T.BASICS
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): T.BASICS
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 3.6K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 18:12:22
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
1986961221ee2dde5ef9f9a5fc3490b68d982979fa5e15f5f743e9c20c76d4ad
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOADSTAR 56 S 1 | T.BASICS | PRG | Sailor, Ganheden | 12 | 4 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
00000000: 00 80 5E 55 3A 5A 45 52 4F 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 |..^U:ZERO. | 00000010: C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 D3 3A 20 CD 4F 44 49 46 59 49 4E |......: .ODIFYIN| 00000020: 47 20 D0 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 53 0D 0D 20 20 42 59 |G .ROGRAMS.. BY| 00000030: 20 C6 45 4E 44 45 52 20 D4 55 43 4B 45 52 20 41 | .ENDER .UCKER A| 00000040: 4E 44 20 D3 54 45 50 48 45 4E 20 CC 45 56 45 4E |ND .TEPHEN .EVEN| 00000050: 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C9 4E 20 54 48 45 20 C2 C1 D3 |.. .N THE ...| 00000060: C9 C3 D3 20 43 4F 4C 55 4D 4E 20 4F 4E 20 CC CF |... COLUMN ON ..| 00000070: C1 C4 D3 D4 C1 D2 0D 23 35 31 20 C9 20 57 52 4F |.......#51 . WRO| 00000080: 54 45 20 41 42 4F 55 54 20 53 54 41 52 54 49 4E |TE ABOUT STARTIN| 00000090: 47 20 41 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 0D 50 52 4F 47 52 41 |G A ......PROGRA| 000000A0: 4D 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 53 43 52 41 54 43 48 2E 20 |M FROM SCRATCH. | 000000B0: 20 D3 4F 4D 45 54 49 4D 45 53 20 59 4F 55 0D 48 | .OMETIMES YOU.H| 000000C0: 41 56 45 20 54 4F 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 52 45 20 41 |AVE TO. .HERE A| 000000D0: 52 45 4E 27 54 20 4D 41 4E 59 20 50 52 4F 47 52 |REN'T MANY PROGR| 000000E0: 41 4D 53 0D 54 48 41 54 20 46 49 54 20 49 4E 54 |AMS.THAT FIT INT| 000000F0: 4F 20 54 48 45 20 D3 54 49 52 20 C1 4E 44 20 C6 |O THE .TIR .ND .| 00000100: 52 4F 53 54 0D 4D 4F 4C 44 2E 20 20 C8 4F 57 45 |ROST.MOLD. .OWE| 00000110: 56 45 52 2C 20 54 48 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 41 20 |VER, THERE IS A | 00000120: 57 41 59 20 54 48 41 54 0D 59 4F 55 20 43 41 4E |WAY THAT.YOU CAN| 00000130: 20 4C 45 41 52 4E 20 41 20 4C 4F 54 20 41 42 4F | LEARN A LOT ABO| 00000140: 55 54 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 49 4E 47 0D 57 |UT PROGRAMMING.W| 00000150: 49 54 48 4F 55 54 20 57 4F 52 52 59 49 4E 47 20 |ITHOUT WORRYING | 00000160: 41 42 4F 55 54 20 41 4C 4C 20 54 48 45 0D 44 45 |ABOUT ALL THE.DE| 00000170: 54 41 49 4C 53 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 54 48 41 54 27 |TAILS, AND THAT'| 00000180: 53 20 42 59 20 4D 4F 44 49 46 59 49 4E 47 20 41 |S BY MODIFYING A| 00000190: 0D 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 54 48 41 54 27 53 20 |.PROGRAM THAT'S | 000001A0: 41 4C 52 45 41 44 59 20 57 52 49 54 54 45 4E 2E |ALREADY WRITTEN.