MAC.TUTOR 3
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): MAC.TUTOR 3
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 27.8K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 15:51:26
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
2af5b48683a1b0bcc4ac7a24e5226660a8679439ffb2f7094140bee76b9b2ca0
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LO | MAC.TUTOR 3 | PRG | Belgium | 24 | 7 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
> DETECTED: COMMODORE BASIC PROGRAM (LOAD ADDRESS $0801)
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000008F0: 20 31 39 38 34 20 4E 45 57 20 47 45 4E 45 52 41 | 1984 NEW GENERA|
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00001530: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0D 0A 59 20 2D 20 | ..Y - |
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00001550: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
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000015C0: 0A 4F 56 45 52 46 4C 4F 57 20 46 4C 41 47 3A 30 |.OVERFLOW FLAG:0|
000015D0: 20 20 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .. |
000015E0: 20 20 20 20 20 0D 0A 81 66 33 2F 66 37 20 46 4F | ...f3/f7 FO|
000015F0: 52 20 4D 4F 44 45 53 0D 0A 84 27 52 45 54 55 52 |R MODES...'RETUR|
00001600: 4E 27 20 54 4F 20 52 55 4E 20 20 0D 0A 82 27 5F |N' TO RUN ...'_|
00001610: 27 20 54 4F 20 45 44 49 54 20 20 20 20 0D 0A FF |' TO EDIT ...|
00001620: 1F 11 00 82 9D 87 4C 41 42 45 4C 53 20 49 4E 53 |......LABELS INS|
00001630: 54 52 55 43 54 49 4F 4E 53 0D 0A 9C 0D 0A 50 52 |TRUCTIONS.....PR|
00001640: 45 53 53 20 4B 45 59 53 3A 9C 0D 0A 9C 0A 81 9D |ESS KEYS:.......|
00001650: 87 20 66 31 20 20 20 9C 0D 0A 61 73 73 65 6D 62 |. f1 ...assemb|
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00001670: 81 9D 87 20 66 33 20 20 20 9C 0D 0A 66 6F 72 20 |... f3 ...for |
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00001690: 87 20 66 35 20 20 20 9C 0D 0A 74 6F 20 65 72 61 |. f5 ...to era|
000016A0: 73 65 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 9C 0D 0A 9C 0A 9C |se program......|
000016B0: 0A 9C 0A 9C 0A 9C 1F 00 12 20 84 9D 87 45 44 49 |......... ...EDI|
000016C0: 54 20 4D 4F 44 45 20 20 9C 8C 0D 0A 20 84 9D 87 |T MODE .... ...|
000016D0: 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 20 20 9C 8C 0D 0A 0A |********* .....|
000016E0: 54 79 70 65 20 69 6E 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 2C |Type in program,|
000016F0: 20 75 73 69 6E 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 73 6F | using the curso|
00001700: 72 20 6B 65 79 73 0D 0A 74 6F 20 65 64 69 74 20 |r keys..to edit |
00001710: 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 2E 9C 0D 0A 9C FF 41 43 43 |program......ACC|
00001720: 55 4D 55 4C 41 54 4F 52 20 20 20 20 58 2D 52 45 |UMULATOR X-RE|
00001730: 47 49 53 54 45 52 20 20 20 20 59 2D 52 45 47 49 |GISTER Y-REGI|
00001740: 53 54 45 52 20 20 81 9D 87 30 30 30 20 20 87 9C |STER ...000 ..|
00001750: 20 20 20 20 20 84 9D 87 30 30 30 20 20 87 9C 20 | ...000 .. |
00001760: 20 20 20 82 9D 87 30 30 30 20 20 87 9C 20 20 20 | ...000 .. |
00001770: 20 20 20 20 20 4E 45 47 20 5A 45 52 4F 20 44 45 | NEG ZERO DE|
00001780: 43 20 4F 2F 46 20 43 41 52 52 59 20 49 2F 44 49 |C O/F CARRY I/DI|
00001790: 53 41 42 4C 45 46 4C 41 47 53 3A 85 9D 87 30 20 |SABLEFLAGS:...0 |
000017A0: 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 | 0 0 0 |
000017B0: 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 FF 45 52 52 4F 52 |0 0.ERROR|
000017C0: 20 2D 20 49 4E 53 54 52 55 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 4E | - INSTRUCTION N|
000017D0: 4F 54 20 52 45 43 4F 47 4E 49 53 45 44 20 3A 0D |OT RECOGNISED :.|
000017E0: 45 52 52 4F 52 20 2D 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 42 |ERROR - NUMBER B|
000017F0: 49 47 47 45 52 20 54 48 41 4E 20 32 35 35 3A 0D |IGGER THAN 255:.|
00001800: 45 52 52 4F 52 20 2D 20 4C 41 42 45 4C 20 4E 4F |ERROR - LABEL NO|
00001810: 54 20 46 4F 55 4E 44 20 3A 20 0D 45 52 52 4F 52 |T FOUND : .ERROR|
00001820: 20 2D 20 52 45 53 55 4C 54 49 4E 47 20 41 44 44 | - RESULTING ADD|
00001830: 52 45 53 53 20 47 52 45 41 54 45 52 20 54 48 41 |RESS GREATER THA|
00001840: 4E 0D 0A 31 30 32 34 20 28 44 45 43 49 4D 41 4C |N..1024 (DECIMAL|
00001850: 29 20 4F 52 20 24 34 30 30 20 28 48 45 58 29 FF |) OR $400 (HEX).|
