#..." IFX<>0 GOTO LP1 ":.63000.7#.
..".....................".23)"_.WON'T DO
Y=0.!".`#..."..".23)"_.WON'T DO X=0.!!.
":.63000..#...".";:.I.1.10:.CL$:.:.".WE'
LL .CHANGE. IT TO:".Q#...63010:."..
M=$0400":." X=N"
"..$...".LP1 Y=#$00 ":."LP2 L
DA M+Y":." EOR #$80".2$..." STA
M+Y":." Y=Y-1".O$..." IF Y<>0 GO
TO LP2 ":." M=M+$100":." X=X-1".
.$...". IFX>=0 GOTO LP1 .":.63000:."
.............";.Q$..."WE WORK ON M+00 FI
RST,THEN .Y=Y-1."..$..."WILL CHANGE Y=00
TO Y=FF(!) AND WE'LL".+%..."CONTINUE WI
TH M+FF THEN M+FE..TO M+01".P%..."AND WE
STOP THE Y-LOOP THERE!".{%..."THE X-LOO
P STARTS WITH X=N AND EACH"..%...".X=X-1
. CHANGES X TO N-1,N-2,..2,1,0 .THEN."..
%..."ONE MORE .X=X-1. CHANGES X TO FF(!)
WHICH"..&..."IS .NEGATIVE.(!) AND WE ST
OP THE X-LOOP!".>&...".NOTE.:THE 6510 RE
GISTERS CAN HOLD #'S".I&..."FROM $00 TO
$FF.IF WE HAVE .00. AND". &...".DECREME
NT.,IT CHANGES TO .FF...AND .FF+1.=.00."
..&..."FINALLY,.MSB=1. SIGNIFIES A .NEGA
TIVE NO..!";:.63000..&...".LET'S TRY SOM
ETHING LIKE:"..'..."..BEGIN LDA #$0400 .
_??*!#$0400 TOO BIG!!".\'...". STA
$B0 ._$B0 NOW HAS #$0400"..'...".
LDX #$03 ":.".LP1 LDY #$00 ".P'"
..".LP2 LDA ($B0),Y._ INDIRECT INDEXED
?":.". EOR #$80 "..(,..". ST
A ($B0),Y._ INDIRECT INDEXED!":.".
DEY ".U(6..". BNE LP2 ":.
". INC $B0 BY #$100._??*!!HOW??"..(
@..". DEX ":.". BPL LP1
._BRANCH ON PLUS!!".C(J.."..LDA ($B0
),Y. TAKES THE CONTENTS OF"..(T..".MEMOR
Y LOC'N $B0, ADDS Y, AND THIS.........".
#)Y.."GIVES THE ADDRESS OF THE BYTE WHIC
H ".I)Z..".GETS LOADED INTO 'A'!!":.6300
0.Y)^..".THERE ARE SOME NEW IDEAS..AND P
ROBLEMS!"..)C.."...BUT FIRST LET'S AGREE
THAT WE'LL".Q)D..".USE $B0 TO REFER TO
THE MEMORY LOC'N"..)E..".AND ($B0) TO RE
FER TO THE .CONTENTS"..*F..".OF MEMORY L
OCATION $B0.".P*H.."....LET'S LOOK AT AD
DRESSING MODES.:":.63000.M*R..".BASIC".2
0)"ASSEMBLER"..*W..".....".20)".........
"..*|..".A=5.".20)".LDA #$05.".O*...".QI
MMEDIATE MODE. THE ACCUMULATOR"..*..."IS
LOADED WITH THE # 5."..+..."..A=M(5).".
20)".LDA $05.".3+...".QABSOLUTE ADDRESSI
NG. 'A' IS".V+..."LOADED WITH THE CONTEN
TS OF".P+..."MEMORY LOCATION 5."..+B..".
.A=M(5+X).".20)".LDA $0005,X"..+L..".QAB
SOLUTE .INDEXED.. THE CONTENTS"..+V.."OF
LOC'N (5+X) ARE LOADED INTO 'A'."..,...
"..A=M(M(5+X)).".20)".LDA ($0005,X)".>,.
..".QINDEXED .INDIRECT.. THE CONTENTS".H
,..."OF LOC'N (5+X) GIVE THE ADDRESS OF"
..,..."THE BYTE TO BE LOADED INTO 'A'.":
.63000..,...".THEN THERE'S OUR FRIEND:".
