T.BITS
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): T.BITS
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 4.8K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 18:05:25
APPEARS ON: 2 disk(s)
FILE HASH
2c047eccdf2e1553263cedd784a4525c7f5770e0e59c0dd78f7e9ed55549435b
FOUND ON DISKS (2 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOADSTAR 66 S 1 | T.BITS | PRG | Xii | 26 | 5 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
| LOADSTAR 66 S 1 | T.BITS | PRG | Sailor, Ganheden | 26 | 5 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
00000000: 00 80 5E 55 3A 5A 45 52 4F 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 |..^U:ZERO. | 00000010: 20 20 20 20 C2 C9 D4 D3 3A 20 D3 D4 C1 D4 C5 20 | ....: ..... | 00000020: D4 C1 C2 CC C5 D3 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |........ | 00000030: 20 20 20 42 59 20 D3 43 4F 54 54 20 C5 2E 20 D2 | BY .COTT .. .| 00000040: 45 53 48 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D9 4F 55 52 20 46 49 |ESH.. .OUR FI| 00000050: 52 53 54 20 51 55 45 53 54 49 4F 4E 20 4D 41 59 |RST QUESTION MAY| 00000060: 20 42 45 20 22 D7 48 41 54 0D 45 58 41 43 54 4C | BE ".HAT.EXACTL| 00000070: 59 20 C1 D2 C5 20 53 54 41 54 45 20 54 41 42 4C |Y ... STATE TABL| 00000080: 45 53 3F 22 20 20 D7 45 4C 4C 2C 0D 53 54 41 54 |ES?" .ELL,.STAT| 00000090: 45 20 54 41 42 4C 45 53 20 41 52 45 20 41 20 4D |E TABLES ARE A M| 000000A0: 45 54 48 4F 44 20 4F 46 20 D1 D5 C9 C3 CB CC D9 |ETHOD OF .......| 000000B0: 0D 43 48 41 4E 47 49 4E 47 20 44 41 54 41 20 46 |.CHANGING DATA F| 000000C0: 52 4F 4D 20 4F 4E 45 20 53 54 41 54 45 20 54 4F |ROM ONE STATE TO| 000000D0: 0D 41 4E 4F 54 48 45 52 2C 20 42 59 20 52 45 50 |.ANOTHER, BY REP| 000000E0: 4C 41 43 49 4E 47 20 4E 55 4D 45 52 4F 55 53 0D |LACING NUMEROUS.| 000000F0: 43 41 4C 43 55 4C 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 57 49 54 |CALCULATIONS WIT| 00000100: 48 20 49 4E 44 45 58 45 44 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 |H INDEXED ADDRES| 00000110: 53 49 4E 47 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 D2 |SING... .HE .| 00000120: 55 4E 20 C9 54 20 46 49 4C 45 20 46 4F 52 20 54 |UN .T FILE FOR T| 00000130: 48 49 53 20 41 52 54 49 43 4C 45 0D 44 45 4D 4F |HIS ARTICLE.DEMO| 00000140: 4E 53 54 52 41 54 45 53 20 4A 55 53 54 20 48 4F |NSTRATES JUST HO| 00000150: 57 20 46 41 53 54 20 41 20 57 48 4F 4C 45 0D 53 |W FAST A WHOLE.S| 00000160: 43 52 45 45 4E 27 53 20 57 4F 52 54 48 20 4F 46 |CREEN'S WORTH OF| 00000170: 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 43 41 4E | COLOR BYTES CAN| 00000180: 20 42 45 0D 43 48 41 4E 47 45 44 20 2D 2D 20 49 | BE.CHANGED -- I| 00000190: 4E 20 41 20 50 52 45 44 45 54 45 52 4D 49 4E 45 |N A PREDETERMINE| 000001A0: 44 20 50 41 54 54 45 52 4E 0D 2D 2D 20 42 59 20 |D PATTERN.