00001860: 42 52 4B 00 43 4C 43 18 43 4C 44 D8 43 4C 49 58 |BRK.CLC.CLD.CLIX|
00001870: 43 4C 56 B8 44 45 58 CA 44 45 59 88 49 4E 58 E8 |CLV.DEX.DEY.INX.|
00001880: 49 4E 59 C8 4E 4F 50 EA 50 48 41 48 50 48 50 08 |INY.NOP.PHAHPHP.|
00001890: 50 4C 41 68 50 4C 50 28 52 54 53 60 53 45 43 38 |PLAhPLP(RTS`SEC8|
000018A0: 53 45 44 F8 53 45 49 78 54 41 58 AA 54 41 59 A8 |SED.SEIxTAX.TAY.|
000018B0: 54 53 58 BA 54 58 41 8A 54 58 53 9A 54 59 41 98 |TSX.TXA.TXS.TYA.|
000018C0: FF 41 53 4C 0A 4C 53 52 4A 52 4F 4C 2A 52 4F 52 |.ASL.LSRJROL*ROR|
000018D0: 6A FF 41 44 43 69 41 4E 44 29 43 4D 50 C9 43 50 |j.ADCiAND)CMP.CP|
000018E0: 58 E0 43 50 59 C0 45 4F 52 49 4C 44 41 A9 4C 44 |X.CPY.EORILDA.LD|
000018F0: 58 A2 4C 44 59 A0 4F 52 41 09 53 42 43 E9 FF 41 |X.LDY.ORA.SBC..A|
00001900: 44 43 65 41 4E 44 25 41 53 4C 06 42 49 54 24 43 |DCeAND%ASL.BIT$C|
00001910: 4D 50 C5 43 50 58 E4 43 50 59 C4 44 45 43 C6 45 |MP.CPX.CPY.DEC.E|
00001920: 4F 52 45 49 4E 43 E6 4C 44 41 A5 4C 44 58 A6 4C |OREINC.LDA.LDX.L|
00001930: 44 59 A4 4C 53 52 46 4F 52 41 05 52 4F 4C 26 52 |DY.LSRFORA.ROL&R|
00001940: 4F 52 66 53 42 43 E5 53 54 41 85 53 54 58 86 53 |ORfSBC.STA.STX.S|
00001950: 54 59 84 FF 41 44 43 6D 41 4E 44 2D 41 53 4C 0E |TY..ADCmAND-ASL.|
00001960: 42 49 54 2C 43 4D 50 CD 43 50 58 EC 43 50 59 CC |BIT,CMP.CPX.CPY.|
00001970: 45 4F 52 4D 49 4E 43 EE 4C 44 41 AD 4C 44 58 AE |EORMINC.LDA.LDX.|
00001980: 4C 44 59 AC 4C 53 52 4E 4F 52 41 0D 52 4F 4C 2E |LDY.LSRNORA.ROL.|
00001990: 52 4F 52 6E 53 42 43 ED 53 54 41 8D 53 54 58 8E |RORnSBC.STA.STX.|
000019A0: 53 54 59 8C 44 45 43 CE FF 41 44 43 7D 41 4E 44 |STY.DEC..ADC}AND|
000019B0: 3D 41 53 4C 1E 43 4D 50 DD 44 45 43 DE 45 4F 52 |=ASL.CMP.DEC.EOR|
000019C0: 5D 49 4E 43 FE 4C 44 41 BD 4C 44 59 BC 4C 53 52 |]INC.LDA.LDY.LSR|
000019D0: 5E 4F 52 41 1D 52 4F 4C 3E 52 4F 52 7E 53 42 43 |^ORA.ROL>ROR~SBC|
000019E0: FD 53 54 41 9D FF 41 44 43 79 41 4E 44 39 43 4D |.STA..ADCyAND9CM|
000019F0: 50 D9 45 4F 52 59 4C 44 41 B9 4C 44 58 BE 4F 52 |P.EORYLDA.LDX.OR|
00001A00: 41 19 53 42 43 F9 53 54 41 99 FF 41 44 43 75 41 |A.SBC.STA..ADCuA|
00001A10: 4E 44 35 41 53 4C 16 43 4D 50 D5 44 45 43 D6 45 |ND5ASL.CMP.DEC.E|
00001A20: 4F 52 55 49 4E 43 F6 4C 44 41 B5 4C 44 59 B4 4C |ORUINC.LDA.LDY.L|
00001A30: 53 52 56 4F 52 41 15 52 4F 4C 36 52 4F 52 76 53 |SRVORA.ROL6RORvS|
00001A40: 42 43 F5 53 54 41 95 53 54 59 94 FF 4C 44 58 B6 |BC.STA.STY..LDX.|
00001A50: 53 54 58 96 FF 41 44 43 61 41 4E 44 21 43 4D 50 |STX..ADCaAND!CMP|
00001A60: C1 45 4F 52 41 4C 44 41 A1 4F 52 41 01 53 42 43 |.EORALDA.ORA.SBC|
00001A70: E1 53 54 41 81 FF 41 44 43 71 41 4E 44 31 43 4D |.STA..ADCqAND1CM|
00001A80: 50 D1 45 4F 52 51 4C 44 41 B1 4F 52 41 11 53 42 |P.EORQLDA.ORA.SB|
00001A90: 43 F1 53 54 41 91 FF 4A 4D 50 4C 4A 53 52 20 FF |C.STA..JMPLJSR .|
00001AA0: 42 43 43 90 42 43 53 B0 42 45 51 F0 42 4D 49 30 |BCC.BCS.BEQ.BMI0|
00001AB0: 42 4E 45 D0 42 50 4C 10 42 56 43 50 42 56 53 70 |BNE.BPL.BVCPBVSp|
00001AC0: FF A9 1F 20 A6 31 A9 00 20 A6 31 A9 12 20 A6 31 |... .1.. .1.. .1|
00001AD0: A9 50 8D 02 C0 A9 20 20 A6 31 CE 02 C0 AD 02 C0 |.P.... .1......|
00001AE0: D0 F3 60 A9 A6 85 14 A9 28 85 15 20 C0 22 A9 1F |..`.....(.. ."..|
00001AF0: 20 A6 31 A9 00 20 A6 31 A9 12 20 A6 31 AC 09 C0 | .1.. .1.. .1...|
00001B00: B1 0E AA 8D 5D C0 BD 00 7B 8D 5C C0 AA E0 00 F0 |....]...{.\.....|
00001B10: 11 18 A5 14 69 09 85 14 A5 15 69 00 85 15 CA 4C |....i.....i....L|
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00002CD0: C8 C0 28 D0 F3 18 A5 76 69 28 85 76 A5 77 69 00 |..(....vi(.v.wi.|
00002CE0: 85 77 CA D0 E3 4C EE 34 A9 10 91 76 4C CF 34 AC |.w...L.4...vL.4.|
00002CF0: 65 C0 B1 20 29 F0 09 04 91 20 60 AC 5A C0 AD 13 |e.. ).... `.Z...|
00002D00: C0 91 0E EE 5A C0 60 A9 1F 20 A6 31 A9 00 20 A6 |....Z.`.. .1.. .|
00002D10: 31 20 A6 31 A2 28 A9 20 20 A6 31 CA 10 F8 A9 01 |1 .1.(. .1.....|
00002D20: 8D 02 C0 A9 1F 20 A6 31 A9 00 20 A6 31 AD 02 C0 |..... .1.. .1...|
00002D30: 20 A6 31 A2 13 A9 20 20 A6 31 CA 10 F8 EE 02 C0 | .1... .1......|
00002D40: AD 02 C0 C9 12 D0 DC A9 1F 20 A6 31 A9 00 20 A6 |......... .1.. .|
00002D50: 31 A9 11 20 A6 31 A2 C8 A9 20 20 A6 31 CA D0 F8 |1.. .1... .1...|
00002D60: 20 2D 1A 60 A9 77 85 12 A9 35 85 13 20 C0 22 20 | -.`.w...5.. ." |
00002D70: 57 10 20 25 34 4C 4E 0C 1F 00 12 45 4E 44 20 4F |W. %4LN....END O|
00002D80: 46 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 2D 20 50 52 45 53 |F PROGRAM - PRES|
