TUTORIAL
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): TUTORIAL
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 15K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 21:21:35
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
207008f96f8be278c2d30e06bb0abbd9619981229b7f639c04ca55faf32c1847
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARNOLD | TUTORIAL | PRG | DuncanTwain | 11 | 20 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
> DETECTED: COMMODORE BASIC PROGRAM (LOAD ADDRESS $0801)
00000000: 01 08 49 08 02 00 8F 20 20 54 55 54 4F 52 49 41 |..I.... TUTORIA|
00000010: 4C 20 2D 20 53 48 4F 52 54 20 49 4E 54 52 4F 44 |L - SHORT INTROD|
00000020: 55 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 54 4F 20 55 53 49 4E 47 20 |UCTION TO USING |
00000030: 47 52 41 50 48 49 43 53 20 46 55 4E 54 49 4F 4E |GRAPHICS FUNTION|
00000040: 53 2F 4F 50 54 49 4F 4E 53 00 4F 08 04 00 3A 00 |S/OPTIONS.O...:.|
00000050: 78 08 06 00 8F 20 20 20 20 20 52 49 43 48 41 52 |x.... RICHAR|
00000060: 44 20 4C 2E 20 52 59 4C 41 4E 44 45 52 20 20 20 |D L. RYLANDER |
00000070: 20 34 2F 31 35 2F 38 35 00 7E 08 08 00 3A 00 9F | 4/15/85.~...:..|
00000080: 08 0A 00 47 52 B2 34 39 33 37 38 20 20 20 20 3A |...GR.49378 :|
00000090: 8F 20 47 52 41 50 48 49 43 53 20 4D 4F 44 45 00 |. GRAPHICS MODE.|
000000A0: BC 08 0C 00 54 58 B2 34 39 34 31 31 20 20 20 20 |....TX.49411 |
000000B0: 3A 8F 20 54 45 58 54 20 4D 4F 44 45 00 C2 08 0E |:. TEXT MODE....|
000000C0: 00 3A 00 E0 08 10 00 4C 42 B2 38 39 33 20 20 20 |.:.....LB.893 |
000000D0: 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 4C 45 46 54 20 42 4F 55 4E 44 | :. LEFT BOUND|
000000E0: 00 FF 08 12 00 52 42 B2 38 39 34 20 20 20 20 20 |.....RB.894 |
000000F0: 20 3A 8F 20 52 49 47 48 54 20 42 4F 55 4E 44 00 | :. RIGHT BOUND.|
00000100: 1A 09 14 00 55 42 B2 38 39 35 20 20 20 20 20 3A |....UB.895 :|
00000110: 8F 20 55 50 20 42 4F 55 4E 44 00 37 09 16 00 44 |. UP BOUND.7...D|
00000120: 42 B2 38 39 36 20 20 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 44 4F 57 |B.896 :. DOW|
00000130: 4E 20 42 4F 55 4E 44 00 3D 09 18 00 3A 00 65 09 |N BOUND.=...:.e.|
00000140: 1A 00 8F 20 20 20 46 4C 41 47 53 20 46 4F 52 20 |... FLAGS FOR |
00000150: 56 41 52 49 4F 55 53 20 44 52 41 57 49 4E 47 20 |VARIOUS DRAWING |
00000160: 4D 4F 44 45 53 00 6B 09 1C 00 3A 00 A0 09 1E 00 |MODES.k...:.....|
00000170: 53 48 B2 38 33 38 20 20 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 53 48 |SH.838 :. SH|
00000180: 41 44 45 20 53 54 59 4C 45 20 2D 20 30 3D 52 41 |ADE STYLE - 0=RA|
00000190: 4E 44 4F 4D 2C 20 31 3D 48 41 4C 46 54 4F 4E 45 |NDOM, 1=HALFTONE|
000001A0: 00 EE 09 20 00 53 43 B2 38 33 39 20 20 20 20 20 |... .SC.839 |
000001B0: 3A 8F 20 53 43 41 4C 49 4E 47 20 2D 20 30 3D 4E |:. SCALING - 0=N|
000001C0: 4F 52 4D 41 4C 20 28 31 3A 31 29 2C 20 31 3D 53 |ORMAL (1:1), 1=S|
000001D0: 43 41 4C 45 44 20 28 33 3A 34 29 20 46 4F 52 20 |CALED (3:4) FOR |
000001E0: 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 44 49 53 50 4C 41 59 00 3A |SCREEN DISPLAY.:|
000001F0: 0A 22 00 4C 54 B2 38 39 38 20 20 20 20 20 3A 8F |.".LT.898 :.|
00000200: 20 4C 49 47 48 54 49 4E 47 20 2D 20 30 3D 4E 4F | LIGHTING - 0=NO|
00000210: 52 4D 41 4C 20 53 49 4E 47 4C 45 2D 53 4F 55 52 |RMAL SINGLE-SOUR|
00000220: 43 45 2C 20 31 3D 42 41 43 4B 4C 49 54 20 49 4C |CE, 1=BACKLIT IL|
00000230: 4C 55 4D 49 4E 41 54 49 4F 4E 00 74 0A 24 00 4D |LUMINATION.t.$.M|
00000240: 4F B2 38 37 31 20 20 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 20 46 41 |O.871 :. FA|
00000250: 43 45 54 20 45 44 47 45 2F 4C 49 4E 45 20 4D 4F |CET EDGE/LINE MO|
00000260: 44 45 20 2D 20 30 3D 44 52 41 57 2C 20 31 3D 45 |DE - 0=DRAW, 1=E|
00000270: 52 41 53 45 00 B9 0A 26 00 45 47 B2 38 36 38 20 |RASE...&.EG.868 |
00000280: 20 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 20 45 44 47 45 53 20 46 4C | :. EDGES FL|
00000290: 41 47 20 2D 20 30 3D 4E 4F 52 4D 41 4C 2C 20 31 |AG - 0=NORMAL, 1|
000002A0: 3D 41 44 44 20 4C 49 4E 45 53 20 54 4F 20 46 41 |=ADD LINES TO FA|
000002B0: 43 45 54 20 45 44 47 45 53 00 BF 0A 28 00 3A 00 |CET EDGES...(.:.|
000002C0: DF 0A 2A 00 42 4F B2 35 33 32 38 30 20 20 20 3A |..*.BO.53280 :|
000002D0: 8F 20 20 42 4F 52 44 45 52 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 00 |. BORDER COLOR.|
000002E0: E5 0A 2C 00 3A 00 00 0B 2E 00 8F 20 20 20 46 55 |..,.:...... FU|
000002F0: 4E 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 4C 4F 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 |NCTION LOCATIONS|
00000300: 00 06 0B 30 00 3A 00 2A 0B 32 00 43 4C B2 35 31 |...0.:.*.2.CL.51|
00000310: 39 37 39 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 43 4C 45 41 52 20 42 |979 :. CLEAR B|
00000320: 49 54 4D 41 50 20 41 52 45 41 00 4B 0B 34 00 43 |ITMAP AREA.K.4.C|
00000330: 4F B2 35 32 30 30 31 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 46 49 4C |O.52001 :. FIL|
