LADS DOC
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): LADS DOC
FILE TYPE(S): SEQ
FILE SIZE: 5.4K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 18:12:24
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
2b6fda1ce133ffc797489b61bf8e7ccdb1996d93fdc963ec1d22d782266a763c
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DOCUMENTATION 2 | LADS DOC | SEQ | Sailor, Ganheden | 21 | 9 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
00000000: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 CC | .| 00000010: C1 C4 D3 20 C4 CF C3 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |... .... | 00000020: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 0D | --------.| 00000030: 20 0D 20 0D C8 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 41 20 53 54 | . ..ERE IS A ST| 00000040: 45 50 20 42 59 20 53 54 45 50 20 45 58 50 4C 41 |EP BY STEP EXPLA| 00000050: 4E 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F 46 0D 48 4F 57 20 54 4F |NATION OF.HOW TO| 00000060: 20 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 45 20 4D 41 43 48 49 4E | ASSEMBLE MACHIN| 00000070: 45 20 4C 41 4E 47 55 41 47 45 20 50 52 4F 2D 0D |E LANGUAGE PRO-.| 00000080: 47 52 41 4D 53 20 55 53 49 4E 47 20 54 48 45 20 |GRAMS USING THE | 00000090: CC C1 C4 D3 20 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 45 52 2E 0D |.... ASSEMBLER..| 000000A0: 20 0D 20 0D CC C1 C4 D3 20 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C | . ..... 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SOURCE.FILE M| 00000220: 55 53 54 20 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 |UST CONTAIN THE | 00000230: 22 2A 22 20 50 53 45 55 44 4F 2D 4F 50 2E 0D D7 |"*" PSEUDO-OP...| 00000240: 49 54 48 20 54 48 45 20 2A 20 3D 20 D8 D8 D8 D8 |ITH THE * = ....| 00000250: 20 59 4F 55 20 54 45 4C 4C 20 CC C1 C4 D3 20 57 | YOU TELL .... W| 00000260: 48 45 52 45 0D 59 4F 55 20 57 41 4E 54 20 59 4F |HERE.YOU WANT YO| 00000270: 55 52 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 54 4F 20 53 54 |UR PROGRAM TO ST| 00000280: 41 52 54 2E 20 D4 48 45 52 45 0D 4D 55 53 54 20 |ART. .HERE.MUST | 00000290: 42 45 20 41 20 53 50 41 43 45 20 42 45 54 57 45 |BE A SPACE BETWE| 000002A0: 45 4E 20 54 48 45 20 3D 20 53 49 47 4E 20 41 4E |EN THE = SIGN AN| 000002B0: 44 0D 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 52 54 49 4E 47 20 41 |D.THE STARTING A| 000002C0: 44 44 52 45 53 53 2E 0D 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 4C |DDRESS.. .HE L| 000002D0: 41 53 54 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 4F 46 20 45 41 43 48 |AST LINE OF EACH| 000002E0: 20 CC C1 C4 D3 20 53 4F 55 52 43 45 0D 46 49 4C | .... SOURCE.FIL| 000002F0: 45 20 4D 55 53 54 20 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E 20 45 |E MUST CONTAIN E| 00000300: 49 54 48 45 52 20 54 48 45 20 2E C5 CE C4 20 0D |ITHER THE .... .| 00000310: 4F 52 20 2E C6 C9 CC C5 20 50 53 45 55 44 4F 2D |OR ..... PSEUDO-| 00000320: 4F 50 2E 20 D4 48 45 20 2E C5 CE C4 20 4F 50 20 |OP. .HE .... OP | 00000330: 43 4F 44 45 0D 54 45 4C 4C 53 20 CC C1 C4 D3 20 |CODE.TELLS .... | 00000340: 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 49 53 20 49 53 20 54 48 45 |THAT THIS IS THE| 00000350: 20 4C 41 53 54 20 46 49 4C 45 0D 4F 46 20 41 20 | LAST FILE.OF A | 00000360: 53 4F 55 52 43 45 20 46 49 4C 45 20 43 48 41 49 |SOURCE FILE CHAI| 00000370: 4E 2C 20 4F 52 20 54 48 49 53 20 49 53 20 54 48 |N, OR THIS IS TH| 00000380: 45 0D 4F 4E 4C 59 20 46 49 4C 45 20 4F 46 20 41 |E.ONLY FILE OF A| 00000390: 20 43 48 41 49 4E 2E 20 D4 48 45 20 2E C6 C9 CC | CHAIN. .HE ....