00002D90: 53 20 41 20 4B 45 59 FF 61 63 63 75 6D 75 6C 61 |S A KEY.accumula|
00002DA0: 74 6F 72 20 FF 58 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 20 |tor .X register |
00002DB0: FF 59 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 20 FF 4C 6F 67 |.Y register .Log|
00002DC0: 69 63 61 6C 20 4F 52 20 FF 77 69 74 68 20 6E 75 |ical OR .with nu|
00002DD0: 6D 62 65 72 20 FF 77 69 74 68 20 6D 65 6D 6F 72 |mber .with memor|
00002DE0: 79 20 6C 6F 63 61 74 69 6F 6E FF 41 72 69 74 68 |y location.Arith|
00002DF0: 6D 65 74 69 63 20 73 68 69 66 74 20 6C 65 66 74 |metic shift left|
00002E00: 20 FF 50 75 73 68 20 FF 70 72 6F 63 65 73 73 6F | .Push .processo|
00002E10: 72 20 73 74 61 74 75 73 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 |r status registe|
00002E20: 72 0D FF 6F 6E 74 6F 20 73 74 61 63 6B 20 FF 6D |r..onto stack .m|
00002E30: 65 6D 6F 72 79 20 6C 6F 63 61 74 69 6F 6E 20 FF |emory location .|
00002E40: 42 72 65 61 6B 20 2D 20 77 69 6C 6C 20 73 74 6F |Break - will sto|
00002E50: 70 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 69 6F 6E FF 4E 6F 74 20 |p execution.Not |
00002E60: 61 20 76 61 6C 69 64 20 69 6E 73 74 72 75 63 74 |a valid instruct|
00002E70: 69 6F 6E 20 6F 70 2D 63 6F 64 65 FF 0D 50 52 45 |ion op-code..PRE|
00002E80: 53 53 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 20 4B 45 59 20 54 4F |SS RETURN KEY TO|
00002E90: 20 43 4F 4E 54 49 4E 55 45 FF 63 6C 65 61 72 20 | CONTINUE.clear |
00002EA0: FF 63 61 72 72 79 20 FF 66 6C 61 67 20 FF 72 69 |.carry .flag .ri|
00002EB0: 67 68 74 20 FF 6C 65 66 74 20 FF 52 6F 74 61 74 |ght .left .Rotat|
00002EC0: 65 20 FF 4C 6F 67 69 63 61 6C 20 41 4E 44 20 61 |e .Logical AND a|
00002ED0: 63 63 75 6D 75 6C 61 74 6F 72 20 FF 54 65 73 74 |ccumulator .Test|
00002EE0: 20 42 49 54 73 20 6F 66 20 61 63 63 75 6D 75 6C | BITs of accumul|
00002EF0: 61 74 6F 72 20 61 67 61 69 6E 73 74 20 FF 66 72 |ator against .fr|
00002F00: 6F 6D 20 73 74 61 63 6B FF 50 75 6C 6C 20 FF 4C |om stack.Pull .L|
00002F10: 6F 67 69 63 61 6C 20 73 68 69 66 74 20 FF 45 78 |ogical shift .Ex|
00002F20: 63 6C 75 73 69 76 65 20 4F 52 20 FF 73 65 74 20 |clusive OR .set |
00002F30: FF 77 69 74 68 20 6D 65 6D 6F 72 79 0D 6C 6F 63 |.with memory.loc|
00002F40: 61 74 69 6F 6E FF 41 64 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 FF |ation.Add with .|
00002F50: 69 6E 74 65 72 72 75 70 74 20 64 69 73 61 62 6C |interrupt disabl|
00002F60: 65 20 FF 54 72 61 6E 73 66 65 72 20 FF 53 74 6F |e .Transfer .Sto|
00002F70: 72 65 20 FF 61 74 20 6D 65 6D 6F 72 79 20 6C 6F |re .at memory lo|
00002F80: 63 61 74 69 6F 6E FF 74 6F 20 73 74 61 63 6B 20 |cation.to stack |
00002F90: 70 6F 69 6E 74 65 72 FF 74 6F 20 61 63 63 75 6D |pointer.to accum|
00002FA0: 75 6C 61 74 6F 72 FF 4A 75 6D 70 20 74 6F 20 73 |ulator.Jump to s|
00002FB0: 75 62 72 6F 75 74 69 6E 65 FF 4A 75 6D 70 20 2D |ubroutine.Jump -|
00002FC0: 20 4C 6F 61 64 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 20 63 6F | Load program co|
00002FD0: 75 6E 74 65 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 6E 65 77 0D 61 |unter with new.a|
00002FE0: 64 64 72 65 73 73 FF 44 65 63 72 65 6D 65 6E 74 |ddress.Decrement|
00002FF0: 20 FF 4C 6F 61 64 20 FF 73 74 61 63 6B 20 70 6F | .Load .stack po|
00003000: 69 6E 74 65 72 20 FF 74 6F 20 58 20 72 65 67 69 |inter .to X regi|
00003010: 73 74 65 72 FF 6F 76 65 72 66 6C 6F 77 20 FF 4E |ster.overflow .N|
00003020: 6F 20 6F 70 65 72 61 74 69 6F 6E FF 49 6E 63 72 |o operation.Incr|
00003030: 65 6D 65 6E 74 20 FF 64 65 63 69 6D 61 6C 20 6D |ement .decimal m|
00003040: 6F 64 65 20 FF 6E 75 6D 62 65 72 20 FF 53 75 62 |ode .number .Sub|
00003050: 74 72 61 63 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 FF 43 6F 6D 70 |tract with .Comp|
00003060: 61 72 65 20 FF 6E 6F 74 20 65 71 75 61 6C 20 74 |are .not equal t|
00003070: 6F 20 7A 65 72 6F 20 28 5A 3D 30 29 FF 65 71 75 |o zero (Z=0).equ|
00003080: 61 6C 20 74 6F 20 7A 65 72 6F 20 28 5A 3D 31 29 |al to zero (Z=1)|
00003090: FF 42 72 61 6E 63 68 20 69 66 20 FF 70 6F 73 69 |.Branch if .posi|
000030A0: 74 69 76 65 20 28 4E 3D 30 29 FF 6D 69 6E 75 73 |tive (N=0).minus|
000030B0: 20 28 4E 3D 31 29 FF 52 65 74 75 72 6E 20 66 72 | (N=1).Return fr|
000030C0: 6F 6D 20 73 75 62 72 6F 75 74 69 6E 65 FF 74 6F |om subroutine.to|
000030D0: 20 59 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 FF 73 65 74 20 | Y register.set |