| 000001B0: 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C6 4F 52 20 41 4E 20 45 58 43 |.. .OR AN EXC| 000001C0: 45 4C 4C 45 4E 54 20 45 58 41 4D 50 4C 45 20 4F |ELLENT EXAMPLE O| 000001D0: 46 20 54 48 49 53 2C 0D D3 54 45 50 48 45 4E 20 |F THIS,..TEPHEN | 000001E0: CC 45 56 45 4E 20 4F 46 20 CD 41 53 54 45 52 20 |.EVEN OF .ASTER | 000001F0: D3 4F 46 54 57 41 52 45 20 48 41 53 0D 4D 4F 44 |.OFTWARE HAS.MOD| 00000200: 49 46 49 45 44 20 CC CF C1 C4 D3 D4 C1 D2 20 CC |IFIED ........ .| 00000210: C9 D3 D4 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 49 53 53 55 45 53 0D |... FROM ISSUES.| 00000220: 23 34 34 20 41 4E 44 20 23 35 33 20 46 4F 52 20 |#44 AND #53 FOR | 00000230: 55 53 20 54 4F 20 53 54 55 44 59 2E 0D 20 20 20 |US TO STUDY.. | 00000240: 20 D3 54 45 50 48 45 4E 20 57 52 49 54 45 53 2C | .TEPHEN WRITES,| 00000250: 20 22 CC CF C1 C4 D3 D4 C1 D2 20 CC C9 D3 D4 20 | "........ .... | 00000260: 49 53 0D 4A 55 53 54 20 57 48 41 54 20 C9 20 4E |IS.JUST WHAT . N| 00000270: 45 45 44 45 44 20 54 4F 20 46 49 4E 44 20 47 41 |EEDED TO FIND GA| 00000280: 4D 45 53 20 46 52 4F 4D 0D 50 41 53 54 20 49 53 |MES FROM.PAST IS| 00000290: 53 55 45 53 20 46 4F 52 20 4D 59 20 47 52 4F 57 |SUES FOR MY GROW| 000002A0: 49 4E 47 20 43 48 49 4C 44 52 45 4E 2E 0D C2 55 |ING CHILDREN...U| 000002B0: 54 20 49 54 20 55 53 45 53 20 4F 4F 44 4C 45 53 |T IT USES OODLES| 000002C0: 20 4F 46 20 50 41 50 45 52 20 41 4E 44 20 C9 0D | OF PAPER AND ..| 000002D0: 44 4F 4E 27 54 20 4F 57 4E 20 53 54 4F 43 4B 20 |DON'T OWN STOCK | 000002E0: 49 4E 20 41 4E 59 20 50 41 50 45 52 20 43 4F 4D |IN ANY PAPER COM| 000002F0: 50 41 4E 59 2E 0D C2 59 20 41 44 44 49 4E 47 20 |PANY...Y ADDING | 00000300: 46 4F 55 52 20 4C 49 4E 45 53 20 4F 46 20 C2 C1 |FOUR LINES OF ..| 00000310: D3 C9 C3 20 43 4F 44 45 0D 41 4E 44 20 43 48 41 |... CODE.AND CHA| 00000320: 4E 47 49 4E 47 20 54 57 4F 20 4F 54 48 45 52 53 |NGING TWO OTHERS| 00000330: 2C 20 45 41 43 48 20 45 4E 54 52 59 0D 4E 4F 57 |, EACH ENTRY.NOW| 00000340: 20 50 52 49 4E 54 53 20 4F 4E 20 41 20 53 49 4E | PRINTS ON A SIN| 00000350: 47 4C 45 20 4C 49 4E 45 2E 20 20 C9 54 20 55 53 |GLE LINE. .T US| 00000360: 45 53 0D 31 2F 35 54 48 20 54 48 45 20 50 41 50 |ES.1/5TH THE PAP| 00000370: 45 52 21 22 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 CD 59 20 4F 4E 4C |ER!".. .Y ONL| 00000380: 59 20 45 58 43 55 53 45 20 46 4F 52 20 55 53 49 |Y EXCUSE FOR USI| 00000390: 4E 47 20 43 4F 44 45 20 54 48 41 54 0D 57 41 53 |NG CODE THAT.WAS| 000003A0: 54 45 53 20 53 4F 20 4D 55 43 48 20 50 41 50 45 |TES SO MUCH PAPE| 000003B0: 52 20 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 C9 20 57 41 4E 54 |R IS THAT . WANT| 000003C0: 45 44 0D 54 4F 20 55 53 45 20 54 48 45 20 53 41 |ED.TO USE THE SA| 000003D0: 4D 45 20 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 54 4F 20 50 52 |ME ROUTINE TO PR| 000003E0: 49 4E 54 20 54 4F 0D 54 48 45 20 50 52 49 4E 54 |INT TO.THE PRINT| 000003F0: 45 52 20 41 53 20 57 45 4C 4C 20 41 53 20 54 48 |ER AS WELL AS TH| 00000400: 