00000340: 4C 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 4D 41 50 00 51 0B 36 00 |L COLOR MAP.Q.6.|
00000350: 3A 00 78 0B 38 00 50 4C B2 35 32 30 32 33 20 20 |:.x.8.PL.52023 |
00000360: 20 3A 8F 20 20 50 4C 4F 54 20 41 20 53 49 4E 47 | :. PLOT A SING|
00000370: 4C 45 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 00 92 0B 3A 00 55 4E B2 |LE POINT...:.UN.|
00000380: 35 32 30 32 36 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 20 55 4E 50 4C |52026 :. UNPL|
00000390: 4F 54 00 98 0B 3C 00 3A 00 C0 0B 3E 00 4C 4E B2 |OT...<.:...>.LN.|
000003A0: 35 32 30 34 39 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 20 44 52 41 57 |52049 :. DRAW|
000003B0: 20 41 20 53 54 52 41 49 47 48 54 20 4C 49 4E 45 | A STRAIGHT LINE|
000003C0: 00 F2 0B 40 00 46 43 B2 35 32 30 35 32 20 20 20 |...@.FC.52052 |
000003D0: 3A 8F 20 20 44 52 41 57 20 41 20 53 48 41 44 45 |:. DRAW A SHADE|
000003E0: 44 20 54 52 49 41 4E 47 55 4C 41 52 20 46 41 43 |D TRIANGULAR FAC|
000003F0: 45 54 00 F8 0B 42 00 3A 00 12 0C 44 00 53 50 B2 |ET...B.:...D.SP.|
00000400: 35 32 31 31 39 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 20 53 50 48 45 |52119 :. SPHE|
00000410: 52 45 00 35 0C 46 00 54 52 B2 35 32 31 34 31 20 |RE.5.F.TR.52141 |
00000420: 20 20 3A 8F 20 20 54 4F 50 2D 56 49 45 57 20 54 | :. TOP-VIEW T|
00000430: 4F 52 4F 49 44 00 61 0C 48 00 56 43 B2 35 32 31 |OROID.a.H.VC.521|
00000440: 35 30 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 20 43 59 4C 49 4E 44 45 |50 :. CYLINDE|
00000450: 52 20 28 41 58 49 53 20 56 45 52 54 49 43 41 4C |R (AXIS VERTICAL|
00000460: 29 00 8F 0C 4A 00 48 43 B2 35 32 31 35 33 20 20 |)...J.HC.52153 |
00000470: 20 3A 8F 20 20 43 59 4C 49 4E 44 45 52 20 28 41 | :. CYLINDER (A|
00000480: 58 49 53 20 48 4F 52 49 5A 4F 4E 54 41 4C 29 00 |XIS HORIZONTAL).|
00000490: C3 0C 4C 00 56 54 B2 35 32 31 38 36 20 20 20 3A |..L.VT.52186 :|
000004A0: 8F 20 20 45 44 47 45 2D 56 49 45 57 20 54 4F 52 |. EDGE-VIEW TOR|
000004B0: 4F 49 44 20 28 41 58 49 53 20 56 45 52 54 49 43 |OID (AXIS VERTIC|
000004C0: 41 4C 29 00 F9 0C 4E 00 48 54 B2 35 32 31 38 39 |AL)...N.HT.52189|
000004D0: 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 20 45 44 47 45 2D 56 49 45 57 | :. EDGE-VIEW|
000004E0: 20 54 4F 52 4F 49 44 20 28 41 58 49 53 20 48 4F | TOROID (AXIS HO|
000004F0: 52 49 5A 4F 4E 54 41 4C 29 00 39 0D 50 00 56 53 |RIZONTAL).9.P.VS|
00000500: B2 35 32 32 30 33 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 20 49 4E 53 |.52203 :. INS|
00000510: 49 44 45 2D 56 49 45 57 20 54 4F 52 4F 49 44 20 |IDE-VIEW TOROID |
00000520: 5B 22 53 50 4F 4F 4C 22 5D 20 28 41 58 49 53 20 |["SPOOL"] (AXIS |
00000530: 56 45 52 54 49 43 41 4C 29 00 7B 0D 52 00 48 53 |VERTICAL).{.R.HS|
00000540: B2 35 32 32 30 36 20 20 20 3A 8F 20 20 49 4E 53 |.52206 :. INS|
00000550: 49 44 45 2D 56 49 45 57 20 54 4F 52 4F 49 44 20 |IDE-VIEW TOROID |
00000560: 5B 22 53 50 4F 4F 4C 22 5D 20 28 41 58 49 53 20 |["SPOOL"] (AXIS |
00000570: 48 4F 52 49 5A 4F 4E 54 41 4C 29 00 81 0D 54 00 |HORIZONTAL)...T.|
00000580: 3A 00 C1 0D 56 00 8F 20 20 53 4B 49 50 20 4F 56 |:...V.. SKIP OV|
00000590: 45 52 20 27 43 4F 4C 4F 52 27 20 41 4E 44 20 27 |ER 'COLOR' AND '|
000005A0: 54 45 58 54 27 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 |TEXT' SUBROUTINE|
000005B0: 53 20 54 4F 20 4D 41 49 4E 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 |S TO MAIN PROGRA|
000005C0: 4D 00 CB 0D 58 00 89 20 31 38 32 00 D1 0D 5A 00 |M...X.. 182...Z.|
000005D0: 3A 00 0D 0E 5C 00 8F 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 |:...\.. SUBROUTI|
000005E0: 4E 45 20 46 4F 52 20 41 44 44 49 4E 47 20 43 4F |NE FOR ADDING CO|
000005F0: 4C 4F 52 20 54 4F 20 44 49 46 46 45 52 45 4E 54 |LOR TO DIFFERENT|
00000600: 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 41 52 45 41 53 00 5A 0E | SCREEN AREAS.Z.|
00000610: 5E 00 8F 20 52 45 4D 45 4D 42 45 52 20 54 48 41 |^.. REMEMBER THA|
00000620: 54 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 42 4F 55 4E 44 41 52 49 |T COLOR BOUNDARI|
00000630: 45 53 20 4D 55 53 54 20 43 4F 52 52 45 53 50 4F |ES MUST CORRESPO|
00000640: 4E 44 20 54 4F 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 20 |ND TO CHARACTER |
00000650: 42 4F 55 4E 44 41 52 49 45 53 00 A4 0E 60 00 8F |BOUNDARIES...`..|
00000660: 20 44 45 46 49 4E 45 20 41 20 52 45 43 54 41 4E | DEFINE A RECTAN|
00000670: 47 55 4C 41 52 20 41 52 45 41 20 42 59 20 4C 4F |GULAR AREA BY LO|
00000680: 57 45 52 2D 4C 45 46 54 20 41 4E 44 20 55 50 50 |WER-LEFT AND UPP|
00000690: 45 52 2D 52 49 47 48 54 20 43 4F 4F 52 44 49 4E |ER-RIGHT COORDIN|
000006A0: 41 54 45 53 00 DE 0E 62 00 8F 20 28 58 31 2C 59 |ATES...b.. (X1,Y|
000006B0: 31 29 3D 4C 4F 57 45 52 2D 4C 45 46 54 20 50 4F |1)=LOWER-LEFT PO|
000006C0: 49 4E 54 2C 20 28 58 32 2C 59 32 29 3D 55 50 50 |INT, (X2,Y2)=UPP|
000006D0: 45 52 2D 52 49 47 48 54 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 00 27 |ER-RIGHT POINT.'|