000030E0: 28 43 3D 31 29 FF 63 6C 65 61 72 20 28 43 3D 30 |(C=1).clear (C=0|
000030F0: 29 FF 6F 76 65 72 66 6C 6F 77 20 66 6C 61 67 20 |).overflow flag |
00003100: 63 6C 65 61 72 20 28 56 3D 30 29 FF 6F 76 65 72 |clear (V=0).over|
00003110: 66 6C 6F 77 20 66 6C 61 67 20 73 65 74 20 28 56 |flow flag set (V|
00003120: 3D 31 29 FF 00 A9 01 8D 02 C0 A9 14 8D 0B C0 A9 |=1).............|
00003130: 00 8D 14 C0 4C 4E 39 A9 1F 20 A6 31 AD 0B C0 20 |....LN9.. .1... |
00003140: A6 31 AD 02 C0 20 A6 31 A9 87 20 9E 34 8A 60 20 |.1... .1.. .4.` |
00003150: 36 39 AE 14 C0 9D 51 C0 EE 14 C0 EE 0B C0 AD 14 |69....Q.........|
00003160: C0 C9 06 D0 EA AD 51 C0 C9 20 D0 03 4C AA 39 A9 |......Q.. ..L.9.|
00003170: 01 8D 63 C0 A9 14 8D 0B C0 A9 00 8D 14 C0 AD 63 |..c............c|
00003180: C0 CD 02 C0 F0 1B 20 00 3A AE 14 C0 DD 51 C0 D0 |...... .:....Q..|
00003190: 10 EE 14 C0 EE 0B C0 AD 14 C0 C9 06 D0 E8 4C B8 |..............L.|
000031A0: 39 EE 63 C0 AD 63 C0 C9 11 D0 C9 EE 02 C0 AD 02 |9.c..c..........|
000031B0: C0 C9 11 F0 03 4C 29 39 60 A9 DD 85 12 A9 39 85 |.....L)9`.....9.|
000031C0: 13 20 57 10 A2 00 BD 51 C0 20 A6 31 E8 E0 06 D0 |. W....Q. .1....|
000031D0: F5 A9 22 20 A6 31 20 25 34 68 68 4C 4E 0C 1F 00 |.." .1 %4hhLN...|
000031E0: 12 45 52 52 4F 52 20 2D 20 44 55 50 4C 49 43 41 |.ERROR - DUPLICA|
000031F0: 54 45 20 4C 41 42 45 4C 20 46 4F 55 4E 44 20 22 |TE LABEL FOUND "|
00003200: FF A9 1F 20 A6 31 AD 0B C0 20 A6 31 AD 63 C0 20 |... .1... .1.c. |
00003210: A6 31 A9 87 20 9E 34 8A 60 A9 1F 20 A6 31 A9 1A |.1.. .4.`.. .1..|
00003220: 20 A6 31 AD 28 C0 20 A6 31 A9 87 20 9E 34 E0 20 | .1.(. .1.. .4. |
00003230: F0 03 4C CC 3B A2 03 BD 15 C0 C9 20 F0 1B 4C 47 |..L.;...... ..LG|
00003240: 3B AD 15 C0 C9 42 F0 07 C9 4A F0 03 4C A6 3A E8 |;....B...J..L.:.|
00003250: BD 15 C0 C9 20 D0 F8 F0 4E E8 BD 15 C0 E0 05 F0 |.... ...N.......|
00003260: 08 C9 20 F0 42 C9 41 B0 D8 C9 24 F0 13 E0 05 F0 |.. .B.A...$.....|
00003270: 08 C9 28 F0 41 C9 23 F0 E0 C9 30 B0 06 4C 1D 3B |..(.A.#...0..L.;|
00003280: 4C 22 3B C9 3A B0 F6 E8 E0 0D F0 F1 BD 15 C0 C9 |L";.:...........|
00003290: 20 F0 14 C9 2C F0 0F C9 30 B0 03 4C 1D 3B C9 3A | ...,...0..L.;.:|
000032A0: B0 DB 4C 86 3A 60 E8 E8 E0 0D F0 F9 BD 15 C0 C9 |..L.:`..........|
000032B0: 20 F0 F4 4C 1D 3B E8 BD 15 C0 C9 29 F0 0B C9 28 | ..L.;.....)...(|
000032C0: F0 BB E0 0C D0 F0 4C 1D 3B E8 BD 15 C0 C9 29 F0 |......L.;.....).|
000032D0: AC C9 28 F0 A8 E0 0C D0 F0 A2 05 BD 15 C0 C9 24 |..(............$|
000032E0: F0 1D BD 15 C0 C9 29 F0 0F C9 2C F0 0B C9 30 90 |......)...,...0.|
000032F0: 0B C9 3A B0 07 E8 D0 EA E8 4C A5 3A 4C 1D 3B E8 |..:......L.:L.;.|
00003300: BD 15 C0 C9 29 F0 F1 C9 2C F0 ED C9 30 90 ED C9 |....)...,...0...|
00003310: 47 B0 E9 C9 41 B0 E8 C9 3A B0 E1 4C FE 3A 68 68 |G...A...:..L.:hh|
00003320: 4C 9D 14 E8 BD 15 C0 C9 20 F0 17 C9 2C F0 16 C9 |L....... ...,...|
00003330: 30 90 C9 C9 3A 90 EC C9 41 90 C1 C9 47 B0 BD 4C |0...:...A...G..L|
00003340: 22 3B 4C A6 3A 4C A5 3A A9 55 85 12 A9 3B 85 13 |";L.:L.:.U...;..|
00003350: 20 57 10 4C D7 3B 1F 00 12 54 48 45 52 45 20 53 | W.L.;...THERE S|
00003360: 48 4F 55 4C 44 20 42 45 20 41 20 53 50 41 43 45 |HOULD BE A SPACE|
00003370: 20 42 45 54 57 45 45 4E 20 54 48 45 0D 0A 4D 4E | BETWEEN THE..MN|
00003380: 45 4D 4F 4E 49 43 20 41 4E 44 20 4F 50 45 52 41 |EMONIC AND OPERA|
00003390: 4E 44 2E 20 54 48 45 20 48 49 47 48 4C 49 47 48 |ND. THE HIGHLIGH|
000033A0: 54 45 44 0D 0A 4C 49 4E 45 20 49 4E 44 49 43 41 |TED..LINE INDICA|
000033B0: 54 45 53 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 48 |TES WHICH LINE H|
000033C0: 41 53 20 41 4E 20 45 52 52 4F 52 2E FF A9 03 85 |AS AN ERROR.....|
000033D0: 12 A9 3C 85 13 20 57 10 A9 1F 20 A6 31 A9 10 20 |..<.. W... .1.. |
000033E0: A6 31 AD 28 C0 20 A6 31 A9 88 20 A6 31 A9 81 20 |.1.(. .1.. .1.. |
000033F0: A6 31 A9 9D 20 A6 31 A9 87 20 A6 31 20 25 34 68 |.1.. .1.. .1 %4h|
00003400: 68 4C 4E 0C 1F 00 12 41 20 4C 41 42 45 4C 20 53 |hLN....A LABEL S|
00003410: 48 4F 55 4C 44 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 42 45 20 55 50 |HOULD ONLY BE UP|
00003420: 54 4F 20 53 49 58 20 4C 45 54 54 45 52 53 20 4C |TO SIX LETTERS L|
00003430: 4F 4E 47 2E 20 54 48 45 20 48 49 47 48 4C 49 47 |ONG. THE HIGHLIG|
00003440: 48 54 45 44 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 49 4E 44 49 43 41 |HTED LINE INDICA|
00003450: 54 45 53 20 54 48 45 4C 49 4E 45 20 57 48 49 43 |TES THELINE WHIC|