-- BY | 000001B0: 55 53 49 4E 47 20 53 54 41 54 45 20 54 41 42 4C |USING STATE TABL| 000001C0: 45 53 2E 20 20 D0 41 59 20 43 4C 4F 53 45 0D 41 |ES. .AY CLOSE.A| 000001D0: 54 54 45 4E 54 49 4F 4E 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 |TTENTION TO THE | 000001E0: D3 C5 D1 D5 C5 CE C3 C5 20 4F 46 20 43 4F 4C 4F |........ OF COLO| 000001F0: 52 53 0D 41 53 20 54 48 45 59 20 4D 4F 56 45 2E |RS.AS THEY MOVE.| 00000200: 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 |... .HE COLOR| 00000210: 53 20 41 52 45 20 4E 4F 54 20 49 4E 20 CE D5 CD |S ARE NOT IN ...| 00000220: C5 D2 C9 C3 C1 CC 0D 53 45 51 55 45 4E 43 45 2C |.......SEQUENCE,| 00000230: 20 49 2E 45 2E 20 57 48 49 54 45 20 44 4F 45 53 | I.E. WHITE DOES| 00000240: 20 4E 4F 54 20 46 4F 4C 4C 4F 57 0D 42 4C 41 43 | NOT FOLLOW.BLAC| 00000250: 4B 2C 20 52 45 44 20 44 4F 45 53 20 4E 4F 54 20 |K, RED DOES NOT | 00000260: 46 4F 4C 4C 4F 57 20 57 48 49 54 45 2C 0D 45 54 |FOLLOW WHITE,.ET| 00000270: 43 2E 2E 2E 20 20 D3 4F 4D 45 54 49 4D 45 53 20 |C... .OMETIMES | 00000280: 54 48 45 20 54 52 41 44 49 54 49 4F 4E 41 4C 0D |THE TRADITIONAL.| 00000290: 4E 55 4D 45 52 49 43 41 4C 20 50 41 54 54 45 52 |NUMERICAL PATTER| 000002A0: 4E 20 49 53 4E 27 54 20 57 48 41 54 20 49 53 0D |N ISN'T WHAT IS.| 000002B0: 57 41 4E 54 45 44 2E 20 20 D7 49 54 48 20 53 54 |WANTED. .ITH ST| 000002C0: 41 54 45 20 54 41 42 4C 45 53 2C 20 54 48 45 0D |ATE TABLES, THE.| 000002D0: 50 41 54 54 45 52 4E 20 49 53 20 55 50 20 54 4F |PATTERN IS UP TO| 000002E0: 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 45 52 2E | THE PROGRAMMER.| 000002F0: 0D D5 53 49 4E 47 20 41 20 43 55 53 54 4F 4D 20 |..SING A CUSTOM | 00000300: 50 41 54 54 45 52 4E 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 42 45 |PATTERN WOULD BE| 00000310: 20 51 55 49 54 45 0D 41 20 42 49 54 20 53 4C 4F | QUITE.A BIT SLO| 00000320: 57 45 52 20 54 48 41 4E 20 55 53 49 4E 47 20 54 |WER THAN USING T| 00000330: 48 45 20 C2 4C 41 43 4B 2D 0D D7 48 49 54 45 2D |HE .LACK-..HITE-| 00000340: D2 45 44 2D C3 59 41 4E 2D 20 45 54 43 2E 20 50 |.ED-.YAN- ETC. P| 00000350: 41 54 54 45 52 4E 20 49 46 20 59 4F 55 0D 44 49 |ATTERN IF YOU.DI| 00000360: 44 4E 27 54 20 55 53 45 20 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 |DN'T USE THE STA| 00000370: 54 45 20 54 41 42 4C 45 20 54 45 43 48 4E 49 51 |TE TABLE TECHNIQ| 00000380: 55 45 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 CE 4F 54 45 20 54 48 |UE... .OTE TH| 00000390: 41 54 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 D2 55 4E 20 C9 54 |AT IN THE .UN .T| 000003A0: 20 46 49 4C 45 0D 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 4D 45 4D | FILE.SCREEN MEM| 000003B0: 4F 52 59 20 49 53 4E 27 54 20 43 48 41 4E 47 49 |ORY ISN'T CHANGI| 000003C0: 4E 47 20 41 54 20 41 4C 4C 0D 2D 2D 20 4F 4E 4C |NG AT ALL.