.,..."..A=M(M(5)+Y).".20)".LDA ($05),Y."
..-...".Q.INDIRECT INDEXED.. FIRST, THE
CONTENTS".;-&..".OF LOC'N 5 ARE EXTRACTE
D.THEN 'Y'".E-0..".IS ADDED AND THE RESU
LT GIVES THE"..-:..".ADDRESS OF THE BYTE
LOADED INTO 'A'.":.63000.K-D..".Q.INDIR
ECT. MEANS WE GO TO A MEMORY LOC'N"..-N.
.".TO GET THE ADDRESS OF THE BYTE TO BE"
...X..".LOADED INTO THE ACCUMULATOR.".J.
B..".Q.INDEXED. MEANS WE ADD THE CONTENT
S".V.L..".OF A .6510. REGISTER TO AN ADD
RESS."...V..".QIF WE .INDEX. THEN .INDIR
ECT. IT'S".S...."..INDEXED INDIRECT...AS
IN .LDA ($0400,X)"......".QIF WE .INDIR
ECT. THEN .INDEX. IT'S".5/..."..INDIRECT
INDEXED...AS IN .LDA ($B0),Y":.63000.X/
..MS$."CLEAR?!*$&":.63100:.63000.~/...".
LET'S EXPLAIN ABOUT .MEMORY.."../..."..6
510. INSTRUCTIONS ARE STORED IN MEMORY".
S/..."AS 1- OR 2- OR 3- HEX BYTES."../F.
."..INX.=.E8. IS ONE BYTE LONG..0P.."..L
DA #$05.=.AD 05. IS TWO BYTES".O0Z.."..L
DA $1234,X.=.BD 34 12. IS THREE BYTES.".
K0..." ^^ ^^"..0..."IN GEN
ERAL, 2-BYTE ADDRESSES ARE"..0..."STORED
IN MEMORY IN REVERSE ORDER:"..0...".LO-
BYTE. THEN .HI-BYTE.."..0...".SO IF YOU
HAVE:".!1...".LDA ($B0),Y.=.B1 CA. THE 6
510 WILL".J1 .."GET FROM $B0 THE .LO-BYT
E. OF THE".U1*.."ADDRESS,AND FROM $B1 TH
E .HI-BYTE.!"..14..".QBE SURE TO PUT BOT
H BYTES IN $B0/$B1".H1>.."BEFORE .LDA ($
B0),Y.!!":.63000..1H..".LET'S GET BACK T
O:"..2R.."..BEGIN LDA #$0400 ._??*!#$040
0 TOO BIG!!".B2\..". STA $B0 ._$
B0 NOW HAS #$0400".R2F..". LDX #$03
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LDA ($B0),Y._ INDIRECT INDEXED?":.".
EOR #$80 "..2Z..". STA ($B0),Y.
_ INDIRECT INDEXED!":.". DEY
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C $B0 BY #$100._??*!!HOW??".}3...".
DEX ":.". BPL LP1 ._BRAN
CH ON PLUS!!"..3...".WE NOW MUST PUT $04
00 INTO $B0/$B1"..3..."WITH .LDA #$00. .
STA $B0. .LDA #$04. .STA $B1.."..4...".A
LSO .INC $B0 BY #$100. IS CHANGED TO:".9
4...".INC $B1.... WE NEED ONLY .INC. THE
".W4..."HI-BYTE BY '1'!":.63000.|4J..".W
E'LL CHANGE OUR PROGRAM TO:"..4T.."..BEG
IN LDA #$00 .":.". STA $B0 "..
4...". LDA #$04 ":.". STA $B
1 "..5...". LDX #$03 ":.".LP1
LDY #$00 ".?5...".LP2 LDA ($B0),Y.
":.". EOR #$80 ".P5...". STA
($B0),Y.":.". DEY ". 5...".
BNE LP2 ":.". INC $B1 "
.X5...". DEX ":.". BPL
LP1 .":.63000..6...".................
.WE NEEDN'T .LDY #$00. EACH".@6$..".TIME
WE .BPL LP1":.".Y=0 ALREADY SO:":.63010
.U6..."......... ":.".LOOP":."......