00003460: 48 20 48 41 53 20 41 20 4C 41 42 45 4C 20 54 4F |H HAS A LABEL TO|
00003470: 4F 20 4C 4F 4E 47 2E FF 0E 94 3C BB 3C DE 3C 01 |O LONG....<.<.<.|
00003480: 3D 24 3D 41 3D 64 3D 87 3D A7 3D CA 3D F3 3D 16 |=$=A=d=.=.=.=.=.|
00003490: 3E 39 3E 62 3E 01 20 20 20 4C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 |>9>b>. Lesson |
000034A0: 31 34 20 2D 20 42 72 61 6E 63 68 65 73 20 61 6E |14 - Branches an|
000034B0: 64 20 6A 75 6D 70 73 0D 0A FF 85 3E 02 20 20 20 |d jumps....>. |
000034C0: 20 20 45 78 65 72 63 69 73 65 20 31 20 66 6F 72 | Exercise 1 for|
000034D0: 20 6C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 31 34 0D 0A FF A9 44 02 | lesson 14....D.|
000034E0: 20 20 20 20 20 45 78 65 72 63 69 73 65 20 32 20 | Exercise 2 |
000034F0: 66 6F 72 20 6C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 31 34 0D 0A FF |for lesson 14...|
00003500: ED 44 02 20 20 20 20 20 45 78 65 72 63 69 73 65 |.D. Exercise|
00003510: 20 33 20 66 6F 72 20 6C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 31 34 | 3 for lesson 14|
00003520: 0D 0A FF 67 45 01 20 20 20 4C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 |...gE. Lesson |
00003530: 31 35 20 2D 20 43 6F 6D 70 61 72 65 73 0D 0A FF |15 - Compares...|
00003540: 2A 46 02 20 20 20 20 20 45 78 65 72 63 69 73 65 |*F. Exercise|
00003550: 20 31 20 66 6F 72 20 6C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 31 35 | 1 for lesson 15|
00003560: 0D 0A FF EF 4D 02 20 20 20 20 20 45 78 65 72 63 |....M. Exerc|
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00003690: 53 20 41 4E 44 20 4A 55 4D 50 53 0D 0A 0A 20 4A |S AND JUMPS... J|
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00003980: 43 48 20 49 46 20 43 41 52 52 59 20 46 4C 41 47 |CH IF CARRY FLAG|
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00003A50: 45 58 45 52 43 49 53 45 20 31 0D 0A 20 54 68 69 |EXERCISE 1.. Thi|
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00003B70: 59 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 20 68 6F 6C 64 73 |Y register holds|
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00003CB0: 20 4C 44 58 20 23 31 30 0D 4C 4F 4F 50 20 20 20 | LDX #10.LOOP |
00003CC0: 44 45 58 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 45 51 20 45 |DEX. BEQ E|
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00003CF0: 20 20 20 20 20 4C 44 41 20 23 35 38 0D 20 20 20 | LDA #58. |
00003D00: 20 20 20 20 53 45 43 0D 41 47 41 49 4E 20 20 53 | SEC.AGAIN S|
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00003DA0: 4C 49 4E 45 31 20 20 54 59 41 0D 20 20 20 20 20 |LINE1 TYA. |
00003DB0: 20 20 43 4C 43 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 44 43 | CLC. ADC|
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00003DE0: 20 20 20 20 42 4E 45 20 4C 49 4E 45 31 0D 20 20 | BNE LINE1. |
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ACCUMULATOR :000.. ..X
- REGISTER :000.. ..Y -
REGISTER :000.. ..CARRY
FLAG :0 ..DECIMAL MODE :0 ..INTERRUP
TS :0 ..ZERO FLAG :0 ..NEGATIVE F
LAG:0 ..OVERFLOW FLAG:0 ..
...F3/F7 FOR MODES...'RETURN' TO RU
N ...'_' TO EDIT .........LABELS INS
TRUCTIONS.....PRESS KEYS:........ F1 .
..ASSEMBLES PROGRAM........ F3 ...FOR
MAIN MENU........ F5 ...TO ERASE PROGR
AM............... ...EDIT MODE .... ...
********* .....TYPE IN PROGRAM, USING T
HE CURSOR KEYS..TO EDIT PROGRAM......ACC
UMULATOR X-REGISTER Y-REGISTER ..
.000 .. ...000 .. ...000 ..
NEG ZERO DEC O/F CARRY I/DISABLEFLA
GS:...0 0 0 0 0 0.ERROR
- INSTRUCTION NOT RECOGNISED :.ERROR -
NUMBER BIGGER THAN 255:.ERROR - LABEL NO
T FOUND : .ERROR - RESULTING ADDRESS GRE
ATER THAN..1024 (DECIMAL) OR $400 (HEX).
BRK.CLC.CLDXCLIXCLV.DEXJDEY.INX.INYHNOP.
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...END OF PROGRAM - PRESS A KEY.ACCUMULA
TOR .X REGISTER .Y REGISTER .LOGICAL OR
.WITH NUMBER .WITH MEMORY LOCATION.ARITH
METIC SHIFT LEFT .PUSH .PROCESSOR STATUS
REGISTER..ONTO STACK .MEMORY LOCATION .
BREAK - WILL STOP EXECUTION.NOT A VALID
INSTRUCTION OP-CODE..PRESS RETURN KEY TO
CONTINUE.CLEAR .CARRY .FLAG .RIGHT .LEF
T .ROTATE .LOGICAL AND ACCUMULATOR .TEST
BITS OF ACCUMULATOR AGAINST .FROM STACK
.PULL .LOGICAL SHIFT .EXCLUSIVE OR .SET
.WITH MEMORY.LOCATION.ADD WITH .INTERRUP
T DISABLE .TRANSFER .STORE .AT MEMORY LO
CATION.TO STACK POINTER.TO ACCUMULATOR.J
UMP TO SUBROUTINE.JUMP - LOAD PROGRAM CO
UNTER WITH NEW.ADDRESS.DECREMENT .LOAD .