-- ONL| 000003D0: 59 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 49 |Y COLOR MEMORY I| 000003E0: 53 20 42 45 49 4E 47 0D 43 48 41 4E 47 45 44 2E |S BEING.CHANGED.| 000003F0: 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C2 45 43 41 55 53 45 20 54 |... .ECAUSE T| 00000400: 48 45 52 45 20 41 52 45 20 32 35 36 20 50 4F 53 |HERE ARE 256 POS| 00000410: 53 49 42 4C 45 0D 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 43 4F 4D 42 |SIBLE.COLOR COMB| 00000420: 49 4E 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 46 4F 52 20 41 20 48 |INATIONS FOR A H| 00000430: 49 2D 52 45 53 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 0D 42 59 54 45 |I-RES COLOR.BYTE| 00000440: 2C 20 57 45 20 4E 45 45 44 20 41 20 53 54 41 54 |, WE NEED A STAT| 00000450: 45 20 54 41 42 4C 45 0D 43 4F 4E 53 49 53 54 49 |E TABLE.CONSISTI| 00000460: 4E 47 20 4F 46 20 32 35 36 20 42 59 54 45 53 2E |NG OF 256 BYTES.| 00000470: 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C6 4F 52 20 45 58 41 4D 50 4C |.. .OR EXAMPL| 00000480: 45 2C 20 4C 45 54 27 53 20 54 41 4B 45 20 41 20 |E, LET'S TAKE A | 00000490: 43 4F 4C 4F 52 0D 42 59 54 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 |COLOR.BYTE THAT | 000004A0: 53 41 59 53 20 57 45 20 48 41 56 45 20 41 20 D2 |SAYS WE HAVE A .| 000004B0: C5 C4 0D 46 4F 52 45 47 52 4F 55 4E 44 20 41 4E |...FOREGROUND AN| 000004C0: 44 20 41 20 D7 C8 C9 D4 C5 20 42 41 43 4B 47 52 |D A ..... BACKGR| 000004D0: 4F 55 4E 44 2E 0D D7 45 20 57 41 4E 54 20 54 4F |OUND...E WANT TO| 000004E0: 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 4F 20 | CHANGE THAT TO | 000004F0: 41 20 D0 D5 D2 D0 CC C5 0D 46 4F 52 45 47 52 4F |A .......FOREGRO| 00000500: 55 4E 44 20 41 4E 44 20 D9 C5 CC CC CF D7 20 42 |UND AND ...... B| 00000510: 41 43 4B 47 52 4F 55 4E 44 2E 0D D4 48 49 53 20 |ACKGROUND...HIS | 00000520: 4D 45 41 4E 53 20 47 4F 49 4E 47 20 46 52 4F 4D |MEANS GOING FROM| 00000530: 20 33 33 20 28 24 32 31 29 20 54 4F 20 37 31 0D | 33 ($21) TO 71.| 00000540: 28 24 34 37 29 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D7 48 45 52 |($47)... .HER| 00000550: 45 20 44 4F 20 54 48 45 53 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 |E DO THESE NUMBE| 00000560: 52 53 20 43 4F 4D 45 20 46 52 4F 4D 3F 0D CC 4F |RS COME FROM?..O| 00000570: 4F 4B 20 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 48 45 58 20 4E 55 |OK AT THE HEX NU| 00000580: 4D 42 