........LOOP"..63..".............LOOP":.
63000..68..".................":.I.1.6:.C
L$:...6B.."..................NOTE THAT .
LDX #$03. CAN"..7L..".BE CHANGED TO ANYT
HING FROM".;7V.."..LDX #$01. TO .LDX #$8
0..":.63000.B7`..".................":.I.
1.6:.CL$:...7J.."..................FOR .
LDX #$00. WE'LL X-LOOP ONCE ANYWAY!".J7T
.."FOR .LDX #$81.,OR HIGHER,.DEX."..7~..
"WILL LEAVE 'MSB'=1 IN THE X-REGISTER".
8..."AND X<0 WILL RESULT AND .BPL. WILL"
.L8...".NOT. TAKE US BACK TO 'LOOP'!":.6
3000.S8...".................":.I.1.6:.CL
$:...8..."..................NOTE THAT ($
B1) WILL NOT".S8...".OVERFLOW. AFTER A N
UMBER OF .INC $B1."..8..."INSTR'NS. AFTE
R ALL,MEMORY ONLY GOES".$9D.."TO $FFFF,
SO, UNLESS YOU GOOF".Q9N.."($B1)<=FF WIL
L ALWAYS BE TRUE!":.63000.|9X..".NOTE TH
AT INCREMENTING THE ADDRESS"..9..."IN $B
0/$B1 BY $0100 ONLY REQUIRES".P9...".INC
$B1.. IF YOU WANT TO INCREMENT"..9..."B
Y $0001 YOU CAN DO IT THIS WAY:"..:...".
. ------- ".I:...". INC $B0 ":."
. BNE NEXT":.". INC $B1 "._:..."
.NEXT ------- "..:...".THIS ADDS '1' TO
($B0).IF IT DOESN'T"..:(..".OVERFLOW. FR
OM FF TO 00 WE CONTINUE"..:2.."WITH THE
'NEXT' INTRUCTION."..:<..".IF IT DOES OV
ERFLOW TO .00.".);F.."THE .BNE NEXT. WIL
L NOT TAKE US TO".V;P.."'NEXT', AND WE A
DD '1' TO THE HI-BYTE".T;Z.."WITH .INC $
B1..":.63000..;D..".IF YOU WANT TO INCRE
MENT BY OTHER THAN".S;N..".$0001 OR $010
0 (.INC $B0. OR .INC $B1.)"..<X..".THEN
YOU NEED TO .ADD. THE INCREMENT.".%<}.."
.SUPPOSE WE WANT TO ADD $1F:".D<..."..LD
A $B0 ._GET LO-BYTE".J<...".ADC #$1F._AD
D #$1F TO LO-BYTE"..<...".STA $B0 ._PUT
IT BACK"..< ..".LDA $B1 ._GET HI-BYTE"..
<...".ADC #$00._ADD ZERO(?!)":.".STA $B1
._PUT IT BACK"..=...".YOU SEE..ADDING #
$1F MIGHT JUST CAUSE".<=..."THE CONTENTS
OF $B0 TO .OVERFLOW. WHICH".I=H.."CAUSE
S .CARRY.=1. SO WE ADD THE CARRY"..=R.."
TO ($B1) WITH .LDA $B1. & .ADC #$00".R=.
..".NOTE..........:.ADC. MEANS .AD.D WIT
H .C.ARRY.":.63000..>..."...............
":.I.1.8:.CL$:.:."...............".7>...
"OF COURSE THE .CARRY. MAY BE .1. WHEN".
B>...".THE ABOVE PIECE OF CODE STARTS, S
O"..>...".WE MUST ALWAYS.............. .
CLC. BEFORE AN .ADC.!":.63010.E>..."....
.....CLC ":.63000..>...".IF YOU WANT
TO .SUBTRACT. .#$1F. YOU:"..?".."...LDA
$B0 ":.".SBC #$1F._SUBTRACT $1F":.".STA
$B0 ".I?,..".LDA $B1 ":.".SBC #$00._SUB
TRACT $00!!":.".STA $B1 "..?6..".NOTE...
.......:.SBC. MEANS .S.U.B.TRACT WITH .C
.ARRY.".Q?@..".HOWEVER, WITH .SBC. YOU M
UST HAVE"..@J..".CARRY=1 TO START WITH!!
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