| 000003A0: C5 20 4F 50 0D 43 4F 44 45 20 54 45 4C 4C 53 20 |. OP.CODE TELLS | 000003B0: CC C1 C4 D3 20 54 48 45 20 4E 45 58 54 20 46 49 |.... THE NEXT FI| 000003C0: 4C 45 20 49 4E 20 41 0D 43 48 41 49 4E 20 54 48 |LE IN A.CHAIN TH| 000003D0: 41 54 20 59 4F 55 20 57 41 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 41 |AT YOU WANT TO A| 000003E0: 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 45 2E 20 D5 53 49 4E 47 0D 54 |SSEMBLE. .SING.T| 000003F0: 48 49 53 20 4D 45 54 48 4F 44 20 59 4F 55 20 43 |HIS METHOD YOU C| 00000400: 41 4E 20 57 52 49 54 45 20 53 4D 41 4C 4C 45 52 |AN WRITE SMALLER| 00000410: 20 0D 54 52 41 4E 53 50 4F 52 54 41 42 4C 45 20 | .TRANSPORTABLE | 00000420: 53 4F 55 52 43 45 20 4D 4F 44 55 4C 45 53 20 41 |SOURCE MODULES A| 00000430: 4E 44 20 0D 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 45 20 54 48 45 |ND .ASSEMBLE THE| 00000440: 4D 20 49 4E 54 4F 20 4F 4E 45 20 4C 41 52 47 45 |M INTO ONE LARGE| 00000450: 20 4F 42 4A 45 43 54 0D 43 4F 44 45 20 46 49 4C | OBJECT.CODE FIL| 00000460: 45 2E 20 C8 4F 57 45 56 45 52 20 54 48 45 20 4C |E. .OWEVER THE L| 00000470: 41 53 54 20 4D 4F 44 55 4C 45 20 49 4E 0D 54 48 |AST MODULE IN.TH| 00000480: 45 20 43 48 41 49 4E 20 54 48 41 54 20 59 4F 55 |E CHAIN THAT YOU| 00000490: 20 41 52 45 20 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 49 4E 47 20 | ARE ASSEMBLING | 000004A0: 0D 4D 55 53 54 20 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E 20 54 48 |.MUST CONTAIN TH| 000004B0: 45 20 2E C5 CE C4 20 4F 50 20 41 53 20 54 48 45 |E .... OP AS THE| 000004C0: 20 4C 41 53 54 0D 4C 49 4E 45 20 41 4E 44 20 55 | LAST.LINE AND U| 000004D0: 53 45 20 54 48 45 20 46 49 52 53 54 20 4D 4F 44 |SE THE FIRST MOD| 000004E0: 55 4C 45 53 20 4E 41 4D 45 2E 0D 20 0D C5 58 41 |ULES NAME.. ..XA| 000004F0: 4D 50 4C 45 3A 0D 20 0D C6 49 4C 45 20 4E 41 4D |MPLE:. ..ILE NAM| 00000500: 45 20 2D 20 D4 C5 D3 D4 31 0D 20 0D 20 31 30 20 |E - ....1. . 10 | 00000510: 2A 20 3D 20 32 30 34 39 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |* = 2049 | 00000520: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000530: 20 20 20 20 20 31 35 20 2E C4 20 D4 C5 D3 D4 2E | 15 .. .....| 00000540: CF C2 CA 0D 20 32 30 20 CC C4 C1 20 23 30 0D 20 |.... 20 ... #0. | 00000550: 33 30 20 2E C6 C9 CC C5 20 D4 C5 D3 D4 32 0D 20 |30 ..... ....2. | 00000560: 0D C6 49 4C 45 20 4E 41 4D 45 20 2D 20 D4 C5 D3 |..ILE NAME - ...| 00000570: D4 32 0D 20 0D 20 31 30 20 D3 C3 D2 C5 C5 CE 20 |.2. . 10 ...... | 00000580: 3D 20 31 30 32 34 0D 20 32 30 20 D3 D4 C1 20 D3 |= 1024. 20 ... .| 00000590: C3 D2 C5 C5 CE 0D 20 33 30 20 2E C5 CE C4 20 D4 |...... 30 .... .| 000005A0: C5 D3 D4 31 0D 20 0D D4 48 49 53 20 57 4F 55 4C |...1. ..HIS WOUL| 000005B0: 44 20 43 52 45 41 54 45 20 41 4E 20 4F 42 4A 45 |D CREATE AN OBJE| 000005C0: 43 54 20 46 49 4C 45 20 4F 4E 0D 44 49 53 4B 20 |CT FILE ON.DISK | 000005D0: 54 4F 20 53 54 4F 52 45 20 30 20 41 54 20 53 43 |TO STORE 0 AT SC| 000005E0: 52 45 45 4E 20 50 4F 53 49 54 49 4F 4E 20 31 2E |REEN POSITION 1.| 000005F0: 0D D7 48 49 43 48 20 42 52 49 4E 47 53 20 55 53 |..HICH BRINGS US| 00000600: 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 4E 45 58 54 20 53 45 54 | TO THE NEXT SET| 00000610: 20 4F 46 0D 50 53 45 55 44 4F 2D 4F 50 53 20 54 | OF.PSEUDO-OPS T| 00000620: 4F 20 42 45 20 44 49 53 43 55 53 53 45 44 2E 20 |O BE DISCUSSED. | 00000630: D7 48 45 52 45 20 44 4F 0D 59 4F 55 20 57 41 4E |.HERE DO.YOU WAN| 00000640: 54 20 59 4F 55 52 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 41 |T YOUR PROGRAM A| 00000650: 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 45 44 20 54 4F 3F 0D D4 48 45 |SSEMBLED TO?..HE| 00000660: 20 2E C4 20 4F 50 20 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 45 53 | .. OP ASSEMBLES| 00000670: 20 59 4F 55 52 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 0D 54 4F | YOUR PROGRAM.TO| 00000680: 20 41 20 44 49 53 4B 20 46 49 4C 45 20 57 49 54 | A DISK FILE WIT| 00000690: 48 20 57 48 41 54 45 56 45 52 20 4E 41 4D 45 20 |H WHATEVER NAME | 000006A0: 59 4F 55 0D 47 49 56 45 20 49 54 2E 20 D4 48 49 |YOU.GIVE IT. .HI| 000006B0: 53 20 49 53 20 55 53 45 44 20 50 52 49 4D 41 52 |S IS USED PRIMAR| 000006C0: 49 4C 59 20 57 49 54 48 0D 4C 41 52 47 45 20 46 |ILY WITH.LARGE F| 000006D0: 49 4C 45 20 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 49 45 53 20 54 |ILE ASSEMBLIES T| 000006E0: 48 41 54 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 55 53 45 0D 4D 4F |HAT WOULD USE.MO| 000006F0: 52 45 20 53 50 41 43 45 20 54 48 41 4E 20 49 53 |RE SPACE THAN IS| 00000700: 20 41 56 41 49 4C 41 42 4C 45 2E 20 D4 48 45 20 | AVAILABLE. .HE | 00000710: 32 4E 44 0D 4F 50 54 49 4F 4E 20 49 53 20 54 48 |2ND.OPTION IS TH| 00000720: 45 20 2E CF 20 4F 50 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 