STACK POINTER .TO X REGISTER.OVERFLOW .N
O OPERATION.INCREMENT .DECIMAL MODE .NUM
BER .SUBTRACT WITH .COMPARE .NOT EQUAL T
O ZERO (Z=0).EQUAL TO ZERO (Z=1).BRANCH
IF .POSITIVE (N=0).MINUS (N=1).RETURN FR
OM SUBROUTINE.TO Y REGISTER.SET (C=1).CL
EAR (C=0).OVERFLOW FLAG CLEAR (V=0).OVER
FLOW FLAG SET (V=1).................LN9.
. .1... .1... .1.. .4.` 69....Q.........
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:....Q.P..........I.P.L.9.C..C.I.PI.....
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4HHLN....ERROR - DUPLICATE LABEL FOUND "
... .1... .1.C. .1.. .4.`.. .1.. .1.(. .
1.. .4. ..LL;.....I ..LG;...IB..IJ..L.:.
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";L.:L.:.U...;.. W.LW;...THERE SHOULD BE
A SPACE BETWEEN THE..MNEMONIC AND OPERA
ND. THE HIGHLIGHTED..LINE INDICATES WHIC
H LINE HAS AN ERROR.......<.. W... .1..
.1.(. .1.. .1.. .1.. .1.. .1 %4HHLN....A
LABEL SHOULD ONLY BE UPTO SIX LETTERS L
ONG. THE HIGHLIGHTED LINE INDICATES THEL
INE WHICH HAS A LABEL TOO LONG....<.<.<.
=$=A=D=.=.=J=.=.>9>B>. LESSON 14 - BRA
NCHES AND JUMPS....>. EXERCISE 1 FOR
LESSON 14....D. EXERCISE 2 FOR LESS
ON 14....D. EXERCISE 3 FOR LESSON 14
...GE. LESSON 15 - COMPARES...*F.
EXERCISE 1 FOR LESSON 15....M. EXERC
ISE 2 FOR LESSON 15...WN. LESSON 16 -
SUBROUTINES....O. EXERCISE 1 FOR LES
SON 16...|Q. LESSON 17 - HEXADECIMAL N
OTATION....R. EXERCISE 1 FOR LESSON
17...JC. EXERCISE 2 FOR LESSON 17...
&D. LESSON 18 - BINARY CODED DECIMAL..
..D. EXERCISE 1 FOR LESSON 18....H..
.BRANCHES AND JUMPS... JUMP INSTRUCTIONS
ARE LIKE THE GOTO..STATEMENT IN BASIC,
AND THE BRANCH..INSTRUCTIONS ARE LIKE IF
..THEN..GOTO..STATEMENTS IN BASIC... PRE
VIOUSLY YOU HAVE BEEN PRESSING THE..SPAC
E BAR BEFORE TYPING IN A PROGRAM..LINE.
YOU HAVE BEEN SKIPPING THE LABEL..FIELD
EACH TIME YOU HAVE DONE SO. IF YOUWANT T
O USE A JUMP OR A BRANCH TO A LINEDO NOT
PRESS THE SPACE BAR AT THE START OF THE
LINE, BUT TYPE IN A LABEL OF UP..TO 6 C
HARACTERS LONG AND THEN PRESS THE SPACE
BAR. A LABEL CAN THEN BE USED BY..A PROG
RAM FOR JUMPS AND BRANCHES. EACH..JUMP A
ND BRANCH WILL NOW BE DESCRIBED.....BRAN
CHES AND JUMPS....JMP.- JUMP (UNCONDITIO
NAL)....BEQ.- BRANCH IF ZERO FLAG SET...
.BNE.- BRANCH IF ZERO FLAG CLEAR....BCS.
- BRANCH IF CARRY FLAG SET....BCC.- BRAN
CH IF CARRY FLAG CLEAR....BVS.- BRANCH I
F OVERFLOW FLAG SET....BVC.- BRANCH IF O
VERFLOW FLAG CLEAR....BMI.- BRANCH IF NE
GATIVE FLAG SET....BPL.- BRANCH IF NEGAT
IVE FLAG CLEAR....THE DEMONSTRATION PROG
RAMS....EXERCISE 1.. THIS IS A SIMPLE PR
OGRAM TO USE THE..X REGISTER TO COUNT DO
WN FROM 10 TO 0...BEQ IS USED TO DETECT
WHEN X REACHES..0, AND JMP IS USED TO JU
MP ROUND A LOOP UNTIL X EQUALS 0....EXER
CISE 2.. THIS PROGRAM WILL DIVIDE 58 BY
5. THE..X REGISTER HOLDS THE ANSWER, AND
AT THE END THE Y REGISTER HOLDS THE REM
AINDER. .EXERCISE 3.. THIS PROGRAM WILL
MULTIPLY THE NUMBER CONTAINED IN THE X
REGISTER AT THE START(IN THIS CASE 5) BY
THE NUMBER IN THE Y..REGISTER AT THE ST
ART (IN THIS CASE 6).. YOU CAN EASILY CH
ANGE THE PROGRAM TO..MULTIPLY ANY TWO NU
MBERS (AS LONG AS THEANSWER DOES NOT EXC
EED 255).. LDX #10.LOOP DEX.
BEQ END. JMP LOOP.END BRK.
LDA #58. SEC.AGAIN SBC #5.
BMI FINISH. INX. JMP AG
AIN.FINISH ADC #5. TAY. BRK.
LDX #5. LDY #6. LDA #
0. STA 20.LINE1 TYA. CLC.
ADC 20. STA 20. DEX.
BNE LINE1. JMP DUMMY.DUMMY2 JM
P END.DUMMY JMP DUMMY2.END BRK....CO
MPARES... SO FAR BRANCHES HAVE ONLY BEEN
USED..FOR DETECTING WHETHER FLAGS ARE S
ET OR..CLEAR. THIS IS, IN ESSENCE, ALL T
HAT..BRANCHES CAN DO, BUT WITH COMPARES,
THEYCAN DO A LOT MORE. A COMPARE IS REA
LLY..A SUBTRACTION THAT AFFECTS THE FLAG
S ANDLEAVES THE ACCUMULATOR IN ITS ORIGI
NAL..CONDITION. THE NEGATIVE, OVERFLOW,
ZERO AND CARRY FLAGS ARE ALL AFFECTED AF
TER..A COMPARE, HOW THEY ARE AFFECTED WI
LL BEDISCUSSED SHORTLY.....COMPARES... A
S PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED, A COMPARE..IS RE
ALLY A SUBTRACTION, LEAVING THE..ACCUMUL
ATOR INTACT. THEREFORE, A COMPAREWILL AF
FECT THE FLAGS IN EXACTLY THE..SAME WAY.