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 2E 0D 0D 32 39 30 20 49 |E SCREEN...290 I| 00000410: 46 20 54 59 20 54 48 45 4E 20 4F 50 45 4E 34 2C |F TY THEN OPEN4,| 00000420: 34 2C 37 3A 43 4D 44 34 0D 0D C9 46 20 54 48 45 |4,7:CMD4...F THE| 00000430: 20 46 4C 41 47 20 54 59 20 57 41 53 20 53 45 54 | FLAG TY WAS SET| 00000440: 2C 20 54 48 45 4E 20 54 48 45 0D 4F 55 54 50 55 |, THEN THE.OUTPU| 00000450: 54 20 57 45 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 |T WENT TO THE PR| 00000460: 49 4E 54 45 52 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D3 54 45 50 |INTER... .TEP| 00000470: 48 45 4E 20 49 4D 4D 45 44 49 41 54 45 4C 59 20 |HEN IMMEDIATELY | 00000480: 53 41 57 20 54 48 45 0D 50 52 49 4E 54 4F 55 54 |SAW THE.PRINTOUT| 00000490: 20 44 4F 57 4E 20 54 48 45 20 4C 45 46 54 20 53 | DOWN THE LEFT S| 000004A0: 49 44 45 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 0D 50 41 50 45 52 |IDE OF THE.PAPER| 000004B0: 20 41 4E 44 20 46 49 47 55 52 45 44 20 4F 55 54 | AND FIGURED OUT| 000004C0: 20 41 20 57 41 59 20 54 4F 20 47 45 54 20 49 54 | A WAY TO GET IT| 000004D0: 0D 54 4F 20 4C 49 53 54 20 41 4C 4C 20 54 48 45 |.TO LIST ALL THE| 000004E0: 20 57 41 59 20 41 43 52 4F 53 53 20 54 48 45 20 | WAY ACROSS THE | 000004F0: 50 41 47 45 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C6 49 52 53 54 |PAGE... .IRST| 00000500: 20 48 45 20 43 52 45 41 54 45 44 20 41 20 53 54 | HE CREATED A ST| 00000510: 52 49 4E 47 20 28 53 4C 24 29 0D 54 48 41 54 20 |RING (SL$).THAT | 00000520: 43 4F 4E 53 49 53 54 53 20 4F 46 20 34 30 20 53 |CONSISTS OF 40 S| 00000530: 50 41 43 45 53 2E 20 20 D5 53 49 4E 47 0D 54 48 |PACES. .SING.TH| 00000540: 45 20 48 41 4E 44 59 20 CC C5 C6 D4 24 20 46 55 |E HANDY ....$ FU| 00000550: 4E 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 48 45 20 43 41 4E 20 4D 41 |NCTION HE CAN MA| 00000560: 4B 45 0D 53 54 52 49 4E 47 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 |KE.STRINGS THAT | 00000570: 57 49 4C 4C 20 41 4C 49 47 4E 20 54 48 45 20 43 |WILL ALIGN THE C| 00000580: 4F 4C 55 4D 4E 0D 4E 45 41 54 4C 59 20 4F 4E 20 |OLUMN.NEATLY ON | 00000590: 54 48 45 20 50 41 50 45 52 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 20 |THE PAPER. .HE | 000005A0: D4 C1 C2 0D 46 55 4E 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 44 4F 45 |....FUNCTION DOE| 000005B0: 53 4E 27 54 20 57 4F 52 4B 20 4F 4E 20 41 20 50 |SN'T WORK ON A P| 000005C0: 52 49 4E 54 45 52 2E 0D 0D 20 20 36 20 46 4F 52 |RINTER... 6 FOR| 000005D0: 49 3D 31 54 4F 34 30 3A 53 4C 24 3D 53 4C 24 2B |I=1TO40:SL$=SL$+| 000005E0: 22 20 22 3A 4E 45 58 54 0D 0D C9 20 50 52 45 46 |" ":NEXT... PREF| 000005F0: 45 52 20 4A 55 53 54 20 44 45 46 49 4E 49 4E 47 |ER JUST DEFINING| 00000600: 20 41 20 53 54 52 49 4E 47 20 41 53 0D 46 4F 52 | A STRING AS.FOR| 00000610: 54 59 20 53 50 41 43 45 53 20 42 55 54 20 54 48 |TY SPACES BUT TH| 00000620: 49 53 20 49 53 20 41 20 4D 41 54 54 45 52 20 4F |IS IS A MATTER O| 00000630: 46 0D 53 54 59 4C 45 