000006E0: 0F 64 00 8F 20 54 48 45 20 43 4F 52 4E 45 52 20 |.d.. THE CORNER |
000006F0: 50 4F 49 4E 54 53 20 43 41 4E 20 42 45 20 41 52 |POINTS CAN BE AR|
00000700: 42 49 54 52 41 52 59 20 42 55 54 20 43 4F 4C 4F |BITRARY BUT COLO|
00000710: 52 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 42 45 |R CHANGE WILL BE|
00000720: 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 00 72 0F 66 00 8F 20 53 4D | IN THE.r.f.. SM|
00000730: 41 4C 4C 45 53 54 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 |ALLEST CHARACTER|
00000740: 2D 43 45 4C 4C 20 42 4F 55 4E 44 45 44 20 52 45 |-CELL BOUNDED RE|
00000750: 43 54 41 4E 47 4C 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 49 4E 43 |CTANGLE THAT INC|
00000760: 4C 55 44 45 53 20 54 48 4F 53 45 20 50 4F 49 4E |LUDES THOSE POIN|
00000770: 54 53 00 B0 0F 68 00 8F 20 20 59 2D 43 4F 4F 52 |TS...h.. Y-COOR|
00000780: 44 49 4E 41 54 45 53 20 4D 55 53 54 20 42 45 20 |DINATES MUST BE |
00000790: 22 55 4E 53 43 41 4C 45 44 22 20 49 46 20 53 43 |"UNSCALED" IF SC|
000007A0: 41 4C 45 20 46 4C 41 47 20 49 53 20 53 45 54 3A |ALE FLAG IS SET:|
000007B0: 00 E1 0F 6A 00 8B 20 C2 28 53 43 29 A7 20 59 31 |...j.. .(SC). Y1|
000007C0: B2 28 59 31 AA 31 29 AC 32 31 33 AD 32 35 36 3A |.(Y1.1).213.256:|
000007D0: 59 32 B2 28 59 32 AA 31 29 AC 32 31 33 AD 32 35 |Y2.(Y2.1).213.25|
000007E0: 36 00 26 10 6C 00 8F 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 54 4F |6.&.l.. COLOR TO|
000007F0: 20 42 45 20 50 4F 4B 45 44 20 49 4E 20 49 53 20 | BE POKED IN IS |
00000800: 47 49 56 45 4E 20 42 59 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C |GIVEN BY VARIABL|
00000810: 45 20 43 43 3D 22 43 4F 4D 50 4F 53 49 54 45 20 |E CC="COMPOSITE |
00000820: 43 4F 4C 4F 52 22 00 6C 10 6E 00 8F 20 57 48 45 |COLOR".l.n.. WHE|
00000830: 52 45 20 43 43 3D 31 36 2A 44 43 20 2B 20 42 43 |RE CC=16*DC + BC|
00000840: 20 5B 44 43 3D 44 4F 54 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 2C 20 | [DC=DOT COLOR, |
00000850: 42 43 3D 42 41 43 4B 47 52 4F 55 4E 44 20 43 4F |BC=BACKGROUND CO|
00000860: 4C 4F 52 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 5D 00 7C 10 70 |LOR NUMBERS].|.p|
00000870: 00 43 43 B2 31 36 AC 44 43 AA 42 43 00 97 10 72 |.CC.16.DC.BC...r|
00000880: 00 81 20 49 58 B2 B5 28 58 31 AD 38 29 20 A4 20 |.. IX..(X1.8) . |
00000890: B5 28 58 32 AD 38 29 00 B2 10 74 00 81 20 49 59 |.(X2.8)...t.. IY|
000008A0: B2 B5 28 59 31 AD 38 29 20 A4 20 B5 28 59 32 AD |..(Y1.8) . .(Y2.|
000008B0: 38 29 00 CA 10 76 00 97 20 33 34 37 35 32 AA 49 |8)...v.. 34752.I|
000008C0: 58 AB 34 30 AC 49 59 2C 43 43 00 D4 10 78 00 82 |X.40.IY,CC...x..|
000008D0: 3A 82 3A 8E 00 DA 10 7A 00 3A 00 0A 11 7C 00 8F |:.:....z.:...|..|
000008E0: 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 54 4F 20 41 | SUBROUTINE TO A|
000008F0: 44 44 20 54 45 58 54 20 54 4F 20 47 52 41 50 48 |DD TEXT TO GRAPH|
00000900: 49 43 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 2E 00 57 11 7E 00 8F |IC SCREEN..W.~..|
00000910: 20 22 52 57 22 20 41 4E 44 20 22 43 4D 22 20 41 | "RW" AND "CM" A|
00000920: 52 45 20 54 48 45 20 52 4F 57 20 28 30 2D 32 34 |RE THE ROW (0-24|
00000930: 29 20 41 4E 44 20 43 4F 4C 55 4D 4E 20 28 30 2D |) AND COLUMN (0-|
00000940: 33 39 29 20 43 4F 4F 52 44 49 4E 41 54 45 53 20 |39) COORDINATES |
00000950: 46 4F 52 20 54 48 45 00 8C 11 80 00 8F 20 46 49 |FOR THE...... FI|
00000960: 52 53 54 20 4C 45 54 54 45 52 20 4F 46 20 54 48 |RST LETTER OF TH|
00000970: 45 20 54 45 58 54 20 53 54 52 49 4E 47 20 54 4F |E TEXT STRING TO|
00000980: 20 42 45 20 50 52 49 4E 54 45 44 2E 00 BE 11 82 | BE PRINTED.....|
00000990: 00 8F 20 54 48 45 20 54 45 58 54 20 53 54 52 49 |.. THE TEXT STRI|
000009A0: 4E 47 20 49 54 53 45 4C 46 20 49 53 20 41 53 53 |NG ITSELF IS ASS|
000009B0: 49 47 4E 45 44 20 54 4F 20 22 41 24 22 2E 00 FF |IGNED TO "A$"...|
000009C0: 11 84 00 8F 20 22 4D 44 22 20 49 53 20 54 48 45 |.... "MD" IS THE|
000009D0: 20 4D 4F 44 45 20 46 4F 52 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 | MODE FOR THE PR|
000009E0: 49 4E 54 49 4E 47 2E 20 46 49 56 45 20 4D 4F 44 |INTING. FIVE MOD|
000009F0: 45 53 20 41 52 45 20 41 4C 4C 4F 57 45 44 3A 00 |ES ARE ALLOWED:.|
00000A00: 39 12 86 00 8F 20 20 31 20 2D 20 4E 4F 52 4D 41 |9.... 1 - NORMA|
00000A10: 4C 20 28 22 42 4C 41 43 4B 22 20 4C 45 54 54 45 |L ("BLACK" LETTE|
00000A20: 52 53 20 4F 4E 20 22 57 48 49 54 45 22 20 42 41 |RS ON "WHITE" BA|
00000A30: 43 4B 47 52 4F 55 4E 44 29 00 75 12 88 00 8F 20 |CKGROUND).u.... |
00000A40: 20 32 20 2D 20 52 45 56 45 52 53 45 44 20 28 22 | 2 - REVERSED ("|
00000A50: 57 48 49 54 45 22 20 4C 45 54 54 45 52 53 20 4F |WHITE" LETTERS O|
00000A60: 4E 20 22 42 4C 41 43 4B 22 20 42 41 43 4B 47 52 |N "BLACK" BACKGR|
00000A70: 4F 55 4E 44 29 00 AE 12 8A 00 8F 20 20 33 20 2D |OUND)...... 3 -|
00000A80: 20 53 45 54 20 28 22 42 4C 41 43 4B 22 29 20 4C | SET ("BLACK") L|