45 52 53 2E 20 20 D2 45 44 20 49 53 20 24 |MBERS. .ED IS $| 00000590: 32 2C 0D 52 49 47 48 54 3F 20 20 D7 48 49 54 45 |2,.RIGHT? .HITE| 000005A0: 20 49 53 20 24 31 2E 20 20 D2 45 44 20 4F 4E 20 | IS $1. .ED ON | 000005B0: 57 48 49 54 45 20 49 53 0D 54 48 45 52 45 46 4F |WHITE IS.THEREFO| 000005C0: 52 45 20 24 32 31 2E 20 20 D0 55 52 50 4C 45 20 |RE $21. .URPLE | 000005D0: 28 24 34 29 20 4F 4E 20 59 45 4C 4C 4F 57 0D 28 |($4) ON YELLOW.(| 000005E0: 24 37 29 20 49 53 20 24 34 37 2E 20 20 D4 48 49 |$7) IS $47. .HI| 000005F0: 53 20 49 53 20 54 48 45 20 57 41 59 20 43 4F 4C |S IS THE WAY COL| 00000600: 4F 52 0D 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 49 53 20 53 54 4F |OR.MEMORY IS STO| 00000610: 52 45 44 20 49 4E 20 59 4F 55 52 20 43 4F 4D 50 |RED IN YOUR COMP| 00000620: 55 54 45 52 2E 0D 20 20 20 20 C1 46 54 45 52 20 |UTER.. .FTER | 00000630: 54 48 45 20 D0 D5 D2 D0 CC C5 2F D9 C5 CC CC CF |THE ....../.....| 00000640: D7 20 57 45 20 57 41 4E 54 20 54 4F 0D 47 4F 20 |. WE WANT TO.GO | 00000650: 54 4F 20 41 20 CC C9 C7 C8 D4 20 C7 D2 C1 D9 20 |TO A ..... .... | 00000660: 4F 4E 20 C4 C1 D2 CB 20 C7 D2 C1 D9 0D 43 4F 4D |ON .... .....COM| 00000670: 42 49 4E 41 54 49 4F 4E 2C 20 37 31 20 28 24 34 |BINATION, 71 ($4| 00000680: 37 29 20 54 4F 20 32 35 31 20 28 24 C6 C2 29 2E |7) TO 251 ($..).| 00000690: 0D D7 45 20 43 41 4E 27 54 20 41 44 44 20 41 20 |..E CAN'T ADD A | 000006A0: 43 4F 4E 53 54 41 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 |CONSTANT TO THE | 000006B0: 43 4F 4C 4F 52 0D 42 59 54 45 20 42 45 43 41 55 |COLOR.BYTE BECAU| 000006C0: 53 45 20 54 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 45 52 49 43 20 44 |SE THE NUMERIC D| 000006D0: 49 46 46 45 52 45 4E 43 45 0D 42 45 54 57 45 45 |IFFERENCE.BETWEE| 000006E0: 4E 20 54 48 45 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 42 59 54 45 |N THE COLOR BYTE| 000006F0: 53 20 49 53 20 4E 4F 54 20 54 48 45 0D 53 41 4D |S IS NOT THE.SAM| 00000700: 45 21 20 20 D7 45 20 43 4F 55 4C 44 20 55 53 45 |E! .E COULD USE| 00000710: 20 41 20 57 48 4F 4C 45 20 42 55 4E 43 48 20 4F | A WHOLE BUNCH O| 00000720: 46 0D C3 CD D0 20 41 4E 44 20 C2 CE C5 20 43 4F |F.... AND ... CO| 00000730: 4D 4D 41 4E 44 53 2C 20 42 55 54 20 54 48 41 54 |MMANDS, BUT THAT| 00000740: 27 53 20 41 0D 4C 4F 55 53 59 20 49 44 45 41 20 |'S A.LOUSY IDEA | 00000750: 46 4F 52 20 D4 D7 CF 20 52 45 41 53 4F 4E 53 20 |FOR ... REASONS | 00000760: 2D 2D 20 28 31 29 20 49 54 0D 43 4F 55 4C 44 20 |-- (1) IT.COULD | 00000770: 42 45 20 D6 C5 D2 D9 20 53 4C 4F 57 20 41 4E 44 |BE .... SLOW AND| 00000780: 20 28 32 29 20 49 54 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 0D 54 41 | (2) IT WOULD.TA| 00000790: 