41 53 |E .. OP WHICH AS| 00000730: 53 45 4D 42 4C 45 53 0D 54 48 45 20 53 4F 55 52 |SEMBLES.THE SOUR| 00000740: 43 45 20 46 49 4C 45 20 44 49 52 45 43 54 4C 59 |CE FILE DIRECTLY| 00000750: 20 54 4F 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 2E 0D D4 48 45 20 | TO MEMORY...HE | 00000760: 2E CE CF 20 4F 50 20 54 55 52 4E 53 20 54 48 49 |... OP TURNS THI| 00000770: 53 20 4F 50 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F 46 46 2E 0D D4 48 |S OPTION OFF...H| 00000780: 45 20 54 48 49 52 44 20 4F 50 54 49 4F 4E 20 49 |E THIRD OPTION I| 00000790: 53 20 54 48 45 20 2E D3 20 4F 50 20 57 48 49 43 |S THE .. OP WHIC| 000007A0: 48 0D 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 45 53 20 54 4F 20 54 |H.ASSEMBLES TO T| 000007B0: 48 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 2E 20 CC C1 C4 D3 20 |HE SCREEN. .... | 000007C0: 44 45 46 41 55 4C 54 53 0D 54 4F 20 54 48 49 53 |DEFAULTS.TO THIS| 000007D0: 20 41 4E 44 20 59 4F 55 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 41 4C | AND YOU WILL AL| 000007E0: 57 41 59 53 20 53 45 45 20 41 20 0D 53 43 52 45 |WAYS SEE A .SCRE| 000007F0: 45 4E 20 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 59 20 55 4E 4C 45 |EN ASSEMBLY UNLE| 00000800: 53 53 20 59 4F 55 20 54 55 52 4E 20 49 54 20 4F |SS YOU TURN IT O| 00000810: 46 0D 57 49 54 48 20 54 48 45 20 2E CE D3 20 4F |F.WITH THE ... O| 00000820: 50 2E 20 D4 48 45 20 46 49 4E 41 4C 20 4F 50 54 |P. .HE FINAL OPT| 00000830: 49 4F 4E 20 49 53 0D 54 48 45 20 2E D0 20 4F 50 |ION IS.THE .. OP| 00000840: 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 45 53 | WHICH ASSEMBLES| 00000850: 20 54 4F 20 41 20 0D 50 52 49 4E 54 45 52 20 49 | TO A .PRINTER I| 00000860: 46 20 41 54 54 41 43 48 45 44 2E 20 D9 4F 55 20 |F ATTACHED. .OU | 00000870: 47 55 45 53 53 45 44 20 49 54 2C 0D 54 48 45 20 |GUESSED IT,.THE | 00000880: 2E CE D0 20 4F 50 20 54 55 52 4E 53 20 49 54 20 |... OP TURNS IT | 00000890: 4F 46 46 2E 20 D4 48 45 20 48 41 4E 44 59 0D 54 |OFF. .HE HANDY.T| 000008A0: 48 49 4E 47 20 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 59 4F 55 |HING IS THAT YOU| 000008B0: 20 43 41 4E 20 55 53 45 20 41 4E 59 20 4F 52 20 | CAN USE ANY OR | 000008C0: 41 4C 4C 0D 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 44 49 52 45 43 |ALL.OF THE DIREC| 000008D0: 54 49 4E 47 20 4F 50 53 20 49 4E 20 41 4E 59 20 |TING OPS IN ANY | 000008E0: 53 45 51 55 45 4E 43 45 0D 44 45 53 49 52 45 44 |SEQUENCE.DESIRED| 000008F0: 2E 0D 20 0D D4 48 45 20 4E 45 58 54 20 50 53 45 |.. ..HE NEXT PSE| 00000900: 55 44 4F 2D 4F 50 20 54 4F 20 44 49 53 43 55 53 |UDO-OP TO DISCUS| 00000910: 53 20 49 53 20 54 48 45 0D 2E CE C8 20 4F 50 2E |S IS THE.... OP.| 00000920: 20 D4 48 49 53 20 54 45 4C 4C 53 20 CC C1 C4 D3 | .HIS TELLS ....| 00000930: 20 54 48 41 54 20 57 48 45 4E 0D 41 53 53 45 4D | THAT WHEN.ASSEM| 00000940: 42 4C 49 4E 47 20 54 4F 20 44 49 53 50 4C 41 59 |BLING TO DISPLAY| 00000950: 20 41 4C 4C 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 49 4E 0D | ALL NUMBERS IN.| 00000960: 41 20 44 45 43 49 4D 41 4C 20 46 4F 52 4D 41 54 |A DECIMAL FORMAT| 00000970: 2E 20 D4 48 45 20 4F 50 50 4F 53 49 54 45 20 4F |. .HE OPPOSITE O| 00000980: 46 20 54 48 49 53 2C 0D 41 4E 44 20 54 48 45 20 |F THIS,.AND THE | 00000990: 44 45 46 41 55 4C 54 2C 20 49 53 20 2E C8 20 57 |DEFAULT, IS .. W| 000009A0: 48 49 43 48 20 53 48 4F 57 53 0D 41 4C 4C 20 4E |HICH SHOWS.ALL N| 000009B0: 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 49 4E 20 41 20 48 45 58 49 |UMBERS IN A HEXI| 000009C0: 44 45 43 49 4D 41 4C 20 46 4F 52 4D 41 54 2E 0D |DECIMAL FORMAT..| 000009D0: 20 0D 20 0D C6 55 4C 4C 20 55 53 45 20 4F 46 20 | . ..ULL USE OF | 000009E0: 4C 41 42 45 4C 53 20 49 53 20 41 4C 4C 4F 57 45 |LABELS IS ALLOWE| 000009F0: 44 20 41 4E 44 20 57 45 20 0D 48 41 56 45 20 59 |D AND WE .HAVE Y| 00000A00: 45 54 20 41 4E 4F 54 48 45 52 20 50 53 45 55 44 |ET ANOTHER PSEUD| 00000A10: 4F 2D 4F 50 20 54 4F 20 44 49 53 43 55 53 53 2E |O-OP TO DISCUSS.| 00000A20: 0D 20 0D C5 58 41 4D 50 4C 45 3A 0D 20 0D 20 31 |. ..XAMPLE:. . 1| 00000A30: 30 20 2A 20 3D 20 32 30 34 38 20 20 20 20 20 20 |0 * = 2048 | 00000A40: 0D 20 31 35 20 D3 C3 D2 C5 C5 CE 20 3D 20 24 30 |. 