00000A90: 45 54 54 45 52 53 20 22 4F 52 27 45 44 22 20 57 |ETTERS "OR'ED" W|
00000AA0: 49 54 48 20 42 41 43 4B 47 52 4F 55 4E 44 00 EA |ITH BACKGROUND..|
00000AB0: 12 8C 00 8F 20 20 34 20 2D 20 55 4E 53 45 54 20 |.... 4 - UNSET |
00000AC0: 28 22 57 48 49 54 45 22 29 20 4C 45 54 54 45 52 |("WHITE") LETTER|
00000AD0: 53 20 22 41 4E 44 27 45 44 22 20 57 49 54 48 20 |S "AND'ED" WITH |
00000AE0: 42 41 43 4B 47 52 4F 55 4E 44 00 1A 13 8E 00 8F |BACKGROUND......|
00000AF0: 20 20 35 20 2D 20 53 45 54 20 4C 45 54 54 45 52 | 5 - SET LETTER|
00000B00: 53 20 22 58 4F 52 27 45 44 22 20 57 49 54 48 20 |S "XOR'ED" WITH |
00000B10: 42 41 43 4B 47 52 4F 55 4E 44 00 20 13 90 00 3A |BACKGROUND. ...:|
00000B20: 00 68 13 92 00 53 42 B2 34 30 39 35 32 3A 54 42 |.h...SB.40952:TB|
00000B30: B2 35 34 32 37 32 3A 8B 28 4D 44 20 AF 20 31 29 |.54272:.(MD . 1)|
00000B40: A7 20 54 42 B2 35 33 32 34 38 3A 8F 20 53 43 52 |. TB.53248:. SCR|
00000B50: 45 45 4E 20 41 4E 44 20 54 45 58 54 20 42 41 53 |EEN AND TEXT BAS|
00000B60: 45 20 41 44 44 52 27 53 00 A0 13 94 00 4F 53 B2 |E ADDR'S.....OS.|
00000B70: 33 32 30 AC 52 57 AA 38 AC 43 4D 3A 8F 20 20 4F |320.RW.8.CM:. O|
00000B80: 46 46 53 45 54 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 43 48 41 52 41 |FFSET FROM CHARA|
00000B90: 43 54 45 52 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 42 41 53 45 |CTER SCREEN BASE|
00000BA0: 00 CE 13 96 00 97 20 35 36 33 33 34 2C C2 28 35 |...... 56334,.(5|
00000BB0: 36 33 33 34 29 AF 20 32 35 34 3A 8F 20 44 49 53 |6334). 254:. DIS|
00000BC0: 41 42 4C 45 20 49 52 51 20 54 49 4D 45 52 00 FA |ABLE IRQ TIMER..|
00000BD0: 13 98 00 97 20 31 2C C2 28 31 29 AF 20 32 35 31 |.... 1,.(1). 251|
00000BE0: 3A 8F 20 53 57 49 54 43 48 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 |:. SWITCH CHARAC|
00000BF0: 54 45 52 20 52 4F 4D 20 49 4E 00 1D 14 9A 00 4C |TER ROM IN.....L|
00000C00: B2 C3 28 41 24 29 3A 81 20 4E B2 31 20 A4 20 4C |..(A$):. N.1 . L|
00000C10: 3A 4E 38 B2 4E AC 38 AA 4F 53 AA 53 42 00 40 14 |:N8.N.8.OS.SB.@.|
00000C20: 9C 00 58 B2 C6 28 CA 28 41 24 2C 4E 2C 31 29 29 |..X..(.(A$,N,1))|
00000C30: 3A 8B 20 58 B1 36 33 20 A7 20 58 B2 58 AB 36 34 |:. X.63 . X.X.64|
00000C40: 00 4E 14 9E 00 54 43 B2 54 42 AA 38 AC 58 00 6D |.N...TC.TB.8.X.m|
00000C50: 14 A0 00 91 20 4D 44 20 89 20 31 36 32 2C 31 36 |.... MD . 162,16|
00000C60: 32 2C 31 36 34 2C 31 36 36 2C 31 36 38 00 82 14 |2,164,166,168...|
00000C70: A2 00 97 20 35 33 32 33 31 2C 33 36 3A 89 20 31 |... 53231,36:. 1|
00000C80: 37 30 00 97 14 A4 00 97 20 35 33 32 33 31 2C 31 |70...... 53231,1|
00000C90: 37 3A 89 20 31 37 30 00 AC 14 A6 00 97 20 35 33 |7:. 170...... 53|
00000CA0: 32 33 31 2C 34 39 3A 89 20 31 37 30 00 BB 14 A8 |231,49:. 170....|
00000CB0: 00 97 20 35 33 32 33 31 2C 38 31 00 E1 14 AA 00 |.. 53231,81.....|
00000CC0: 97 32 35 32 2C 4E 38 AD 32 35 36 3A 97 32 35 31 |.252,N8.256:.251|
00000CD0: 2C 4E 38 AB 32 35 36 AC B5 28 4E 38 AD 32 35 36 |,N8.256..(N8.256|
00000CE0: 29 00 07 15 AC 00 97 32 35 34 2C 54 43 AD 32 35 |)......254,TC.25|
00000CF0: 36 3A 97 32 35 33 2C 54 43 AB 32 35 36 AC B5 28 |6:.253,TC.256..(|
00000D00: 54 43 AD 32 35 36 29 00 16 15 AE 00 9E 28 35 33 |TC.256)......(53|
00000D10: 32 32 31 29 3A 82 00 4E 15 B0 00 97 20 31 2C C2 |221):..N.... 1,.|
00000D20: 28 31 29 B0 20 34 3A 97 20 35 36 33 33 34 2C C2 |(1). 4:. 56334,.|
00000D30: 28 35 36 33 33 34 29 B0 20 31 3A 8F 20 52 45 53 |(56334). 1:. RES|
00000D40: 54 4F 52 45 20 54 4F 20 4E 4F 52 4D 41 4C 00 54 |TORE TO NORMAL.T|
00000D50: 15 B2 00 8E 00 5A 15 B4 00 3A 00 7B 15 B6 00 8F |.....Z...:.{....|
00000D60: 20 20 42 45 47 49 4E 4E 49 4E 47 20 4F 46 20 4D | BEGINNING OF M|
00000D70: 41 49 4E 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 00 A5 15 B8 00 |AIN PROGRAM.....|
00000D80: 89 20 31 38 38 3A 8F 20 20 53 4B 49 50 20 4F 56 |. 188:. SKIP OV|
00000D90: 45 52 20 27 50 41 55 53 45 27 20 53 55 42 52 4F |ER 'PAUSE' SUBRO|
00000DA0: 55 54 49 4E 45 00 D9 15 BA 00 97 20 31 39 38 2C |UTINE...... 198,|
00000DB0: 30 3A 92 20 31 39 38 2C 31 3A 97 20 31 39 38 2C |0:. 198,1:. 198,|
00000DC0: 30 3A 8E 3A 20 8F 20 20 57 41 49 54 20 46 4F 52 |0:.: . WAIT FOR|
00000DD0: 20 4B 45 59 50 52 45 53 53 00 FE 15 BC 00 99 22 | KEYPRESS......"|
00000DE0: 93 11 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 47 52 41 50 |.. GRAP|
00000DF0: 48 49 43 53 20 54 55 54 4F 52 49 41 4C 22 00 29 |HICS TUTORIAL".)|
00000E00: 16 BE 00 99 22 11 20 41 20 53 48 4F 52 54 20 49 |....". A SHORT I|
00000E10: 4E 54 52 4F 44 55 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 54 4F 20 55 |NTRODUCTION TO U|
00000E20: 53 49 4E 47 20 54 48 45 22 00 56 16 C0 00 99 22 |SING THE".V...."|
00000E30: 20 47 52 41 50 48 49 43 53 20 46 55 4E 43 54 49 | GRAPHICS FUNCTI|
00000E40: 4F 4E 53 20 41 4E 44 20 53 54 59 4C 45 20 4F 50 |ONS AND STYLE OP|
00000E50: 54 49 4F 4E 53 22 00 96 16 C2 00 99 22 20 50 52 |TIONS"......" PR|