4B 45 20 41 54 20 4C 45 41 53 54 20 32 35 36 30 |KE AT LEAST 2560| 000007A0: 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 4F 46 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 | BYTES OF MEMORY| 000007B0: 0D 46 4F 52 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D |.FOR THE PROGRAM| 000007C0: 21 20 20 D7 48 59 20 32 35 36 30 20 42 59 54 45 |! .HY 2560 BYTE| 000007D0: 53 3F 0D 0D C9 4D 41 47 49 4E 45 20 2D 2D 0D 20 |S?...MAGINE --. | 000007E0: 20 20 20 20 C3 CD D0 20 23 C3 CF CC CF D2 31 20 | ... #.....1 | 000007F0: 3B 20 C9 53 20 49 54 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 23 31 |; .S IT COLOR #1| 00000800: 3F 0D 20 20 20 20 20 C2 CE C5 20 CE 31 20 20 20 |?. ... .1 | 00000810: 20 20 20 3B 20 CE 4F 2C 20 54 52 59 20 4E 45 58 | ; .O, TRY NEX| 00000820: 54 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 0D 20 20 20 20 20 CC C4 C1 |T COLOR. ...| 00000830: 20 23 C3 CF CC CF D2 32 20 3B 20 D9 45 53 2C 20 | #.....2 ; .ES, | 00000840: 4C 4F 41 44 20 4E 45 57 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 0D 20 |LOAD NEW COLOR. | 00000850: 20 20 20 20 CA CD D0 20 D0 C3 CF CC CF D2 20 20 | ... ...... | 00000860: 3B 20 CA 55 4D 50 20 54 4F 20 D0 55 54 20 C3 CF |; .UMP TO .UT ..| 00000870: CC CF D2 0D CE 31 3A 20 20 C3 CD D0 20 23 58 58 |.....1: ... #XX| 00000880: 20 20 20 20 20 3B 20 C9 53 20 49 54 20 43 4F 4C | ; .S IT COL| 00000890: 4F 52 20 23 58 58 3F 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C5 41 43 |OR #XX?.. .AC| 000008A0: 48 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 42 59 54 45 20 28 41 4C |H COLOR BYTE (AL| 000008B0: 4C 20 32 35 36 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 4D 21 29 0D |L 256 OF THEM!).| 000008C0: 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 52 45 51 55 49 52 45 20 31 30 |WOULD REQUIRE 10| 000008D0: 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 4F 46 20 43 4F 44 45 2E 0D | BYTES OF CODE..| 000008E0: 0D 20 20 20 20 CE 4F 57 20 54 48 45 20 46 55 4E |. .OW THE FUN| 000008F0: 20 53 54 55 46 46 20 42 45 47 49 4E 53 2E 20 20 | STUFF BEGINS. | 00000900: CC 45 54 27 53 0D 49 4D 41 47 49 4E 45 20 54 48 |.ET'S.IMAGINE TH| 00000910: 41 54 20 57 45 20 48 41 56 45 20 41 20 53 54 41 |AT WE HAVE A STA| 00000920: 54 45 20 54 41 42 4C 45 0D 43 4F 4E 53 49 53 54 |TE TABLE.CONSIST| 00000930: 49 4E 47 20 4F 46 20 32 35 36 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 |ING OF 256 COLOR| 00000940: 20 42 59 54 45 53 2E 20 20 CC 45 54 27 53 0D 54 | BYTES. .ET'S.T| 00000950: 41 4B 45 20 4F 55 52 20 C6 C9 D2 D3 D4 20 43 4F |AKE OUR ..... CO| 00000960: 4C 4F 52 20 42 59 54 45 20 D2 C5 C4 2F D7 C8 C9 |LOR BYTE .../...