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 |F.STYLE... .H| 00000640: 45 4E 20 48 45 20 41 44 44 45 44 20 53 4F 4D 45 |EN HE ADDED SOME| 00000650: 20 48 45 41 44 49 4E 47 53 20 54 4F 0D 4C 49 4E | HEADINGS TO.LIN| 00000660: 45 20 32 39 30 2E 0D 0D 32 39 30 20 49 46 54 59 |E 290...290 IFTY| 00000670: 54 48 45 4E 4F 50 45 4E 34 2C 34 2C 37 3A 43 4D |THENOPEN4,4,7:CM| 00000680: 44 34 3A 50 52 49 4E 54 22 0D 20 20 20 20 C9 D3 |D4:PRINT". ..| 00000690: D3 D5 C5 20 20 D4 C9 D4 CC C5 22 53 50 43 28 33 |... ....."SPC(3| 000006A0: 31 29 22 C1 D5 D4 C8 CF D2 22 0D 20 20 20 20 53 |1)"......". S| 000006B0: 50 43 28 31 34 29 22 C3 C1 D4 C5 C7 CF D2 D9 22 |PC(14)"........"| 000006C0: 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C8 45 52 45 27 53 20 57 48 41 |.. .ERE'S WHA| 000006D0: 54 20 C9 20 48 41 44 20 46 4F 52 20 4C 49 4E 45 |T . HAD FOR LINE| 000006E0: 20 34 32 30 3A 0D 0D 34 32 30 20 50 52 49 4E 54 | 420:..420 PRINT| 000006F0: 22 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |"---------------| 00000700: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 22 0D 0D 41 4E |-----------"..AN| 00000710: 44 20 48 45 52 45 27 53 20 48 4F 57 20 D3 54 45 |D HERE'S HOW .TE| 00000720: 50 48 45 4E 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 44 20 49 54 20 |PHEN CHANGED IT | 00000730: 54 4F 0D 45 4C 49 4D 49 4E 41 54 45 20 54 48 45 |TO.ELIMINATE THE| 00000740: 20 55 4E 4E 45 43 45 53 53 41 52 59 20 44 41 53 | UNNECESSARY DAS| 00000750: 48 45 44 20 4C 49 4E 45 0D 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 |HED LINE.ON THE | 00000760: 50 41 50 45 52 20 50 52 49 4E 54 4F 55 54 2E 0D |PAPER PRINTOUT..| 00000770: 0D 34 32 30 20 49 46 54 59 3D 30 54 48 45 4E 50 |.420 IFTY=0THENP| 00000780: 52 49 4E 54 22 5B 44 41 53 48 45 53 5D 22 3A 47 |RINT"[DASHES]":G| 00000790: 4F 54 4F 34 33 30 0D 0D D4 48 45 20 44 41 53 48 |OTO430...HE DASH| 000007A0: 45 53 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 50 52 49 4E 54 20 4F 4E |ES ONLY PRINT ON| 000007B0: 20 54 48 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 2E 0D 0D 20 20 | THE SCREEN... | 000007C0: 20 20 D4 48 45 4E 20 48 45 20 41 44 44 45 44 20 | .HEN HE ADDED | 000007D0: 54 48 45 53 45 20 4C 49 4E 45 53 20 54 4F 20 54 |THESE LINES TO T| 000007E0: 48 45 0D 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 2E 0D 0D 34 32 31 |HE.PROGRAM...421| 000007F0: 20 53 4C 24 28 31 29 3D 4C 45 46 54 24 28 50 52 | SL$(1)=LEFT$(PR| 00000800: 24 28 49 29 2B 53 4C 24 2C 33 35 29 2B 22 20 22 |$(I)+SL$,35)+" "| 00000810: 3A 0D 20 20 20 20 53 4C 24 28 32 29 3D 4C 45 46 |:. SL$(2)=LEF| 00000820: 54 24 28 41 55 24 28 49 29 2B 53 4C 24 2C 31 39 |T$(AU$(I)+SL$,19| 00000830: 29 2B 22 20 22 0D 0D 34 32 32 20 53 4C 24 28 33 |)+" "..422 SL$(3| 00000840: 29 3D 4C 45 46 54 24 28 43 41 24 28 50 25 28 49 |)=LEFT$(CA$(P%(I| 00000850: 29 29 2B 53 4C 24 2C 31 36 29 3A 0D 20 20 20 20 |))+SL$,16):. | 00000860: 53 4C 24 28 30 29 3D 22 23 22 2B 4C 45 46 54 24 |SL$(0)="#"+LEFT$| 00000870: 