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000039E0: 42 2C 30 3A 9E 28 53 50 29 2C 31 36 30 2C 31 35 |B,0:.(SP),160,15|
000039F0: 30 2C 35 30 3A 97 20 44 42 2C 32 35 35 3A 9E 28 |0,50:. DB,255:.(|
00003A00: 56 43 29 2C 31 36 30 2C 31 30 30 2C 35 30 2C 35 |VC),160,100,50,5|
00003A10: 30 00 2D 42 A4 02 8D 31 38 36 3A 9E 28 54 58 29 |0.-B...186:.(TX)|
00003A20: 3A 97 20 42 4F 2C 31 34 3A 8D 31 38 36 00 5C 42 |:. BO,14:.186.\B|
00003A30: A6 02 99 22 93 11 11 20 49 20 48 4F 50 45 20 54 |..."... I HOPE T|
00003A40: 48 49 53 20 42 52 49 45 46 20 54 55 54 4F 52 49 |HIS BRIEF TUTORI|
00003A50: 41 4C 20 45 58 50 4C 41 49 4E 53 22 00 8B 42 A8 |AL EXPLAINS"..B.|
00003A60: 02 99 22 20 41 54 20 4C 45 41 53 54 20 54 48 45 |.." AT LEAST THE|
00003A70: 20 53 59 4E 54 41 58 20 4F 46 20 55 53 49 4E 47 | SYNTAX OF USING|
00003A80: 20 54 48 45 20 44 49 46 46 2D 22 00 B8 42 AA 02 | THE DIFF-"..B..|
00003A90: 99 22 20 45 52 45 4E 54 20 46 55 4E 43 54 49 4F |." ERENT FUNCTIO|
00003AA0: 4E 53 20 41 4E 44 20 53 54 59 4C 45 20 4F 50 54 |NS AND STYLE OPT|
00003AB0: 49 4F 4E 53 20 4F 46 22 00 E2 42 AC 02 99 22 20 |IONS OF"..B..." |
00003AC0: 4D 59 20 47 52 41 50 48 49 43 53 20 50 41 43 4B |MY GRAPHICS PACK|
00003AD0: 41 47 45 2E 20 20 54 4F 20 53 45 45 20 4D 4F 52 |AGE. TO SEE MOR|
00003AE0: 45 22 00 10 43 AE 02 99 22 20 45 58 41 4D 50 4C |E"..C..." EXAMPL|
00003AF0: 45 53 20 4F 46 20 48 4F 57 20 45 4C 45 4D 45 4E |ES OF HOW ELEMEN|
00003B00: 54 41 52 59 20 53 48 41 50 45 53 20 41 52 45 22 |TARY SHAPES ARE"|
00003B10: 00 3F 43 B0 02 99 22 20 43 4F 4D 42 49 4E 45 44 |.?C..." COMBINED|
00003B20: 2C 20 41 4C 4F 4E 47 20 57 49 54 48 20 55 53 49 |, ALONG WITH USI|
00003B30: 4E 47 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 53 22 00 |NG SUBROUTINES".|
00003B40: 6E 43 B2 02 99 22 20 54 4F 20 41 44 44 20 43 4F |nC..." TO ADD CO|
00003B50: 4C 4F 52 20 41 4E 44 20 54 45 58 54 20 54 4F 20 |LOR AND TEXT TO |
00003B60: 54 48 45 20 44 49 53 50 4C 41 59 53 2C 22 00 A9 |THE DISPLAYS,"..|
00003B70: 43 BA 02 99 22 20 4C 49 53 54 20 54 48 45 20 50 |C..." LIST THE P|
00003B80: 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 53 3A 22 3A 99 22 11 20 20 20 |ROGRAMS:":.". |
00003B90: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 27 53 48 41 50 | 'SHAP|
00003BA0: 45 53 20 44 45 4D 4F 27 22 00 CB 43 BC 02 99 22 |ES DEMO'"..C..."|
00003BB0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 4E 44 20 20 27 53 | AND 'S|
00003BC0: 54 45 4C 4C 41 54 49 4F 4E 27 22 00 F9 43 BE 02 |TELLATION'"..C..|
00003BD0: 99 22 11 20 5B 20 41 53 20 57 45 4C 4C 20 41 53 |.". [ AS WELL AS|
00003BE0: 20 54 48 49 53 20 54 55 52 4F 54 49 41 4C 20 50 | THIS TUROTIAL P|
00003BF0: 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 5D 22 00 00 00 |ROGRAM ]"... |
..I.... TUTORIAL - SHORT INTRODUCTION T
O USING GRAPHICS FUNTIONS/OPTIONS.O...:.
X.... RICHARD L. RYLANDER 4/15/85
.~...:.....GR.49378 :. GRAPHICS MODE.
....TX.49411 :. TEXT MODE.B...:.....L
B.893 :. LEFT BOUND.....RB.894
:. RIGHT BOUND.....UB.895 :. UP BOU
ND.7...DB.896 :. DOWN BOUND.=...:.E.
... FLAGS FOR VARIOUS DRAWING MODES.K.
..:. ...SH.838 :. SHADE STYLE - 0=RA
NDOM, 1=HALFTONE... .SC.839 :. SCALI
NG - 0=NORMAL (1:1), 1=SCALED (3:4) FOR
SCREEN DISPLAY.:.".LT.898 :. LIGHTIN
G - 0=NORMAL SINGLE-SOURCE, 1=BACKLIT IL
LUMINATION.T.$.MO.871 :. FACET EDGE
/LINE MODE - 0=DRAW, 1=ERASE...&.EG.868
:. EDGES FLAG - 0=NORMAL, 1=ADD LIN
ES TO FACET EDGES...(.:...*.BO.53280 :
. BORDER COLOR...,.:...... FUNCTION L
OCATIONS...0.:.*.2.CL.51979 :. CLEAR B
ITMAP AREA.K.4.CO.52001 :. FILL COLOR
MAP.Q.6.:.X.8.PL.52023 :. PLOT A SING
LE POINT...:.UN.52026 :. UNPLOT...<.:
...>.LN.52049 :. DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE
...@.FC.52052 :. DRAW A SHADED TRIANG
ULAR FACET...B.:...D.SP.52119 :. SPHE
RE.5.F.TR.52141 :. TOP-VIEW TOROID.A.
H.VC.52150 :. CYLINDER (AXIS VERTICAL
)...J.HC.52153 :. CYLINDER (AXIS HORI
ZONTAL).C.L.VT.52186 :. EDGE-VIEW TOR
OID (AXIS VERTICAL)...N.HT.52189 :. E
DGE-VIEW TOROID (AXIS HORIZONTAL).9.P.VS
.52203 :. INSIDE-VIEW TOROID ["SPOOL"
] (AXIS VERTICAL).{.R.HS.52206 :. INS
IDE-VIEW TOROID ["SPOOL"] (AXIS HORIZONT
AL)...T.:.A.V.. SKIP OVER 'COLOR' AND '
TEXT' SUBROUTINES TO MAIN PROGRAM.K.X..
182.Q.Z.:...\.. SUBROUTINE FOR ADDING CO
LOR TO DIFFERENT SCREEN AREAS.Z.^.. REME
MBER THAT COLOR BOUNDARIES MUST CORRESPO
ND TO CHARACTER BOUNDARIES...`.. DEFINE
A RECTANGULAR AREA BY LOWER-LEFT AND UPP
ER-RIGHT COORDINATES...B.. (X1,Y1)=LOWER
-LEFT POINT, (X2,Y2)=UPPER-RIGHT POINT.'
.D.. THE CORNER POINTS CAN BE ARBITRARY
BUT COLOR CHANGE WILL BE IN THE.R.F.. SM
ALLEST CHARACTER-CELL BOUNDED RECTANGLE
THAT INCLUDES THOSE POINTS...H.. Y-COOR
DINATES MUST BE "UNSCALED" IF SCALE FLAG
IS SET:...J.. B(SC). Y1.(Y1.1).213.256:
Y2.(Y2.1).213.256.&.L.. COLOR TO BE POKE
D IN IS GIVEN BY VARIABLE CC="COMPOSITE
COLOR".L.N.. WHERE CC=16*DC + BC [DC=DOT
COLOR, BC=BACKGROUND COLOR NUMBERS].|.P
.CC.16.DC.BC...R.. IX..(X1.8) . .(X2.8).