WITH A COMPARE HOWEVER, IT..IS NOT NECE
SSARY TO SET THE CARRY FLAG..BEFOREHAND,
AS IT IS WITH A SUBTRACTION.. YOU MAY P
ERFORM A COMPARE BETWEEN ANY..OF THE THR
EE REGISTERS AND A MEMORY..LOCATION OR A
N IMMEDIATE NUMBER. THE..INSTRUCTION CMP
IS USED TO COMPARE THE..ACCUMULATOR, AN
D THE INSTRUCTIONS CPX..AND CPY ARE USED
TO COMPARE THE X AND Y REGISTERS RESPEC
TIVELY.....COMPARES... THE ZERO FLAG WIL
L BECOME SET IF THE..COMPARE SHOULD PROV
E BOTH NUMBERS EQUAL,OTHERWISE IT WILL B
E CLEARED.... THE CARRY FLAG WILL BE SET
IF THE..NUMBER SPECIFIED WITH THE COMPA
RE..IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO THE REGISTE
R..USED BY THE COMPARE. THE CARRY FLAG W
ILLBE CLEARED OTHERWISE.... THE NEGATIVE
FLAG WILL BE SET IF THE..SUBTRACTION (C
OMPARE) PRODUCES A..NEGATIVE RESULT, OTH
ERWISE IT WILL BE..CLEARED.... THE OVERF
LOW FLAG WILL BE SET OR..CLEARED DEPENDI
NG ON THE SUBTRACTION..USING THE RULES F
OR TWO'S COMPLEMENT..AS PREVIOUSLY DISCU
SSED......COMPARES... THERE ARE TWO EXAM
PLE PROGRAMS..SHOWING THE COMPARE INSTRU
CTIONS WHEN..WORKING. LOOK PARTICULARLY
AT THE FLAGS,AND HOW THEY ARE AFFECTED B
Y THE COMPAREINSTRUCTIONS. TRY CHANGING
THE PROGRAMS..YOURSELF, TO SEE WHAT HAPP
ENS....A SUMMARY OF INSTRUCTIONS:....CMP
.COMPARE ACCUMULATOR WITH NUMBER.. O
R MEMORY LOCATION....CPX.COMPARE X-REGIS
TER WITH NUMBER.. OR MEMORY LOCATION
....CPY.COMPARE Y-REGISTER WITH NUMBER..
OR MEMORY LOCATION.START LDX #50.L
OOP1 DEX. CPX #40. BEQ END1
. JMP LOOP1.END1 DEY. CPY
#254. BNE START. CLV.
CLC. LDA #156. CMP #100.
BVS ALWAYS.NEVER BRK.ALWAYS CMP #1.
BVC NEVER.PROG2 LDX #230. S
TX 300. LDY #0.LAB1 LDA #230.
CMP 290,Y. BEQ FOUND. IN
Y. JMP LAB1.FOUND CLC. LDX
#4.LAB2 CPX #2. BCC END1.
DEX. JMP LAB2.END1 BRK....SUBROU
TINES... THE INSTRUCTION JSR (FOLLOWED B
Y A..LABEL NAME) IS EFFECTIVELY THE SAME
..AS THE GOSUB COMMAND FROM BASIC. WHEN.
.THE.JSR.INSTRUCTION IS EXECUTED, CONTRO
LIS PASSED TO THE LINE WITH THAT LABEL..
ON IT. WHEN THE SUBROUTINE HAS FINISHED,
THE INSTRUCTION.RTS.(RETURN FROM..SUBROU
TINE) SHOULD BE EXECUTED. THIS..INSTRUCT
ION WILL RETURN TO THE LINE..AFTER THE J
SR INSTRUCTION.... THERE IS AN EXAMPLE P
ROGRAM SHOWING..THE INSTRUCTIONS JSR AND
RTS IN USE.. LDA #0. LDX #5
.LOOP JSR ADD8. DEX. BNE L
OOP. BRK.ADD8 CLC. ADC #8.
RTS...THIS PROGRAM WILL.MULTIPLY
FIVE BY.EIGHT.....HEXADECIMAL... LIKE BI
NARY AND DECIMAL, HEXADECIMAL..IS A NUMB
ER BASE. WHERE BINARY IS BASE 2AND DECIM
AL IS BASE 10, HEXADECIMAL IS..BASE 16.
A NUMBER BASE RELATES TO THE..NUMBER OF
DIFFERENT DIGITS USED IN EACH..OF THE CO
LUMN HEADINGS. WITH DECIMAL..THIS IS TEN
DIGITS, THE NUMBERS 0 TO 9...HEXADECIMA
L ALSO USES THESE DIGITS, BUT..BECAUSE I
T USES SIXTEEN DIFFERENT DIGITSFOR EACH
COLUMN HEADING, SIX MORE..CHARACTERS ARE
USED TO REPRESENT THE..NUMBER DIGITS 10
,11,12,13,14 AND 15...THE STANDARD WAY T
O REPRESENT THESE IS..TO USE A,B,C,D,E A
ND F RESPECTIVELY.....HEXADECIMAL... SO
IN ACTUAL FACT, THE HEXADECIMAL..NUMBER
12 15 11 4 COULD EASILY..BE MISU
NDERSTOOD AS 12 15 1 14..FOR EXAMP
LE. THIS IS WHY THE LETTERS..A TO F ARE
USED TO REPRESENT THE..NUMBERS 10 TO 15.
USING LETTERS THE..ABOVE NUMBER WOULD B
E CFB4. THE COLUMN..HEADINGS FOR HEXADEC
IMAL ARE:...4096 256 16 1....HE
XADECIMAL... THIS MEANS THAT CFB4 IN DEC
IMAL IS..CALCULATED THUS:...C = 12
* 4096 = 49152..F = 15 * 256 = 38
40..B = 11 * 16 = 176..4 =
4 * 1 = + 4..
-----..CFB4 IS THEREFORE 53172 IN DE
CIMAL.....HEXADECIMAL... AS YOU HAVE SEE
N, A HEXADECIMAL NUMBER..BEARS HARDLY AN
Y RESEMBLANCE TO A..DECIMAL NUMBER. HOWE
VER, A BINARY NUMBERBEARS A DIRECT RESEM
BLANCE. EACH GROUP..OF FOUR BITS OF A BI
NARY NUMBER (CALLED..A NYBBLE) REPRESENT
S ONE HEXADECIMAL..DIGIT. HERE IS THE TA
BLE FOR CONVERSION:.DECIMAL BINARY HEX
DECIMAL BINARY HEX. 0 0000 0
8 1000 8 1 0001 1
9 1001 9 2 0010 2
10 1010 A 3 0011 3
11 1011 B 4 0100 4
12 1100 C 5 0101 5
13 1101 D 6 0110 6
14 1110 E 7 0111 7
15 1111 F ....HEXADECIMAL...