15 ...... = $0| 00000A50: 34 30 30 0D 20 31 37 20 3B 20 D4 48 49 53 20 49 |400. 17 ; .HIS I| 00000A60: 53 20 41 20 43 4F 4D 4D 45 4E 54 20 4C 49 4E 45 |S A COMMENT LINE| 00000A70: 0D 20 32 30 20 CC C4 C1 20 23 33 32 3B 20 54 48 |. 20 ... #32; TH| 00000A80: 45 20 42 4C 41 4E 4B 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 |E BLANK CHARACTE| 00000A90: 52 0D 20 33 30 20 CC C4 D9 20 23 30 0D 20 34 30 |R. 30 ... #0. 40| 00000AA0: 20 D3 D4 C1 D2 D4 20 D3 D4 C1 20 D3 C3 D2 C5 C5 | ..... ... .....| 00000AB0: CE 2C D9 0D 20 35 30 20 D3 D4 C1 20 D3 C3 D2 C5 |.,.. 50 ... ....| 00000AC0: C5 CE 2B 32 35 36 2C D9 0D 20 36 30 20 D3 D4 C1 |..+256,.. 60 ...| 00000AD0: 20 D3 C3 D2 C5 C5 CE 2B 35 31 32 2C D9 0D 20 37 | ......+512,.. 7| 00000AE0: 30 20 D3 D4 C1 20 D3 C3 D2 C5 C5 CE 2B 37 36 38 |0 ... ......+768| 00000AF0: 2C D9 0D 20 38 30 20 C9 CE D9 0D 20 39 30 20 C2 |,.. 80 .... 90 .| 00000B00: CE C5 20 D3 D4 C1 D2 D4 0D 20 0D D4 48 49 53 20 |.. ...... ..HIS | 00000B10: 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 46 49 4C |PROGRAM WILL FIL| 00000B20: 4C 20 54 48 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 41 52 45 |L THE SCREEN ARE| 00000B30: 41 0D 57 49 54 48 20 42 4C 41 4E 4B 53 2E 20 CE |A.WITH BLANKS. .| 00000B40: 4F 54 49 43 45 20 54 48 45 20 2B 20 4F 50 2C 20 |OTICE THE + OP, | 00000B50: 54 48 49 53 0D 54 45 4C 4C 53 20 CC C1 C4 D3 20 |THIS.TELLS .... | 00000B60: 54 4F 20 41 44 44 20 54 48 45 20 56 41 4C 55 45 |TO ADD THE VALUE| 00000B70: 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 0D 4C 41 42 45 4C 20 45 41 | TO THE.LABEL EA| 00000B80: 43 48 20 54 49 4D 45 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 |CH TIME THE PROG| 00000B90: 52 41 4D 20 43 59 43 4C 45 53 0D 54 48 52 4F 55 |RAM CYCLES.THROU| 00000BA0: 47 48 20 54 48 45 20 4C 4F 4F 50 2E 20 D4 48 45 |GH THE LOOP. .HE| 00000BB0: 20 41 44 56 41 4E 54 41 47 45 53 20 4F 46 0D 54 | ADVANTAGES OF.T| 00000BC0: 48 49 53 20 41 52 45 20 4F 42 56 49 4F 55 53 2E |HIS ARE OBVIOUS.| 00000BD0: 20 CE 4F 54 49 43 45 20 41 4C 53 4F 20 54 48 45 | .OTICE ALSO THE| 00000BE0: 20 0D 42 52 41 4E 43 48 20 49 4E 20 4C 49 4E 45 | .BRANCH IN LINE| 00000BF0: 20 39 30 20 4E 4F 54 20 54 4F 20 41 4E 44 20 41 | 90 NOT TO AND A| 00000C00: 44 44 52 45 53 53 0D 42 55 54 20 54 4F 20 41 20 |DDRESS.BUT TO A | 00000C10: 4C 41 42 45 4C 2C 20 CC C1 C4 D3 20 43 4F 4D 50 |LABEL, .... COMP| 00000C20: 55 54 45 53 20 41 4E 44 0D 49 4E 53 45 52 54 53 |UTES AND.INSERTS| 00000C30: 20 54 48 45 20 41 50 50 52 4F 50 52 49 41 54 45 | THE APPROPRIATE| 00000C40: 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 20 41 54 0D 54 48 45 20 | ADDRESS AT.THE | 00000C50: 54 49 4D 45 20 4F 46 20 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 59 |TIME OF ASSEMBLY| 00000C60: 2E 0D 20 0D 20 0D C1 4E 4F 54 48 45 52 20 53 45 |.. . ..NOTHER SE| 00000C70: 54 20 4F 46 20 50 53 45 55 44 4F 2D 4F 50 53 20 |T OF PSEUDO-OPS | 00000C80: 54 4F 20 53 48 4F 57 20 59 4F 55 0D 41 52 45 20 |TO SHOW YOU.ARE | 00000C90: 54 48 45 20 23 3C 20 41 4E 44 20 23 3E 20 4F 50 |THE #< AND #> OP| 00000CA0: 53 2E 0D C5 58 41 4D 50 4C 45 3A 0D 20 0D 20 31 |S...XAMPLE:. . 1| 00000CB0: 30 20 2A 20 3D 20 24 30 33 36 30 0D 20 32 30 20 |0 * = $0360. 20 | 00000CC0: D3 C3 D2 C5 C5 CE 20 3D 20 24 38 30 31 31 0D 20 |...... = $8011. | 00000CD0: 33 30 20 D3 C3 D2 C5 C5 CE D0 CF C9 CE D4 C5 D2 |30 .............| 00000CE0: 20 3D 20 24 C6 C2 0D 20 34 30 20 3B 2D 2D 2D 2D | = $... 40 ;----| 00000CF0: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 0D 20 |--------------. | 00000D00: 35 30 20 CC C4 C1 20 23 3C D3 C3 D2 C5 C5 CE 20 |50 ... #<...... | 00000D10: 3B CC D3 C2 20 4F 46 20 4C 41 42 45 4C 20 D3 C3 |;... OF LABEL ..| 00000D20: D2 C5 C5 CE 0D 20 36 30 20 D3 D4 C1 20 D3 C3 D2 |..... 60 ... ...| 00000D30: C5 C5 CE D0 CF C9 CE D4 C5 D2 0D 20 0D D4 48 49 |........... ..HI| 00000D40: 53 20 45 58 41 4D 50 4C 45 20 53 48 4F 57 53 20 |S EXAMPLE SHOWS | 00000D50: 54 48 45 20 54 45 43 48 4E 49 51 55 45 20 55 53 |THE TECHNIQUE US| 00000D60: 45 44 0D 54 4F 20 53 54 4F 52 45 20 54 48 45 20 |ED.TO STORE THE | 00000D70: 4C 45 41 53 54 20 53 49 47 4E 49 46 49 43 41 4E |LEAST SIGNIFICAN| 00000D80: 54 20 42 59 54 45 20 4F 46 0D 54 48 45 20 4C 41 |T BYTE OF.THE LA| 00000D90: 42 45 4C 20 D3 C3 D2 C5 C5 CE 20 41 4E 44 20 50 |BEL ...... AND P| 00000DA0: 4C 41 43 45 20 49 54 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 0D 41 |LACE IT IN THE.A| 00000DB0: 52 45 41 20 4C 41 42 45 4C 4C 45 44 20 D3 C3 D2 |REA LABELLED ...