28 53 54 52 24 28 4C 53 25 28 49 29 29 2B 0D 20 |(STR$(LS%(I))+. | 00000880: 20 20 20 53 4C 24 2C 35 29 2B 22 20 22 0D 0D 34 | SL$,5)+" "..4| 00000890: 32 33 20 50 52 49 4E 54 53 4C 24 28 30 29 53 4C |23 PRINTSL$(0)SL| 000008A0: 24 28 31 29 53 4C 24 28 32 29 53 4C 24 28 33 29 |$(1)SL$(2)SL$(3)| 000008B0: 3A 0D 20 20 20 20 47 4F 54 4F 34 36 30 0D 0D 20 |:. GOTO460.. | 000008C0: 20 20 20 CC 49 4E 45 53 20 34 32 31 20 41 4E 44 | .INES 421 AND| 000008D0: 20 34 32 32 20 44 45 46 49 4E 45 20 54 48 45 20 | 422 DEFINE THE | 000008E0: 46 4F 55 52 0D 53 55 42 53 43 52 49 50 54 45 44 |FOUR.SUBSCRIPTED| 000008F0: 20 53 4C 24 28 58 29 20 53 54 52 49 4E 47 53 20 | SL$(X) STRINGS | 00000900: 57 49 54 48 20 54 48 45 0D 49 4D 42 45 44 44 45 |WITH THE.IMBEDDE| 00000910: 44 20 50 52 24 2C 20 41 55 24 2C 20 43 41 24 20 |D PR$, AU$, CA$ | 00000920: 41 4E 44 20 4C 53 25 20 4C 45 46 54 2D 0D 4A 55 |AND LS% LEFT-.JU| 00000930: 53 54 49 46 49 45 44 20 49 4E 20 45 41 43 48 20 |STIFIED IN EACH | 00000940: 27 43 45 4C 4C 27 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 4E 20 4C 49 |'CELL'. .HEN LI| 00000950: 4E 45 0D 34 32 33 20 50 52 49 4E 54 53 20 54 48 |NE.423 PRINTS TH| 00000960: 45 4D 20 4F 4E 20 59 4F 55 52 20 50 41 50 45 52 |EM ON YOUR PAPER| 00000970: 20 4F 4E 20 4F 4E 45 0D 4C 49 4E 45 20 41 43 52 | ON ONE.LINE ACR| 00000980: 4F 53 53 20 54 48 45 20 50 41 47 45 2E 0D 20 20 |OSS THE PAGE.. | 00000990: 20 20 CD 55 43 48 20 42 45 54 54 45 52 2C 20 D3 | .UCH BETTER, .| 000009A0: 54 45 50 48 45 4E 21 20 20 C9 20 47 45 54 0D 4C |TEPHEN! . GET.L| 000009B0: 45 54 54 45 52 53 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 56 41 52 49 |ETTERS FROM VARI| 000009C0: 4F 55 53 20 43 52 49 54 49 43 53 20 41 52 4F 55 |OUS CRITICS AROU| 000009D0: 4E 44 0D 54 48 45 20 43 4F 55 4E 54 52 59 20 43 |ND.THE COUNTRY C| 000009E0: 4F 4D 4D 45 4E 54 49 4E 47 20 4F 4E 20 48 4F 57 |OMMENTING ON HOW| 000009F0: 0D 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 53 20 43 4F 55 4C 44 20 |.PROGRAMS COULD | 00000A00: 48 41 56 45 20 42 45 45 4E 20 42 45 54 54 45 52 |HAVE BEEN BETTER| 00000A10: 0D 57 52 49 54 54 45 4E 20 28 53 45 45 20 54 48 |.WRITTEN (SEE TH| 00000A20: 49 53 20 4D 4F 4E 54 48 27 53 20 C2 D9 D4 C5 D3 |IS MONTH'S .....| 00000A30: 0D 41 52 54 49 43 4C 45 29 2C 20 42 55 54 20 C9 |.ARTICLE), BUT .| 00000A40: 20 48 45 53 49 54 41 54 45 20 54 4F 20 53 55 42 | HESITATE TO SUB| 00000A50: 4A 45 43 54 0D 4F 55 52 20 53 55 42 4D 49 54 54 |JECT.OUR SUBMITT| 00000A60: 49 4E 47 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 45 52 53 20 |ING PROGRAMMERS | 00000A70: 54 4F 0D CD 4F 4E 44 41 59 2D 4D 4F 52 4E 49 4E |TO..ONDAY-MORNIN| 00000A80: 47 20 51 55 41 52 54 45 52 42 41 43 4B 49 4E 47 |G QUARTERBACKING| 00000A90: 2E 0D C8 4F 57 45 56 45 52 2C 20 57 48 45 4E 20 |...OWEVER, WHEN | 00000AA0: 54 48 45 20 4F 46 46 45 4E 44 49 4E 47 20 50 52 |THE OFFENDING PR| 00000AB0: 4F 52 41 4D 4D 45 52 0D 49 53 20 4D 4F 49 2C 20 |ORAMMER.IS MOI, | 00000AC0: C9 20 