USING THE GIVEN TABLE, IT IS EASY TO..CO
NVERT FROM BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL (HEX)OR
VICE VERSA. ALSO, USING HEX MAKES..TWO'
S COMPLEMENT EASIER TO INTERPRET... BY P
RESSING THE FUNCTION KEY F7 YOUCAN SWITC
H BETWEEN HEXADECIMAL AND..DECIMAL MODES
. THIS AFFECTS WHETHER..THE VALUES OF TH
E A, X AND Y REGISTERS..ARE DISPLAYED IN
HEX OR DECIMAL...WHEN IN HEX MODE THE '
$' CHARACTER IS..USED TO SHOW A HEX NUMB
ER. YOU CAN..ALSO USE THIS CHARACTER IN
A PROGRAM..TO SPECIFY A HEX NUMBER AS WE
LL.....HEXADECIMAL... BY NOW YOU MUST BE
WELL AWARE THAT A..MEMORY LOCATION AND
A REGISTER CAN ONLY..HOLD A NUMBER BETWE
EN 0 AND 255, WHICH..IS AN EIGHT BIT BIN
ARY NUMBER. IN HEX..THIS IS A NUMBER BET
WEEN $0 AND $FF...HOWEVER, YOU CAN USE T
WO CONSECUTIVE..MEMORY LOCATIONS TO GIVE
16 BITS WHICH..CAN REPRESENT ONE NUMBER
. THIS TWO BYTE..STORAGE HAS THE CAPABIL
ITY TO REPRESENT..65536 (256*256) DIFFER
ENT NUMBERS... WHEN USING TWO MEMORY LOC
ATIONS TO..STORE ONE NUMBER, THE MEMORY
LOCATION..WITH THE LOWEST ADDRESS STORES
WHAT IS..KNOWN AS THE LEAST SIGNIFICANT
BYTE..(LSB), THE NEXT SEQUENTIAL BYTE S
TORES..WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE MOST SIGNIFI
CANT..BYTE (MSB). THEREFORE, IF THE LSB
HOLDS..$A1 AND THE MSB HOLDS $4E THEN TH
E..RESULTING NUMBER WILL BE $4EA1.....HE
XADECIMAL... WHEN IN HEX MODE, WHEN A LO
AD OR STORE..IS PERFORMED ON A MEMORY LO
CATION, THE..COMPUTER WILL PRINT 'RESULT
ING ADDRESS:'FOLLOWED BY A HEXADECIMAL N
UMBER. THIS..IS THE ACTUAL ADDRESS OF A
MEMORY..LOCATION THE COMPUTER USES FOR T
HE..INSTRUCTION, EVEN FOR INDEXED ADDRES
SINGAND THE LIKE... THERE ARE TWO EXAMPL
E PROGRAMS USING..HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS, T
O HELP DEMONSTRATEWHAT HAS BEEN DISCUSSE
D. REMEMBER TO..PRESS FUNCTION KEY F7 TO
PUT THE DISPLAYIN HEXADECIMAL MODE. THE
FIRST PROGRAM..IS A 16 BIT MULTIPLICATI
ON PROGRAM THAT..WILL MULTIPLY THE VALUE
OF THE X AND Y..REGISTERS TOGETHER. THE
RESULT IS STOREDAT CONSECUTIVE MEMORY L
OCATIONS IN LSB..MSB FORMAT. THE SECOND
PROGRAM IS A..SIMPLE 16 BIT SUBTRACTION
PROGRAM.....A PAGE... A PAGE IS A NATURA
L FOLLOW ON FROM THE..DEFINITION OF A HE
XADECIMAL NUMBER. A..PAGE IS A COMMONLY
USED TERM TO DESCRIBEAREAS OF MEMORY. IT
IS SIMPLY THE MSB..OF A MEMORY ADDRESS.
FOR EXAMPLE, MEMORYLOCATION $1EA IS DES
CRIBED AS BEING..IN PAGE 1. ANY MEMORY L
OCATION BETWEEN..ADDRESSES 0 AND 255 WIL
L THEREFORE BE..IN PAGE ZERO. BECAUSE YO
U CAN ONLY USE..MEMORY LOCATIONS WITH AD
DRESSES BETWEEN..0 AND 1024 (0 AND 400 H
EX) THIS MEANS..YOU CAN ONLY USE 4 PAGES
WITH THIS..SIMULATOR. ON A NORMAL 6502
SYSTEM..WITHOUT THIS SIMULATOR YOU HAVE
256..PAGES OF RAM AND ROM (ADDRESSES 0 T
O..$FFFF).. LDX #$E9. LDY #$
A. LDA #0. STA 30. STA
31.LOOP TXA. CLC. ADC 30.
STA 30. LDA 31. ADC #
0. STA 31. DEY. BNE LO
OP. LDX 30. LDY 31. SE
C. LDA #$2D. SBC #$E2.
STA 450. LDA #$3A. SBC #$38
. STA 451. LDX 450. LD
Y 451. BRK....BINARY CODED DECIMAL
(BCD)... THIS IS A SYSTEM WHERE DECIMAL
NUMBERS ARE REPRESENTED USING HEXADECIM
AL..NUMBERS. FOR EXAMPLE, NORMALLY THE H
EX..NUMBER $25 IS 2*16+5 (37) IN DECIMAL
...HOWEVER, USING BCD THIS HEX NUMBER WO
ULDACTUALLY REPRESENT THE DECIMAL NUMBER
..25. WHEN USING BCD, RESULTS WILL BE..M
EANINGLESS IF LOOKING AT THE RESULTS..IN
DECIMAL OR HEX WITHOUT KNOWING YOU..ARE
USING BCD. TO OPERATE BCD THE 6502..INS
TRUCTION SED, SET DECIMAL MODE,..WILL SE
T THE DECIMAL MODE FLAG. TO CLEARTHE DEC
IMAL MODE FLAG, USE THE..INSTRUCTION CLD
. ONCE DECIMAL MODE IS..ACTIVATED ALL AD
C AND SBC INSTRUCTIONS..WILL BE CARRIED
OUT IN BCD.....BINARY CODED DECIMAL (BCD
)... IF YOU TRY TO ADD USING BCD, AND TH
E..RESULT IS GREATER THAN HEXADECIMAL 99
..THEN THE CARRY FLAG WILL BE SET. IF YO
U..PERFORM A SUBTRACTION AND THE RESULT.
.IS LESS THAN ZERO THEN THE..CARRY FLAG
WILL BE CLEARED... THERE IS AN EXAMPLE P
ROGRAM USING BCD..WHICH SHOULD CLARIFY W
HAT HAS BEEN..DISCUSSED. REMEMBER TO PRE
SS FUNCTION..KEY F7 TO ENTER HEX MODE, O
THERWISE THE RESULTS WILL BE MEANINGLESS
.. SED. LDA #$80.ADD1 CLC.
ADC #1. BCC ADD1. LDA
#$95.TAKE5 SEC. SBC #5. BC
S TAKE5. CLD. LDA #242.NORMA
L CLC. ADC #1. CMP #$1B.
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