| 00000DC0: C5 C5 CE D0 CF C9 CE D4 C5 D2 2E 20 C1 20 4C 49 |........... . LI| 00000DD0: 4B 45 0D 4D 45 54 48 4F 44 20 55 53 49 4E 47 20 |KE.METHOD USING | 00000DE0: 54 48 45 20 23 3E 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 53 54 4F |THE #> WOULD STO| 00000DF0: 52 45 20 54 48 45 0D 4D 4F 53 54 20 53 49 47 4E |RE THE.MOST SIGN| 00000E00: 49 46 49 43 41 4E 54 20 42 59 54 45 20 4F 46 20 |IFICANT BYTE OF | 00000E10: D3 C3 D2 C5 C5 CE 2E 0D 20 0D 20 0D D4 48 45 20 |........ . ..HE | 00000E20: 46 49 4E 41 4C 20 50 53 45 55 44 4F 2D 4F 50 20 |FINAL PSEUDO-OP | 00000E30: 54 4F 20 53 48 4F 57 20 49 53 20 54 48 45 0D 23 |TO SHOW IS THE.#| 00000E40: 22 20 4F 50 2E 20 D4 48 49 53 20 4F 50 20 49 53 |" OP. .HIS OP IS| 00000E50: 20 55 53 45 44 20 57 48 45 4E 20 59 4F 55 20 57 | USED WHEN YOU W| 00000E60: 41 4E 54 20 54 4F 0D 4C 4F 41 44 20 54 48 45 20 |ANT TO.LOAD THE | 00000E70: 41 43 43 55 4D 55 4C 41 54 4F 52 20 57 49 54 48 |ACCUMULATOR WITH| 00000E80: 20 41 20 50 41 52 54 49 43 55 4C 41 52 0D C1 D3 | A PARTICULAR...| 00000E90: C3 C9 C9 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 20 41 4E |... CHARACTER AN| 00000EA0: 44 20 59 4F 55 20 44 4F 4E 27 54 20 52 45 43 41 |D YOU DON'T RECA| 00000EB0: 4C 4C 20 0D 54 48 45 20 C1 D3 C3 C9 C9 20 43 4F |LL .THE ..... CO| 00000EC0: 44 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 2E 0D 20 0D C5 58 41 |DE NUMBER.. ..XA| 00000ED0: 4D 50 4C 45 3A 0D 20 0D 20 31 30 20 2A 20 3D 20 |MPLE:. . 10 * = | 00000EE0: 32 30 34 38 0D 20 32 30 20 D3 C3 D2 C5 C5 CE 20 |2048. 20 ...... | 00000EF0: 3D 20 31 30 32 34 0D 20 33 30 20 CC C4 C1 20 23 |= 1024. 30 ... #| 00000F00: 22 C1 3A D3 D4 C1 20 D3 C3 D2 C5 C5 CE 0D 20 34 |".:... ....... 4| 00000F10: 30 20 D2 D4 D3 0D 20 35 30 20 2E C5 CE C4 20 D4 |0 .... 50 .... .| 00000F20: C5 D3 D4 0D 20 0D D4 48 49 53 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 |.... ..HIS WOULD| 00000F30: 20 53 54 4F 52 45 20 54 48 45 20 C1 D3 C3 C9 C9 | STORE THE .....| 00000F40: 20 22 C1 22 20 41 54 20 54 48 45 0D 46 49 52 53 | "." AT THE.FIRS| 00000F50: 54 20 53 50 41 43 45 20 49 4E 20 53 43 52 45 45 |T SPACE IN SCREE| 00000F60: 4E 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 2E 0D 20 0D 20 0D C7 45 |N MEMORY.. . ..E| 00000F70: 4E 45 52 41 4C 20 D2 55 4C 45 53 3A 0D 20 0D 20 |NERAL .ULES:. . | 00000F80: 31 2E 20 C1 4C 4C 20 45 51 55 41 54 45 20 4C 41 |1. .LL EQUATE LA| 00000F90: 42 45 4C 53 20 28 4C 41 42 45 4C 53 20 55 53 49 |BELS (LABELS USI| 00000FA0: 4E 47 20 54 48 45 0D 20 20 20 20 45 51 55 41 4C |NG THE. EQUAL| 00000FB0: 53 20 53 49 47 4E 29 20 4D 55 53 54 20 47 4F 20 |S SIGN) MUST GO | 00000FC0: 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 52 54 0D 20 20 20 |AT THE START. | 00000FD0: 20 4F 46 20 59 4F 55 52 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D | OF YOUR PROGRAM| 00000FE0: 2E 0D 20 0D 20 32 2E 20 CF 4E 4C 59 20 4F 4E 45 |.. . 2. .NLY ONE| 00000FF0: 20 50 53 45 55 44 4F 2D 4F 50 20 54 4F 20 41 20 | PSEUDO-OP TO A | 00001000: 4C 49 4E 45 2E 0D 20 0D 20 33 2E 20 C1 4C 54 48 |LINE.. . 3. .LTH| 00001010: 4F 55 47 48 20 4C 41 42 45 4C 53 20 43 41 4E 20 |OUGH LABELS CAN | 00001020: 42 45 20 41 4C 50 48 41 2D 0D 20 20 20 20 4E 55 |BE ALPHA-. NU| 00001030: 4D 45 52 49 43 2C 20 54 48 45 20 46 49 52 53 54 |MERIC, THE FIRST| 00001040: 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 20 4D 55 53 54 0D | CHARACTER MUST.| 00001050: 20 20 20 20 42 45 20 41 4C 50 48 41 42 45 54 49 | BE ALPHABETI| 00001060: 43 2E 0D 20 0D 20 34 2E 20 CD 4F 56 45 20 54 48 |C.. . 4. .OVE TH| 00001070: 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 43 4F 55 4E 54 45 |E PROGRAM COUNTE| 00001080: 52 20 46 4F 52 57 41 52 44 2C 0D 20 20 20 20 4E |R FORWARD,. N| 00001090: 45 56 45 52 20 42 41 43 4B 57 41 52 44 2E 20 D4 |EVER BACKWARD. .