43 41 4E 20 53 45 4C 46 2D 46 4C 41 47 45 |. CAN SELF-FLAGE| 00000AD0: 4C 4C 41 54 45 20 57 49 54 48 0D 54 48 45 20 42 |LLATE WITH.THE B| 00000AE0: 45 53 54 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 4D 2E 0D 0D 20 20 |EST OF THEM... | 00000AF0: 20 20 D4 48 45 20 4D 41 49 4E 20 54 48 52 55 53 | .HE MAIN THRUS| 00000B00: 54 20 4F 46 20 54 48 49 53 20 41 52 54 49 43 4C |T OF THIS ARTICL| 00000B10: 45 0D 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 |E.IS THAT PROGRA| 00000B20: 4D 53 20 4F 4E 20 CC CF C1 C4 D3 D4 C1 D2 20 28 |MS ON ........ (| 00000B30: 4F 52 0D 41 4E 59 57 48 45 52 45 20 46 4F 52 20 |OR.ANYWHERE FOR | 00000B40: 54 48 41 54 20 4D 41 54 54 45 52 29 20 41 52 45 |THAT MATTER) ARE| 00000B50: 20 4E 4F 54 0D 49 4E 56 49 4F 4C 41 54 45 2C 20 | NOT.INVIOLATE, | 00000B60: 41 4E 44 20 49 46 20 59 4F 55 20 53 45 45 20 53 |AND IF YOU SEE S| 00000B70: 4F 4D 45 54 48 49 4E 47 0D 49 4E 54 45 52 45 53 |OMETHING.INTERES| 00000B80: 54 49 4E 47 2C 20 57 52 4F 4E 47 2C 20 49 4E 45 |TING, WRONG, INE| 00000B90: 46 46 49 43 49 45 4E 54 20 4F 52 0D 50 55 5A 5A |FFICIENT OR.PUZZ| 00000BA0: 4C 49 4E 47 2C 20 4A 55 4D 50 20 52 49 47 48 54 |LING, JUMP RIGHT| 00000BB0: 20 49 4E 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 43 4F 44 45 0D 41 | INTO THE CODE.A| 00000BC0: 4E 44 20 53 45 45 20 57 48 41 54 20 59 4F 55 20 |ND SEE WHAT YOU | 00000BD0: 43 41 4E 20 44 4F 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C3 48 45 |CAN DO... .HE| 00000BE0: 43 4B 20 4F 55 54 20 54 48 45 20 D2 45 41 44 2D |CK OUT THE .EAD-| 00000BF0: C9 54 20 54 45 58 54 20 46 4F 52 0D C3 C1 D3 D4 |.T TEXT FOR.....| 00000C00: CC C5 20 CF C6 20 D3 D0 C9 D2 C9 D4 D3 20 54 4F |.. .. ....... TO| 00000C10: 20 53 45 45 20 57 48 41 54 20 CA 45 46 46 0D CA | SEE WHAT .EFF..| 00000C20: 4F 4E 45 53 20 44 49 44 20 57 49 54 48 20 49 54 |ONES DID WITH IT| 00000C30: 53 20 50 52 49 4E 54 2D 54 4F 2D 54 48 45 2D 0D |S PRINT-TO-THE-.| 00000C40: 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 2E 0D |SCREEN ROUTINE..| 00000C50: 0D 20 20 20 20 D3 49 4E 43 45 20 57 45 20 48 41 |. .INCE WE HA| 00000C60: 56 45 20 53 4F 4D 45 20 53 50 41 43 45 20 4F 4E |VE SOME SPACE ON| 00000C70: 20 54 48 49 53 0D 53 49 44 45 20 4F 46 20 54 48 | THIS.SIDE OF TH| 00000C80: 45 20 44 49 53 4B 20 C9 27 4D 20 49 4E 43 4C 55 |E DISK .'M INCLU| 00000C90: 44 49 4E 47 20 41 20 43 4F 50 59 0D 4F 46 20 CC |DING A COPY.OF .| 00000CA0: CF C1 C4 D3 D4 C1 D2 20 CC C9 D3 D4 20 57 49 54 |....... .... WIT| 00000CB0: 48 20 D3 54 45 50 48 45 4E 27 53 0D 43 48 41 4E |H .TEPHEN'S.CHAN| 00000CC0: 47 45 53 20 49 4D 50 4C 45 4D 45 4E 54 45 44 2E |GES IMPLEMENTED.| 00000CD0: 20 20 D4 48 45 20 46 4F 55 52 20 46 49 4C 45 53 | .HE FOUR FILES| 00000CE0: 0D 4E 45 45 44 45 44 20 41 52 45 20 4C 55 4D 50 |.NEEDED ARE LUMP| 00000CF0: 45 44 20 54 4F 47 45 54 48 45 52 20 4F 4E 20 D3 |ED TOGETHER ON .