..T.. IY..(Y1.8) . .(Y2.8).J.V.. 34752.I
X.40.IY,CC.T.X..:.:..Z.Z.:...|.. SUBROUT
INE TO ADD TEXT TO GRAPHIC SCREEN..W.~..
"RW" AND "CM" ARE THE ROW (0-24) AND CO
LUMN (0-39) COORDINATES FOR THE...... FI
RST LETTER OF THE TEXT STRING TO BE PRIN
TED....... THE TEXT STRING ITSELF IS ASS
IGNED TO "A$"....... "MD" IS THE MODE FO
R THE PRINTING. FIVE MODES ARE ALLOWED:.
9.... 1 - NORMAL ("BLACK" LETTERS ON "W
HITE" BACKGROUND).U.... 2 - REVERSED ("
WHITE" LETTERS ON "BLACK" BACKGROUND)...
... 3 - SET ("BLACK") LETTERS "OR'ED" W
ITH BACKGROUND...... 4 - UNSET ("WHITE"
) LETTERS "AND'ED" WITH BACKGROUND......
5 - SET LETTERS "XOR'ED" WITH BACKGROU
ND. ...:.H...SB.40952:TB.54272:.(MD . 1)
. TB.53248:. SCREEN AND TEXT BASE ADDR'S
. ...OS.320.RW.8.CM:. OFFSET FROM CHARA
CTER SCREEN BASE.N.... 56334,B(56334). 2
54:. DISABLE IRQ TIMER...... 1,B(1). 251
:. SWITCH CHARACTER ROM IN.....L.C(A$):.
N.1 . L:N8.N.8.OS.SB.@...X.F(J(A$,N,1))
:. X.63 . X.X.64.N...TC.TB.8.X.M. .. MD
. 162,162,164,166,168...... 53231,36:. 1
70...... 53231,17:. 170...... 53231,49:.
170...... 53231,81......252,N8.256:.251
,N8.256..(N8.256)......254,TC.256:.253,T
C.256..(TC.256)......(53221):..N.... 1,B
(1). 4:. 56334,B(56334). 1:. RESTORE TO
NORMAL.T.....Z...:.{.... BEGINNING OF M
AIN PROGRAM...... 188:. SKIP OVER 'PAUS
E' SUBROUTINE.Y.... 198,0:. 198,1:. 198,
0:.: . WAIT FOR KEYPRESS......"..
GRAPHICS TUTORIAL".)....". A SHORT I
NTRODUCTION TO USING THE".V...." GRAPHIC
S FUNCTIONS AND STYLE OPTIONS"...B.." PR
OVIDED IN THE 'SHADED SHAPE'":." GRAPHIC
S PACKAGE BY";...D.." RICHARD RYLANDER.
...."...F.." THIS TUTORIAL PROGRAM STOPS
AND WAITS"...H.." FOR YOU TO HIT ANY KE
Y TO ADVANCE TO ".?.J.." THE NEXT SCREEN
(GRAPHICS OR TEXT)...".M.L.." SO... HIT
ANY KEY WHEN YOU ARE READY."...N.. 186:
.".. AFTER RUNNING THIS PROGRAM,".G.P.."
LIST LINES 2-84 TO SEE THE ASSIGNMENT".
..R.." OF VARIOUS GRAPHICS ADDRESSES TO"
...T.." MNEMONIC VARIABLES...".<.V.." LI
ST LINES 86-180 FOR THE DEFINITIONS".J.X
.." OF SUBROUTINES TO ADD COLOR AND TEXT
"...Z.." TO THE GRAPHIC DISPLAY.":. 186
......".. TO SWITCH TO THE GRAPHICS SCRE
EN,"......" ENTER 'SYS(GR)', OR 'SYSGR'
WHERE THE"......" VARIABLE 'GR' HAS BEEN
SET TO 49378".D....". (FROM NOW ON, I'L
L JUST REFER TO THE".N...." MNEMONIC VAR
IABLES AS DEFINED IN "......" LINES 2-84
OF THIS PROGRAM)"......". THE BITMAP IS
CLEARED WITH 'SYS(CL)'"......" AND THE
COLOR MAP INITIALIZED FOR"......" BLACK
DOTS ON A WHITE BACKGROUND WITH".+...."
SYS(CO)..".K...." RETURN TO THE TEXT SC
REEN WITH":." SYS(TX) LIKE SO...".....
.".. (HIT ANY KEY A FEW TIMES)":.(CO),16
.6.5.L....186:.(GR):.186:.(CL):.186:.(CO
):.186:.(TX)......".. THE CLEAR INSTRUCT
ION CAN TAKE AN.%...." OPTIONAL PARAMETE
R TO FILL THE BITMAP".S...." WITH ANY BY
TE YOU WANT. FOR EXAMPLE, ".{...." TO SE
T THE ENTIRE BITMAP, USE:."......"
SYS(CL),255.":." WHERE THE 'FILL BYTE'
IS ADDED WITH A"......" COMMA TO THE 'CL
EAR' COMMAND.":.186:.(GR)......(CL),255:
.186:.(TX).8....". ANY BYTE VALUE CAN BE
USED BUT BYTES".D...." OTHER THAN 0 (DE
FALULT) OR 255 WILL"......" JUST PRODUCE
A STRIPED SCREEN. LIKE:.".K...."
SYS(CL),15.":.186:.(GR):.(CL),15:.186:.(
TX)......".. THE COMMAND TO FILL THE COL
OR MAP ".'...." CAN ALSO TAKE AN OPTIONA
L BYTE VALUE..".V...." THE DEFAULT COLOR
COMBINATION OF BLACK"......" DOTS ON WH
ITE CAN BE CHANGED TO ANY "......" PAIR
OF COLORS BY THE COMMAND:.".M...."
SYS(CO),16*DC+BC."......" WHERE 'DC'
AND 'BC' ARE NUMBERS 0-15".&...." FOR TH
E 'DOT COLOR' AND 'BACKGROUND".S...." CO
LOR' (RESPECTIVELY) THAT YOU WANT.".....
.". (SEE ANY REFERENCE ON THE COMMODORE
64"... .." FOR DEFINITIONS OF THE COLOR
NUMBERS)."...".." FOR EXAMPLE, BROWN DO
TS ON YELLOW :."...$.." SYS(CO)
,16*9+7.".(.&.." (BROWN = 9, YELL
OW = 7)".O.(..186:.(GR):.(CO),16.9.7:.18
6:.(TX).|.*..".. NOTE THAT THE EXPRESSIO
N '16*9+7' "...,.." CAN BE USED INSTEAD
OF THE LITERAL".V...." NUMERIC '151' (E
XPRESSIONS, INCLUDING".. 0.." THOSE USIN
G VARIABLES, ARE EVALUATED".E 2.." AUTOM
ATICALLY).":.". YOU MAY ALSO WANT TO MAK
E THE BORDER".Q 4.." MATCH THE BACKGROUN
D OF THE GRAPHIC".. 6.." SCREEN. DO THI
S WITH:.":." POKE BO,BC.".T 8.." T
HEN USE 'POKE BO,14' TO RESTORE THE"..!:
.." USUAL LIGHT BLUE BORDER TO THE TEXT"
.5!<.." SCREEN.":.186:.(GR):. BO,7:.186:
.(TX):. BO,14.Q!>..".. POINTS ARE PLOTTE
D WITH:.":." SYS(PL),X,Y."..!@.."
WHERE X CAN TAKE ON ANY VALUE 0-319".K!