| 000010A0: 48 45 20 2A 20 3D 20 43 41 4E 20 42 45 20 55 53 |HE * = CAN BE US| 000010B0: 45 44 0D 20 20 20 20 54 4F 20 4D 41 4B 45 20 53 |ED. TO MAKE S| 000010C0: 50 41 43 45 20 49 4E 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 46 |PACE IN MEMORY F| 000010D0: 4F 52 20 44 41 54 41 0D 20 20 20 20 54 41 42 4C |OR DATA. TABL| 000010E0: 45 53 2C 20 45 54 43 2E 20 C9 46 20 54 48 49 53 |ES, ETC. .F THIS| 000010F0: 20 53 55 43 45 45 44 49 4E 47 0D 20 20 20 20 2A | SUCEEDING. *| 00001100: 20 3D 20 4F 50 20 53 45 54 53 20 54 48 45 20 50 | = OP SETS THE P| 00001110: 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 43 4F 55 4E 54 45 52 0D 20 |ROGRAM COUNTER. | 00001120: 20 20 20 42 41 43 4B 20 54 4F 20 41 20 56 41 4C | BACK TO A VAL| 00001130: 55 45 20 4C 4F 57 45 52 20 54 48 41 4E 20 54 48 |UE LOWER THAN TH| 00001140: 45 0D 20 20 20 20 50 52 45 43 45 45 44 49 4E 47 |E. PRECEEDING| 00001150: 20 4F 50 2C 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 45 43 45 45 44 | OP, THE PRECEED| 00001160: 49 4E 47 20 4F 4E 45 0D 20 20 20 20 57 49 4C 4C |ING ONE. WILL| 00001170: 20 42 45 20 4F 56 45 52 57 52 49 54 54 45 4E 2E | BE OVERWRITTEN.| 00001180: 0D 20 0D 20 0D D0 53 45 55 44 4F 2D 4F 50 20 D3 |. . ..SEUDO-OP .| 00001190: 55 4D 4D 41 52 59 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2A 20 3D |UMMARY * =| 000011A0: 20 44 45 46 41 55 4C 54 0D 20 0D 20 20 2E D0 20 | DEFAULT. . .. | 000011B0: 20 20 20 54 55 52 4E 20 41 53 53 4D 20 54 4F 20 | TURN ASSM TO | 000011C0: 50 52 49 4E 54 45 52 20 4F 4E 0D 2A 20 2E CE D0 |PRINTER ON.* ...| 000011D0: 20 20 20 54 55 52 4E 20 41 53 53 4D 20 54 4F 20 | TURN ASSM TO | 000011E0: 50 52 49 4E 54 45 52 20 4F 46 46 0D 20 0D 20 20 |PRINTER OFF. . | 000011F0: 2E CF 20 20 20 20 54 55 52 4E 20 41 53 53 4D 20 |.. TURN ASSM | 00001200: 54 4F 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 4F 4E 0D 2A 20 2E |TO MEMORY ON.* .| 00001210: CE CF 20 20 20 54 55 52 4E 20 41 53 53 4D 20 54 |.. TURN ASSM T| 00001220: 4F 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 4F 46 46 0D 20 0D 2A |O MEMORY OFF. .*| 00001230: 20 2E D3 20 20 20 20 54 55 52 4E 20 41 53 53 4D | .. TURN ASSM| 00001240: 20 54 4F 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 4F 4E 0D 20 20 | TO SCREEN ON. | 00001250: 2E CE D3 20 20 20 54 55 52 4E 20 41 53 53 4D 20 |... TURN ASSM | 00001260: 54 4F 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 4F 46 46 0D 20 0D |TO SCREEN OFF. .| 00001270: 2A 20 2E C8 20 20 20 20 53 48 4F 57 20 41 53 53 |* .. SHOW ASS| 00001280: 4D 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 49 4E 20 48 45 58 |M NUMBERS IN HEX| 00001290: 0D 20 20 2E CE C8 20 20 20 53 48 4F 57 20 41 53 |. ... SHOW AS| 000012A0: 53 4D 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 49 4E 20 44 45 |SM NUMBERS IN DE| 000012B0: 43 49 4D 41 4C 0D 20 0D 20 20 2E C4 20 20 20 20 |CIMAL. . .. | 000012C0: 4F 50 45 4E 20 41 20 44 49 53 4B 20 46 49 4C 45 |OPEN A DISK FILE| 000012D0: 20 41 4E 44 20 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 45 0D 20 20 | AND ASSEMBLE. | 000012E0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 4F 20 49 54 0D 20 0D 20 20 | TO IT. . | 000012F0: 2E C6 C9 CC C5 20 4C 49 4E 4B 20 4F 4E 45 20 53 |..... LINK ONE S| 00001300: 4F 55 52 43 45 20 46 49 4C 45 20 49 4E 20 41 20 |OURCE FILE IN A | 00001310: 43 48 41 49 4E 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 4F |CHAIN. TO| 00001320: 20 54 48 45 20 4E 45 58 54 20 53 4F 55 52 43 45 | THE NEXT SOURCE| 00001330: 20 46 49 4C 45 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 0D 20 20 20 | FILE IN THE. | 00001340: 20 20 20 20 20 43 48 41 49 4E 0D 20 0D 20 20 2E | CHAIN. . .| 00001350: C5 CE C4 20 20 4C 49 4E 4B 20 54 48 45 20 4C 41 |... LINK THE LA| 00001360: 53 54 20 53 4F 55 52 43 45 20 46 49 4C 45 20 54 |ST SOURCE FILE T| 00001370: 4F 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 48 45 20 46 49 |O. THE FI| 00001380: 52 53 54 20 53 4F 55 52 43 45 20 46 49 4C 45 0D |RST SOURCE FILE.| 00001390: 20 0D 20 20 2A 20 3D 20 20 20 53 45 54 20 54 48 | . * = SET TH| 000013A0: 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 43 4F 55 4E 54 45 |E PROGRAM COUNTE| 000013B0: 52 20 54 4F 20 41 20 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |R TO A . | 000013C0: 4E 45 57 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 0D 20 0D 20 0D |NEW ADDRESS. . .