| 00000970: D4 C5 20 2D 2D 0D 33 33 20 28 24 32 31 29 2C 20 |.. --.33 ($21), | 00000980: 41 4E 44 20 55 53 45 20 49 54 20 41 53 20 41 4E |AND USE IT AS AN| 00000990: 20 C9 CE C4 C5 D8 20 49 4E 54 4F 0D 4F 55 52 20 | ..... INTO.OUR | 000009A0: 53 54 41 54 45 20 54 41 42 4C 45 2E 20 20 D7 45 |STATE TABLE. .E| 000009B0: 20 57 41 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 0D | WANT TO CHANGE.| 000009C0: 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 54 45 20 4F 46 20 4F 55 52 |THE STATE OF OUR| 000009D0: 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 42 59 54 45 20 46 52 4F 4D | COLOR BYTE FROM| 000009E0: 20 33 33 0D 54 4F 20 37 31 2E 20 20 D4 48 49 53 | 33.TO 71. .HIS| 000009F0: 20 4D 45 41 4E 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 50 4F 53 49 | MEANS THAT POSI| 00000A00: 54 49 4F 4E 20 23 33 33 0D 4F 46 20 4F 55 52 20 |TION #33.OF OUR | 00000A10: 53 54 41 54 45 20 54 41 42 4C 45 20 4D 55 53 54 |STATE TABLE MUST| 00000A20: 20 48 4F 4C 44 20 41 20 37 31 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 | HOLD A 71... | 00000A30: 20 CF 55 52 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 42 59 54 45 20 | .UR COLOR BYTE | 00000A40: 4E 4F 57 20 48 4F 4C 44 53 20 D0 D5 D2 D0 CC C5 |NOW HOLDS ......| 00000A50: 2F 0D D9 C5 CC CC CF D7 20 42 59 54 45 2E 20 20 |/....... BYTE. | 00000A60: CE 45 58 54 20 57 45 20 57 41 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 |.EXT WE WANT TO | 00000A70: 43 48 41 4E 47 45 0D 54 4F 20 CC C9 C7 C8 D4 20 |CHANGE.TO ..... | 00000A80: C7 D2 C1 D9 2F C4 C1 D2 CB 20 C7 D2 C1 D9 20 41 |..../.... .... A| 00000A90: 53 20 4D 45 4E 54 49 4F 4E 45 44 0D 41 42 4F 56 |S MENTIONED.ABOV| 00000AA0: 45 2E 20 20 CE 55 4D 45 52 49 43 41 4C 4C 59 20 |E. .UMERICALLY | 00000AB0: 53 50 45 41 4B 49 4E 47 2C 20 37 31 0D 28 24 34 |SPEAKING, 71.($4| 00000AC0: 37 29 20 54 4F 20 32 35 31 20 28 24 C6 C2 29 2E |7) TO 251 ($..).| 00000AD0: 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 49 53 20 4D 45 41 4E 53 |.. .HIS MEANS| 00000AE0: 20 54 48 41 54 20 50 4F 53 49 54 49 4F 4E 20 23 | THAT POSITION #| 00000AF0: 37 31 20 4F 46 0D 4F 55 52 20 53 54 41 54 45 20 |71 OF.OUR STATE | 00000B00: 54 41 42 4C 45 20 4D 55 53 54 20 48 4F 4C 44 20 |TABLE MUST HOLD | 00000B10: 41 20 56 41 4C 55 45 20 4F 46 0D 32 35 31 2E 20 |A VALUE OF.251. | 00000B20: 20 C8 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 41 20 50 41 52 54 20 | .ERE IS A PART | 00000B30: 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 43 4F 44 45 20 2D 2D 0D 0D |OF THE CODE --..| 00000B40: 20 20 20 20 20 20 CC C4 D8 20 23 30 20 20 20 20 | ... #0 | 00000B50: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3B 20 C9 4E 49 54 20 49 4E | ; .NIT IN| 00000B60: 44 45 58 0D 0D CC CF CF D0 3A 20 CC C4 D9 20 C3 |DEX......: ... .