B.." (YOU ARE NOT RESTRICTED TO THE SING
LE"..!D.." BYTE RANGE 0-255 FOR X) AND Y
CAN BE".$"F.." 0-199. NO CHECKING IS D
ONE TO MAKE".Q"H.." SURE YOU ONLY USE 'L
EGAL' COORDINATE".~"J.." VALUES - SO INC
LUDE ERROR TRAPPING IN.."L.." YOUR PROGR
AM IF YOU NEED IT..".S"N.." THE ORIGIN O
F THE COORDINATE SYSTEM IS"..#P.." IN TH
E LOWER LEFT CORNER OF THE SCREEN.".0#R.
." TO PLOT POINTS IN THE LOWER LEFT AND"
.Z#T.." UPPER RIGHT CORNERS AS WELL AS T
HE.~#V.." CENTER OF THE SCREEN, USE:.".A
#X.." SYS(PL),0,0:SYS(PL),319,199":
." SYS(PL),160,100."..#Z..186:.(GR)
:. BO,1:.(CL):.(CO):.(PL),0,0:.(PL),319,
199. $\..(PL),160,100:.186:.(TX):. BO,14
.M$^..".. THE POINT IN THE SCREEN CENTER
CAN"..$`.." THEN BE 'UNPLOTTED' WITH:."
:." SYS(UN),160,100.".A$B..186:.(GR
):. BO,1:.(UN),160,100:.186:.(TX):. BO,1
4..$D.." LINES ARE DRAWN WITH THE COMMAN
D:."..%F.." SYS(LN),X1,Y1,X2,Y2.".7%
H.." WHERE (X1,Y1) AND (X2,Y2) ARE THE".
F%J.." COORDINTATES OF THE LINE'S ENDPOI
NTS.."..%L.." SETTING XL=0:XR=319:YD=0:Y
U=199 AS"..%N.." THE 'LEFT, RIGHT, DOWN,
AND UP' LIMITS"..%P.." FOR X'S AND Y'S,
THE SCREEN CAN BE"..&R.." OUTLINED WITH
:.":."SYS(LN),XL,YD,XL,YU:SYS(LN),XL,YD,
XR,YD".^&T.."SYS(LN),XL,YU,XR,YU:SYS(LN)
,XR,YD,XR,YU."..&V..186:.(GR):.BO,1:.CL:
XL.0:XR.319:YD.0:YU.199:.MO,0:.SC,0..&X.
.LN,XL,YD,XL,YU:.LN,XL,YD,XR,YD:.LN,XL,Y
U,XR,YU:.LN,XR,YD,XR,YU..&Z..186:.(TX):.
BO,14."'|..".. WHETHER LINES ARE DRAWN
OR ERASED".Q'~.." IS DETERMINED BY A MOD
E FLAG WHICH WAS".}'..." 'POKE'D WITH 0
TO DRAW THE OUTLINE."..'..." 'POKE'ING T
HE MODE LOCATION WITH 1".V'..." LETS US
ERASE (FOR EXAMPLE) THE LEFT-"..(..." HA
ND LINE FROM THE SCREEN OUTLINE:.".,(...
" POKE MO,1:SYS(LN),XL,YD,XL,YU.".[(.
..186:. MO,1:.(GR):. BO,1:.(LN),XL,YD,XL
,YU.Y(...186:. MO,0:.(TX):. BO,14..(..."
RESTORE DRAWING MODE WITH 'POKE MO,0'."
.U(..." AN IMPORTANT FEATURE OF THE GRAP
HICS"..)..." PACKAGE IS A 'SCALING' OPTI
ON WHICH"./)..." HELPS CORRECT THE DISPL
AY GEOMETRY TO".])..." KEEP SQUARES 'SQU
ARE' (INSTEAD OF THE"..)..." USUAL RECTA
NGULAR RESULT).."..)..." THE USUAL (0-31
9, 0-199) SCREEN IS".V)..." SELECTED WIT
H 'POKE SC,0'. IF THE..*..." COMMAND 'P
OKE SC,1' IS GIVEN, THEN"..* .." THE SCR
EEN TAKES A PSEUDO-COORDINATE".Z*..." RA
NGE (0-319, 0-239). THIS 320X240"..*...
" BITMAP ASPECT RATIO THEN MATCHES THE".
.*..." 4:3 ASPECT RATIO OF THE MONITOR S
CREEN.":.186..*...".. WHILE SCALING IS P
RETTY EASY TO DO"..+..." BY HAND FOR LIN
ES, IT IS INCLUDED".B+..." PRIMARILY FOR
THE CURVED SURFACE DRAW-".K+..." ING RO
UTINES (DESCRIBED LATER).."..+..." SCALI
NG THE LINE ENDPOINTS IS ADDED AS".I+...
" A CONVENIENCE TO MAINTAIN A CONSISTENT
"..+..." COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR LINES & S
HAPES..".',..." WITHOUT SCALING, A 'SQUA
RE' FROM (0,0)".H,..." TO (150,150) WITH
DIAGONALS LOOKS LIKE":.186:.(GR):. BO,1
..,...(CL):.(LN),0,0,0,150:.(LN),0,0,150
,0:.(LN),0,150,150,150..,...(LN),150,0,1
50,150:.(LN),0,0,150,150:.(LN),0,150,150
,0:.186.%-...(TX):. BO,14:.". WITH SCALI
NG WE HAVE":.186:.(GR):. BO,1.H-...CL:.
SC,1:.(LN),0,0,0,150:.(LN),0,0,150,0:.(L
N),0,150,150,150..-B..(LN),150,0,150,150
:.(LN),0,0,150,150:.(LN),150,0,0,150:.18
6..-D..(TX):. BO,14..-F..". JUST HOW 'SQ
UARE' THIS LOOKS WILL "...H.." DEPEND ON
YOUR MONITOR'S HEIGHT AND.2.J.." WIDTH
ADJUSTMENTS.":.186._.L..".. THE NEXT GRA
PHIC FUNCTION, DRAWING"...N.." SHADED TR
IANGULAR FACETS, IS A VERY"...P.." FLEXI
BLE, AND POWERFUL TOOL.."...R.." MANY SH
ADED FIGURES CAN BE CLOSELY"../T.." APPR
OXIMATED BY A 'POLYGON MESH'..".6/V.." T
HE SHADED FACET DRAWING THEN LETS YOU".E
/X.." QUICKLY FILL SMALL, FLAT SECTIONS
WITH"../Z.." THE APPROPRIATE SHADE VALUE
.."../..." THE COMMAND SYNTAX IS:.".U/..
." SYS(FC),X1,Y1,X2,Y2,X3,Y3,VA."..0
..." WHERE (X1,Y1), (X2,Y2), AND (X3,Y3)
".-0..." ARE THE VERTEX COORDINATES AND
'VA'".Y0..." IS THE SHADE VALUE FROM 0 (
BLACK) TO..0..." 64 (PURE WHITE). THE M
AXIMUM 'X'"..0..." DIFFERENCE IS RESTRIC
TED TO BE 255 OR"..0..." LESS, BUT THE A
BSOLUTE 'X' VALUES MAY"..1..." BE ANYWHE
RE ON THE SCREEN (0-319).":. 186.?1...".
. SHADING CAN BE DONE BY EITHER HYBRID".
N1..." ORDERED DITHER/DOT GROWTH ('HALFT
ONE')"..1..." OR A 'RANDOM' SHADE TEXTUR
E. THE ".G1..." SHADE STYLE IS SELECTED
BY POKING A 0"..1..." (FOR RANDOM) OR A
1 (FOR HALFTONE) IN"..2..." THE SHADE F
LAG 'SH'. COMPARE THE".\2..." EFFECT FO
R MEDIUM GREY (VALUE=32):.":.186:.(GR):.