| 000013D0: CF 4E 45 20 4C 41 53 54 20 41 4E 44 20 41 4C 4D |.NE LAST AND ALM| 000013E0: 4F 53 54 20 46 4F 52 47 4F 54 54 45 4E 20 4E 4F |OST FORGOTTEN NO| 000013F0: 54 45 2E 20 D4 4F 20 0D 55 53 45 20 CC C1 C4 D3 |TE. .O .USE ....| 00001400: 2C 0D 20 0D 20 20 31 2E 20 CC 4F 41 44 20 CC C1 |,. . 1. .OAD ..| 00001410: C4 D3 20 49 4E 20 2C 38 2C 31 0D 20 0D 20 20 32 |.. IN ,8,1. . 2| 00001420: 2E 20 C3 52 45 41 54 45 20 59 4F 55 52 20 53 4F |. .REATE YOUR SO| 00001430: 55 52 43 45 20 46 49 4C 45 20 41 4E 44 20 53 41 |URCE FILE AND SA| 00001440: 56 45 0D 20 20 20 20 20 49 54 20 54 4F 20 44 49 |VE. IT TO DI| 00001450: 53 4B 2E 0D 20 0D 20 20 33 2E 20 C3 4C 45 41 52 |SK.. . 3. .LEAR| 00001460: 20 54 48 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 2C 20 41 4E 44 | THE SCREEN, AND| 00001470: 20 54 59 50 45 20 54 48 45 0D 20 20 20 20 20 46 | TYPE THE. F| 00001480: 49 4C 45 20 4E 41 4D 45 20 59 4F 55 20 57 41 4E |ILE NAME YOU WAN| 00001490: 54 20 54 4F 20 41 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 45 20 4F 4E |T TO ASSEMBLE ON| 000014A0: 0D 20 20 20 20 20 54 48 45 20 54 4F 50 20 4C 49 |. THE TOP LI| 000014B0: 4E 45 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E |NE OF THE SCREEN| 000014C0: 2E 0D 20 0D 20 20 34 2E 20 C3 55 52 53 4F 52 20 |.. . 4. .URSOR | 000014D0: 44 4F 57 4E 20 4F 4E 45 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 41 4E |DOWN ONE LINE AN| 000014E0: 44 20 54 59 50 45 0D 20 20 20 20 20 D3 D9 D3 20 |D TYPE. ... | 000014F0: 31 31 30 30 30 20 41 4E 44 20 48 49 54 20 52 45 |11000 AND HIT RE| 00001500: 54 55 52 4E 2E 20 D4 48 45 0D 20 20 20 20 20 41 |TURN. .HE. A| 00001510: 53 53 45 4D 42 4C 59 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 53 54 41 |SSEMBLY WILL STA| 00001520: 52 54 20 41 54 20 54 48 49 53 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 |RT AT THIS POINT| 00001530: 2E 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D C8 4F 50 45 20 54 |.. . . . ..OPE T| 00001540: 48 49 53 20 4D 41 4B 45 53 20 59 4F 55 52 20 4D |HIS MAKES YOUR M| 00001550: 41 43 48 49 4E 45 20 4C 41 4E 47 55 41 47 45 0D |ACHINE LANGUAGE.| 00001560: 45 58 50 45 52 49 4D 45 4E 54 53 2F 50 52 4F 47 |EXPERIMENTS/PROG| 00001570: 52 41 4D 4D 49 4E 47 20 41 53 20 45 41 53 59 20 |RAMMING AS EASY | 00001580: 41 53 20 49 54 0D 44 49 44 20 4D 49 4E 45 2E 20 |AS IT.DID MINE. | 00001590: C2 45 53 54 20 4F 46 20 CC 55 43 4B 21 0D 20 0D |.EST OF .UCK!. .| 000015A0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 000015B0: 20 20 C7 41 52 59 20 D6 41 4E 44 45 4E 42 45 52 | .ARY .ANDENBER| 000015C0: 47 0D |G. |
LADS DOC. -
-------. . .HERE IS A STEP BY STEP EXPLA
NATION OF.HOW TO ASSEMBLE MACHINE LANGUA
GE PRO-.GRAMS USING THE LADS ASSEMBLER..
. .LADS ASSEMBLES FROM "SOURCE" FILES..
YOU CREATE, EDIT, AND SAVE THEM JUST.LIK
E A BASIC PROGRAM AND YOU CAN HAVE.THE S
AME UTILITIES RESIDENT THAT YOU DO.WHEN
YOU PROGRAM IN BASIC AS LONG AS.THEY DON
'T USE THE SPACE FROM 11000.TO 17000. TH
IS IS WHERE LADS SITS.. . . 10 * = $0360
. 20 .S. 30 LDA #22:LDY #0. 40 STA $1500
,Y. 50 .END TEST. . . THE FIRST LINE O
F ANY LADS SOURCE.FILE MUST CONTAIN THE
"*" PSEUDO-OP..WITH THE * = XXXX YOU TEL
L LADS WHERE.YOU WANT YOUR PROGRAM TO ST
ART. THERE.MUST BE A SPACE BETWEEN THE =
SIGN AND.THE STARTING ADDRESS.. THE L
AST LINE OF EACH LADS SOURCE.FILE MUST C
ONTAIN EITHER THE .END .OR .FILE PSEUDO-
OP. THE .END OP CODE.TELLS LADS THAT THI
S IS THE LAST FILE.OF A SOURCE FILE CHAI
N, OR THIS IS THE.ONLY FILE OF A CHAIN.
THE .FILE OP.CODE TELLS LADS THE NEXT FI
LE IN A.CHAIN THAT YOU WANT TO ASSEMBLE.
USING.THIS METHOD YOU CAN WRITE SMALLER
.TRANSPORTABLE SOURCE MODULES AND .ASSE
MBLE THEM INTO ONE LARGE OBJECT.CODE FIL
E. HOWEVER THE LAST MODULE IN.THE CHAIN
THAT YOU ARE ASSEMBLING .MUST CONTAIN TH
E .END OP AS THE LAST.LINE AND USE THE F
IRST MODULES NAME.. .EXAMPLE:. .FILE NAM
E - TEST1. . 10 * = 2049
15 .D TEST.OBJ. 20 LDA #0.
30 .FILE TEST2. .FILE NAME - TEST2. . 10
SCREEN = 1024. 20 STA SCREEN. 30 .END T
EST1. .THIS WOULD CREATE AN OBJECT FILE
ON.DISK TO STORE 0 AT SCREEN POSITION 1.