| 00000D00: 49 44 45 0D CF 4E 45 20 41 4E 44 20 43 41 4E 20 |IDE..NE AND CAN | 00000D10: 42 45 20 43 4F 50 49 45 44 20 57 49 54 48 20 54 |BE COPIED WITH T| 00000D20: 48 45 20 C3 4F 50 59 2D 0D C9 54 20 46 45 41 54 |HE .OPY-..T FEAT| 00000D30: 55 52 45 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 20 44 41 54 41 20 46 |URE. .HE DATA F| 00000D40: 49 4C 45 53 20 57 49 54 48 20 41 4C 4C 0D 4F 46 |ILES WITH ALL.OF| 00000D50: 20 54 48 45 20 42 41 43 4B 20 49 53 53 55 45 53 | THE BACK ISSUES| 00000D60: 20 4F 46 20 CC CF C1 C4 D3 D4 C1 D2 20 41 52 45 | OF ........ ARE| 00000D70: 20 4F 4E 0D CC CF C1 C4 D3 D4 C1 D2 20 23 35 33 | ON......... #53| 00000D80: 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 41 4E 4B 53 2C 20 D3 |... .HANKS, .| 00000D90: 54 45 50 48 45 4E 2C 20 46 4F 52 20 54 48 45 0D |TEPHEN, FOR THE.| 00000DA0: 43 4F 4E 53 54 52 55 43 54 49 56 45 20 43 52 49 |CONSTRUCTIVE CRI| 00000DB0: 54 49 43 49 53 4D 2E 20 20 C2 45 4C 49 45 56 45 |TICISM. .ELIEVE| 00000DC0: 20 49 54 0D 4F 52 20 4E 4F 54 2C 20 C9 27 44 20 | IT.OR NOT, .'D | 00000DD0: 4C 49 4B 45 20 54 4F 20 53 45 45 20 4D 4F 52 45 |LIKE TO SEE MORE| 00000DE0: 2E 0D 0D C4 C9 D3 CB 20 C6 C9 CC C5 D3 20 D4 C8 |....... ..... ..| 00000DF0: C9 D3 20 D0 D2 CF C7 D2 C1 CD 20 D5 D3 C5 D3 0D |.. ....... .....| 00000E00: 0D C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 D3 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |....... | 00000E10: 20 20 20 20 CC CF C1 C4 D3 D4 C1 D2 20 CC C9 D3 | ........ ...| 00000E20: D4 0D C9 CE D0 D5 D4 20 C1 CE D9 2E CF 20 20 20 |....... ..... | 00000E30: 20 20 20 20 20 CC C9 D3 D4 2E C6 CF CE D4 0D D4 | ...........| 00000E40: 2E C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 D3 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |......... | 00000E50: 20 2A 2A 2A 2A 20 C5 4E 44 20 4F 46 20 D4 45 58 | **** .ND OF .EX| 00000E60: 54 20 2A 2A 2A 2A 0D |T ****. |
..^U:ZERO. BASICS: MODIFYING PROGRA
MS.. BY FENDER TUCKER AND STEPHEN LEVEN
.. IN THE BASICS COLUMN ON LOADSTAR.#
51 I WROTE ABOUT STARTING A BASIC.PROGRA
M FROM SCRATCH. SOMETIMES YOU.HAVE TO.
THERE AREN'T MANY PROGRAMS.THAT FIT INT
O THE STIR AND FROST.MOLD. HOWEVER, THE
RE IS A WAY THAT.YOU CAN LEARN A LOT ABO
UT PROGRAMMING.WITHOUT WORRYING ABOUT AL
L THE.DETAILS, AND THAT'S BY MODIFYING A
.PROGRAM THAT'S ALREADY WRITTEN... FO
R AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF THIS,.STEPHEN
LEVEN OF MASTER SOFTWARE HAS.MODIFIED LO
ADSTAR LIST FROM ISSUES.#44 AND #53 FOR
US TO STUDY.. STEPHEN WRITES, "LOADST
AR LIST IS.JUST WHAT I NEEDED TO FIND GA
MES FROM.PAST ISSUES FOR MY GROWING CHIL
DREN..BUT IT USES OODLES OF PAPER AND I.
DON'T OWN STOCK IN ANY PAPER COMPANY..BY
ADDING FOUR LINES OF BASIC CODE.AND CHA
NGING TWO OTHERS, EACH ENTRY.NOW PRINTS
ON A SINGLE LINE. IT USES.1/5TH THE PAP
ER!".. MY ONLY EXCUSE FOR USING CODE
THAT.WASTES SO MUCH PAPER IS THAT I WANT
ED.TO USE THE SAME ROUTINE TO PRINT TO.T
HE PRINTER AS WELL AS THE SCREEN...290 I
F TY THEN OPEN4,4,7:CMD4..IF THE FLAG TY
WAS SET, THEN THE.OUTPUT WENT TO THE PR
INTER... STEPHEN IMMEDIATELY SAW THE.