(CL)..2... BO,1:. SH,0:. EG,0:.(FC),20,2
0,140,32,50,160,32.P2... SH,1:.(FC),160,
190,300,170,200,20,32:.186:.(TX):. BO,14
..2..." THE 'SCALE' FLAG APPLIES TO FACE
T".)3..." COORDINATES AS WELL AS LINE EN
DPOINTS.".X3...". ANOTHER OPTION WHEN DR
AWING FACETS IS"..3..." TO AUTOMATICALLY
ADD LINES TO THE "..3..." EDGES (POKE E
G,1 TO DO SO, POKE EG,0"..3..." FOR NORM
AL [NO LINES ADDED] DRAWING)":.186:.(GR)
:. BO,1.$4...(CL):. EG,1:. SH,0:.(FC),20
,20,140,32,50,160,32.B4... SH,1:.(FC),16
0,190,300,170,200,20,32:.186:.(TX):. BO,
14..4...". THE FLAG AT 'MO' CAN AGAIN BE
'POKE'D"..4..." WITH 0 OR 1 TO DETERMIN
E DRAWING OR"..4..." ERASING OF LINES AD
DED TO FACET EDGES.":.186.!5...".. HIDDE
N SURFACES CAN BE HANDLED EASILY".P5..."
SINCE NEW FACETS AND SHAPES COMPLETELY"
.~5..." OVERWRITE THE BACKGROUND, CLEARI
NG AS"..5..." WELL AS SETTING POINTS....
":.186:.(GR):. BO,1:.(CL)..5...(FC),20,2
0,180,40,100,80,32:. SH,0:.(FC),40,10,20
,180,70,100,48.)6 .. SH,1:.(FC),180,120,
310,50,250,190,50.G6".. SH,1:.(FC),100,2
0,240,150,200,180,64:.186:.(TX):. BO,14.
.6$.." DRAWING CURVED SHAPES ON THE SCRE
EN IS".E6&.." VERY EASY. YOU MUST ALWAYS
SPECIFY THE"..6(.." CENTER X AND Y COOR
DINATES FOR THE "..7*.." OBJECT, AND SPE
CIFY ANY NEW SIZES TO".L7,.." BE USED (T
HE LAST SIZES SPECIFIED ARE".Z7..." USED
AS DEFAULT VALUES IF NONE ARE TO"..70..
" BE CHANGED). FOR EXAMPLE, TO DRAW A "
.V72.." SPHERE OF RADIUS 40 AT X=160, Y=
120:."..84.." SYS(SP),160,120,40.":.
186:.(GR):.(CL):.(CO),16.11.1.=86.. LB,2
55:. RB,255:. UB,255:. DB,255.Z88.. SH,1
:. SC,1:. LT,0:.(SP),160,120,40:.186:.(T
X):. BO,14..8:.." TO DRAW ANOTHER SPHERE
OF THE SAME".U8<.." RADIUS, JUST SPECIF
Y THE NEW LOCATION:."..9>.." POKE S
H,0:SYS(SP),270,50.":.186:.(GR):. BO,1:.
SH,0.99@..(SP),270,50:.186:.(TX):. BO,1
4.H9B..".. NOTE THAT WE CHANGED OUR SHAD
E STYLE"..9D.." BEFORE DRAWING THE SECON
D SPHERE.."..9F.." TO ADD A 'BACKLIGHT'
EFFECT TO THE".U9H.." OBJECTS, USE:."..9
J.." POKE LT,1."..:L.." WE'LL CHAN
GE BACK TO HALFTONE SHADING,".J:N.." AND
DRAW A NEW SPHERE WITH BACKLIGHT".S:P..
" BUT SPECIFY A NEW RADIUS OF 50:."..:R.
." POKE SH,1:SYS(SP),60,120,50.":.
186:.(GR):. BO,1..:T.. LT,1:. SH,1:.(SP)
,60,120,50:.186:.(TX):. BO,14..;V.." NOT
E THE EFFECT IF WE REDRAW THE SAME".@;X.
." SPHERE WITH THE 'SCALING' DISABLED:."
.{;Z.." POKE SC,0:SYS(SP),60,120.
":.186:.(GR):. BO,1..;\.. SC,0:.(SP),60,
120:.186:.(TX):. BO,14.S;^..".. A VERY I
MPORTANT POINT TO CHECK IF"..;`.." YOU A
RE TRYING TO DRAW SHAPES, BUT".,<B.." CA
N'T SEEM TO GET ANYTHING DISPLAYED,".Y<D
.." IS HOW THE CLIPPING LIMITS ARE SET..
"..<F.." BEFORE ANY OF THE PREVIOUS SPHE
RES"..<H.." WERE DRAWN, THE CLIPPING LIM
ITS WERE"..<J.." ALL SET TO THEIR MAXIMU
M (255 - NO "..=L.." CLIPPING). TO DRAW
JUST AN UPPER HEMI-".;=N.." SPHERE, SET
THE 'DOWN' BOUND TO ZERO:.".^=P.."
POKE SC,1:POKE LT,0"..=R.." POK
E DB,0:SYS(SP),200,150,40.":.186:.(GR):.
BO,1.Z=T.. DB,0:. SC,1:. LT,0:.(SP),200
,150,40:.186:.(TX):. BO,14..>V.." OR FOR
A RIGHT-HAND HEMISPHERE, USE:.".B>X.."
POKE DB,255:POKE LB,0:SYS(SP),10,40.":
.186:.(GR).|>Z.. BO,1:. DB,255:. LB,0:.(
SP),10,40:.186:.(TX):. BO,14..>|..".. TO
ROIDS REQUIRE TWO RADII TO BE".S>~.." SP
ECIFIED WHEN A NEW SIZE IS DESIRED"..>..
." (AN INNER AND OUTER RADIUS). WE'LL".
.?..." ILLUSTRATE ALONG WITH PARTIAL CLI
PPING".R?..." OF THE LEFT AND TOP EDGES:
.".S?..." POKE LB,40:POKE UB,45"..?..
." SYS(TR),100,100,30,60.":.186:.(GR)
:.(CL):. BO,1..?... LB,40:. UB,45:.(TR),
100,100,30,60:.186:.(TX):. BO,14..@..."
AGAIN, UNLESS NEW SIZES (RADII) ARE".?@.
.." SPECIFIED, THE LAST ONES GIVEN ARE".
K@..." USED AS DEFAULT SIZES FOR COPIES
OF"..@..." SIMILAR TOROIDS AT DIFFERENT
LOCATIONS.".F@..." CYLINDERS ALSO TAKE T
WO SIZES FOR "..@..." RADIUS AND 'HALF-L
ENGTH'..":. 186..A...".. A SIMPLE COMBIN
ATION OF A CLIPPED".>A..." SPHERE AND A
CYLINDER IS:.".JA..." POKE LB,255:POKE
UB,255:POKE DB,0"..A..." SYS(SP),160,
150,50:POKE DB,255".OA .." SYS(VC),160
,100,50,50.":.186:.(GR):. BO,1:. LB,255.
.B... UB,255:. DB,0:.(SP),160,150,50:. D
B,255:.(VC),160,100,50,50.-B...186:.(TX)
:. BO,14:.186.\B..."... I HOPE THIS BRIE
F TUTORIAL EXPLAINS"..B..." AT LEAST THE
SYNTAX OF USING THE DIFF-"..B..." ERENT
FUNCTIONS AND STYLE OPTIONS OF"..B..."
MY GRAPHICS PACKAGE. TO SEE MORE"..C...
" EXAMPLES OF HOW ELEMENTARY SHAPES ARE"
.?C..." COMBINED, ALONG WITH USING SUBRO
UTINES".NC..." TO ADD COLOR AND TEXT TO
THE DISPLAYS,"..C..." LIST THE PROGRAMS:
":.". 'SHAPES DEMO'".KC..."
AND 'STELLATION'"..C...". [ AS
WELL AS THIS TUROTIAL PROGRAM ]"...
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