.WHICH BRINGS US TO THE NEXT SET OF.PSEU
DO-OPS TO BE DISCUSSED. WHERE DO.YOU WAN
T YOUR PROGRAM ASSEMBLED TO?.THE .D OP A
SSEMBLES YOUR PROGRAM.TO A DISK FILE WIT
H WHATEVER NAME YOU.GIVE IT. THIS IS USE
D PRIMARILY WITH.LARGE FILE ASSEMBLIES T
HAT WOULD USE.MORE SPACE THAN IS AVAILAB
LE. THE 2ND.OPTION IS THE .O OP WHICH AS
SEMBLES.THE SOURCE FILE DIRECTLY TO MEMO
RY..THE .NO OP TURNS THIS OPTION OFF..TH
E THIRD OPTION IS THE .S OP WHICH.ASSEMB
LES TO THE SCREEN. LADS DEFAULTS.TO THIS
AND YOU WILL ALWAYS SEE A .SCREEN ASSEM
BLY UNLESS YOU TURN IT OF.WITH THE .NS O
P. THE FINAL OPTION IS.THE .P OP WHICH A
SSEMBLES TO A .PRINTER IF ATTACHED. YOU
GUESSED IT,.THE .NP OP TURNS IT OFF. THE
HANDY.THING IS THAT YOU CAN USE ANY OR
ALL.OF THE DIRECTING OPS IN ANY SEQUENCE
.DESIRED.. .THE NEXT PSEUDO-OP TO DISCUS
S IS THE..NH OP. THIS TELLS LADS THAT WH
EN.ASSEMBLING TO DISPLAY ALL NUMBERS IN.
A DECIMAL FORMAT. THE OPPOSITE OF THIS,.
AND THE DEFAULT, IS .H WHICH SHOWS.ALL N
UMBERS IN A HEXIDECIMAL FORMAT.. . .FULL
USE OF LABELS IS ALLOWED AND WE .HAVE Y
ET ANOTHER PSEUDO-OP TO DISCUSS.. .EXAMP
LE:. . 10 * = 2048 . 15 SCREEN = $0
400. 17 ; THIS IS A COMMENT LINE. 20 LDA
#32; THE BLANK CHARACTER. 30 LDY #0. 40
START STA SCREEN,Y. 50 STA SCREEN+256,Y
. 60 STA SCREEN+512,Y. 70 STA SCREEN+768
,Y. 80 INY. 90 BNE START. .THIS PROGRAM
WILL FILL THE SCREEN AREA.WITH BLANKS. N
OTICE THE + OP, THIS.TELLS LADS TO ADD T
HE VALUE TO THE.LABEL EACH TIME THE PROG
RAM CYCLES.THROUGH THE LOOP. THE ADVANTA
GES OF.THIS ARE OBVIOUS. NOTICE ALSO THE
.BRANCH IN LINE 90 NOT TO AND ADDRESS.B
UT TO A LABEL, LADS COMPUTES AND.INSERTS
THE APPROPRIATE ADDRESS AT.THE TIME OF
ASSEMBLY.. . .ANOTHER SET OF PSEUDO-OPS
TO SHOW YOU.ARE THE #< AND #> OPS..EXAMP
LE:. . 10 * = $0360. 20 SCREEN = $8011.
30 SCREENPOINTER = $FB. 40 ;------------
------. 50 LDA #<SCREEN ;LSB OF LABEL SC
REEN. 60 STA SCREENPOINTER. .THIS EXAMPL
E SHOWS THE TECHNIQUE USED.TO STORE THE
LEAST SIGNIFICANT BYTE OF.THE LABEL SCRE
EN AND PLACE IT IN THE.AREA LABELLED SCR
EENPOINTER. A LIKE.METHOD USING THE #> W
OULD STORE THE.MOST SIGNIFICANT BYTE OF
SCREEN.. . .THE FINAL PSEUDO-OP TO SHOW
IS THE.#" OP. THIS OP IS USED WHEN YOU W
ANT TO.LOAD THE ACCUMULATOR WITH A PARTI
CULAR.ASCII CHARACTER AND YOU DON'T RECA
LL .THE ASCII CODE NUMBER.. .EXAMPLE:. .
10 * = 2048. 20 SCREEN = 1024. 30 LDA #
"A:STA SCREEN. 40 RTS. 50 .END TEST. .TH
IS WOULD STORE THE ASCII "A" AT THE.FIRS
T SPACE IN SCREEN MEMORY.. . .GENERAL RU
LES:. . 1. ALL EQUATE LABELS (LABELS USI
NG THE. EQUALS SIGN) MUST GO AT THE S
TART. OF YOUR PROGRAM.. . 2. ONLY ONE
PSEUDO-OP TO A LINE.. . 3. ALTHOUGH LAB
ELS CAN BE ALPHA-. NUMERIC, THE FIRST
CHARACTER MUST. BE ALPHABETIC.. . 4.
MOVE THE PROGRAM COUNTER FORWARD,. N
EVER BACKWARD. THE * = CAN BE USED. T
O MAKE SPACE IN MEMORY FOR DATA. TABL
ES, ETC. IF THIS SUCEEDING. * = OP SE
TS THE PROGRAM COUNTER. BACK TO A VAL
UE LOWER THAN THE. PRECEEDING OP, THE
PRECEEDING ONE. WILL BE OVERWRITTEN.
. . .PSEUDO-OP SUMMARY * = DEFAULT
. . .P TURN ASSM TO PRINTER ON.* .NP
TURN ASSM TO PRINTER OFF. . .O TU
RN ASSM TO MEMORY ON.* .NO TURN ASSM T
O MEMORY OFF. .* .S TURN ASSM TO SCRE
EN ON. .NS TURN ASSM TO SCREEN OFF. .
* .H SHOW ASSM NUMBERS IN HEX. .NH
SHOW ASSM NUMBERS IN DECIMAL. . .D
OPEN A DISK FILE AND ASSEMBLE. TO
IT. . .FILE LINK ONE SOURCE FILE IN A
CHAIN. TO THE NEXT SOURCE FILE IN
THE. CHAIN. . .END LINK THE LA
ST SOURCE FILE TO. THE FIRST SOUR
CE FILE. . * = SET THE PROGRAM COUNTE
R TO A . NEW ADDRESS. . .ONE LAST
AND ALMOST FORGOTTEN NOTE. TO .USE LADS
,. . 1. LOAD LADS IN ,8,1. . 2. CREATE
YOUR SOURCE FILE AND SAVE. IT TO DI
SK.. . 3. CLEAR THE SCREEN, AND TYPE TH
E. FILE NAME YOU WANT TO ASSEMBLE ON
. THE TOP LINE OF THE SCREEN.. . 4.
CURSOR DOWN ONE LINE AND TYPE. SYS
11000 AND HIT RETURN. THE. ASSEMBLY
WILL START AT THIS POINT.. . . . .HOPE T
HIS MAKES YOUR MACHINE LANGUAGE.EXPERIME
NTS/PROGRAMMING AS EASY AS IT.DID MINE.
BEST OF LUCK!. . GARY V
ANDENBERG.
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