| 00000B70: CF CC CF D2 CD C5 CD 2C D8 20 20 20 3B 20 C7 45 |.......,. ; .E| 00000B80: 54 20 CF CC C4 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 0D 20 20 20 20 |T ... COLOR. | 00000B90: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000BA0: 20 20 20 3B 20 20 42 59 54 45 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 | ; BYTE.. | 00000BB0: 20 20 CC C4 C1 20 D3 54 41 54 45 D4 41 42 4C 45 | ... .TATE.ABLE| 00000BC0: 2C D9 20 3B 20 D5 53 45 20 41 53 20 49 4E 44 45 |,. ; .SE AS INDE| 00000BD0: 58 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |X. | 00000BE0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3B 20 20 49 4E 54 4F | ; INTO| 00000BF0: 20 53 54 41 54 45 53 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 D3 | STATES.. .| 00000C00: D4 C1 20 C3 CF CC CF D2 CD C5 CD 2C D8 20 20 20 |.. ........,. | 00000C10: 3B 20 D3 54 4F 52 45 20 CE C5 D7 0D 20 20 20 20 |; .TORE .... | 00000C20: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00000C30: 20 20 20 3B 20 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 56 41 4C 55 | ; COLOR VALU| 00000C40: 45 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 C9 CE D8 20 20 20 20 |E.. ... | 00000C50: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3B 20 CC 4F 4F 50 | ; .OOP| 00000C60: 20 42 41 43 4B 20 32 35 36 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 | BACK 256. | 00000C70: C2 CE C5 20 CC CF CF D0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |... .... | 00000C80: 20 3B 20 20 54 49 4D 45 53 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 | ; TIMES... | 00000C90: D4 48 41 54 20 53 49 4D 50 4C 45 20 4C 49 54 54 |.HAT SIMPLE LITT| 00000CA0: 4C 45 20 4C 4F 4F 50 20 57 49 4C 4C 0D 52 45 50 |LE LOOP WILL.REP| 00000CB0: 4C 41 43 45 20 32 35 36 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 4F |LACE 256 BYTES O| 00000CC0: 46 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 0D 57 |F COLOR MEMORY.W| 00000CD0: 49 54 48 20 CE C5 D7 20 56 41 4C 55 45 53 20 46 |ITH ... VALUES F| 00000CE0: 52 4F 4D 20 4F 55 52 20 53 54 41 54 45 20 54 41 |ROM OUR STATE TA| 00000CF0: 42 4C 45 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C9 46 20 43 48 41 |BLE... .F CHA| 00000D00: 4E 47 49 4E 47 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 53 20 49 53 4E |NGING COLORS ISN| 00000D10: 27 54 20 59 4F 55 52 0D 54 48 49 4E 47 2C 20 54 |'T YOUR.THING, T| 00000D20: 48 45 4E 20 44 4F 4E 27 54 20 57 4F 52 52 59 2E |HEN DON'T WORRY.