PRINTOUT DOWN THE LEFT SIDE OF THE.PAPER
AND FIGURED OUT A WAY TO GET IT.TO LIST
ALL THE WAY ACROSS THE PAGE... FIRST
HE CREATED A STRING (SL$).THAT CONSISTS
OF 40 SPACES. USING.THE HANDY LEFT$ FU
NCTION HE CAN MAKE.STRINGS THAT WILL ALI
GN THE COLUMN.NEATLY ON THE PAPER. THE
TAB.FUNCTION DOESN'T WORK ON A PRINTER..
. 6 FORI=1TO40:SL$=SL$+" ":NEXT..I PREF
ER JUST DEFINING A STRING AS.FORTY SPACE
S BUT THIS IS A MATTER OF.STYLE... TH
EN HE ADDED SOME HEADINGS TO.LINE 290...
290 IFTYTHENOPEN4,4,7:CMD4:PRINT". IS
SUE TITLE"SPC(31)"AUTHOR". SPC(14)"C
ATEGORY".. HERE'S WHAT I HAD FOR LINE
420:..420 PRINT"-----------------------
---"..AND HERE'S HOW STEPHEN CHANGED IT
TO.ELIMINATE THE UNNECESSARY DASHED LINE
.ON THE PAPER PRINTOUT...420 IFTY=0THENP
RINT"[DASHES]":GOTO430..THE DASHES ONLY
PRINT ON THE SCREEN... THEN HE ADDED
THESE LINES TO THE.PROGRAM...421 SL$(1)=
LEFT$(PR$(I)+SL$,35)+" ":. SL$(2)=LEF
T$(AU$(I)+SL$,19)+" "..422 SL$(3)=LEFT$(
CA$(P%(I))+SL$,16):. SL$(0)="#"+LEFT$
(STR$(LS%(I))+. SL$,5)+" "..423 PRINT
SL$(0)SL$(1)SL$(2)SL$(3):. GOTO460..
LINES 421 AND 422 DEFINE THE FOUR.SUB
SCRIPTED SL$(X) STRINGS WITH THE.IMBEDDE
D PR$, AU$, CA$ AND LS% LEFT-.JUSTIFIED
IN EACH 'CELL'. THEN LINE.423 PRINTS TH
EM ON YOUR PAPER ON ONE.LINE ACROSS THE
PAGE.. MUCH BETTER, STEPHEN! I GET.L
ETTERS FROM VARIOUS CRITICS AROUND.THE C
OUNTRY COMMENTING ON HOW.PROGRAMS COULD
HAVE BEEN BETTER.WRITTEN (SEE THIS MONTH
'S BYTES.ARTICLE), BUT I HESITATE TO SUB
JECT.OUR SUBMITTING PROGRAMMERS TO.MONDA
Y-MORNING QUARTERBACKING..HOWEVER, WHEN
THE OFFENDING PRORAMMER.IS MOI, I CAN SE
LF-FLAGELLATE WITH.THE BEST OF THEM...
THE MAIN THRUST OF THIS ARTICLE.IS THA
T PROGRAMS ON LOADSTAR (OR.ANYWHERE FOR
THAT MATTER) ARE NOT.INVIOLATE, AND IF Y
OU SEE SOMETHING.INTERESTING, WRONG, INE
FFICIENT OR.PUZZLING, JUMP RIGHT INTO TH
E CODE.AND SEE WHAT YOU CAN DO... CHE
CK OUT THE READ-IT TEXT FOR.CASTLE OF SP
IRITS TO SEE WHAT JEFF.JONES DID WITH IT
S PRINT-TO-THE-.SCREEN ROUTINE... SIN
CE WE HAVE SOME SPACE ON THIS.SIDE OF TH
E DISK I'M INCLUDING A COPY.OF LOADSTAR
LIST WITH STEPHEN'S.CHANGES IMPLEMENTED.
THE FOUR FILES.NEEDED ARE LUMPED TOGET
HER ON SIDE.ONE AND CAN BE COPIED WITH T
HE COPY-.IT FEATURE. THE DATA FILES WIT
H ALL.OF THE BACK ISSUES OF LOADSTAR ARE
ON.LOADSTAR #53... THANKS, STEPHEN,
FOR THE.CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM. BELIEVE
IT.OR NOT, I'D LIKE TO SEE MORE...DISK
FILES THIS PROGRAM USES..BASICS
LOADSTAR LIST.INPUT ANY.O LIS
T.FONT.T.BASICS.. **** END OF TEX
T ****.
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