| 00000D30: 20 20 D4 48 49 53 20 53 49 4D 50 4C 45 0D 54 45 | .HIS SIMPLE.TE| 00000D40: 43 48 4E 49 51 55 45 20 43 41 4E 20 42 45 20 55 |CHNIQUE CAN BE U| 00000D50: 53 45 44 20 46 4F 52 20 41 4C 4C 20 4B 49 4E 44 |SED FOR ALL KIND| 00000D60: 53 0D 4F 46 20 44 41 54 41 20 48 41 4E 44 4C 49 |S.OF DATA HANDLI| 00000D70: 4E 47 2E 20 20 C1 44 56 45 4E 54 55 52 45 20 47 |NG. .DVENTURE G| 00000D80: 41 4D 45 53 0D 4F 46 54 45 4E 20 55 53 45 20 53 |AMES.OFTEN USE S| 00000D90: 54 41 54 45 20 54 41 42 4C 45 53 20 54 4F 20 49 |TATE TABLES TO I| 00000DA0: 4E 44 49 43 41 54 45 0D 57 48 45 52 45 20 59 4F |NDICATE.WHERE YO| 00000DB0: 55 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 47 4F 20 57 48 45 4E 20 59 |U WILL GO WHEN Y| 00000DC0: 4F 55 20 4C 45 41 56 45 20 41 0D 52 4F 4F 4D 20 |OU LEAVE A.ROOM | 00000DD0: 49 4E 20 41 20 50 41 52 54 49 43 55 4C 41 52 20 |IN A PARTICULAR | 00000DE0: 44 49 52 45 43 54 49 4F 4E 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 |DIRECTION... | 00000DF0: CF 52 20 53 55 50 50 4F 53 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 |.R SUPPOSE THAT | 00000E00: 59 4F 55 20 57 41 4E 54 45 44 20 54 4F 20 4D 41 |YOU WANTED TO MA| 00000E10: 4B 45 0D 41 20 4D 49 52 52 4F 52 20 49 4D 41 47 |KE.A MIRROR IMAG| 00000E20: 45 20 28 46 4F 52 20 57 48 41 54 45 56 45 52 20 |E (FOR WHATEVER | 00000E30: 52 45 41 53 4F 4E 29 0D 4F 46 20 41 20 48 49 2D |REASON).OF A HI-| 00000E40: 52 45 53 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 2E 20 20 CB 45 45 |RES SCREEN. .EE| 00000E50: 50 20 49 4E 20 4D 49 4E 44 20 54 48 41 54 0D 41 |P IN MIND THAT.A| 00000E60: 20 48 49 2D 52 45 53 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 49 | HI-RES SCREEN I| 00000E70: 53 20 4D 41 44 45 20 55 50 20 4F 46 20 38 30 30 |S MADE UP OF 800| 00000E80: 30 0D 42 59 54 45 53 2E 20 20 D7 45 20 4E 45 45 |0.BYTES. .E NEE| 00000E90: 44 20 54 4F 20 44 4F 20 49 54 20 C6 C1 D3 D4 2E |D TO DO IT .....| 00000EA0: 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 CD 4F 53 54 20 50 45 4F 50 4C |.. .OST PEOPL| 00000EB0: 45 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 44 4F 20 49 54 20 42 59 |E WOULD DO IT BY| 00000EC0: 20 55 53 49 4E 47 20 41 0D 4C 49 54 54 4C 45 20 | USING A.LITTLE | 00000ED0: D2 CF 54 41 54 45 20 4C 4F 4F 50 20 46 4F 52 20 |..TATE LOOP FOR | 00000EE0: 45 56 45 52 59 20 42 59 54 45 20 2D 2D 0D 0D 20 |EVERY BYTE --.. | 00000EF0: 20 20 20 20 20 CC C4 C1 20 C4 41 54 41 20 3B 20 | ... .ATA ; | 00000F00: C7 45 54 20 42 59 54 45 20 54 4F 20 27 4D 49 52 |.ET BYTE TO 'MIR| 00000F10: 52 4F 52 27 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 D3 D4 C1 20 D4 |ROR'. ... .| 00000F20: 45 4D 50 20 3B 20 D0 55 54 20 49 4E 20 5A 2D 50 |EMP ; .UT IN Z-P| 00000F30: 41 47 45 20 42 55 46 46 45 52 0D 20 20 20 20 20 |AGE BUFFER. | 00000F40: 20 CC C4 D8 20 23 38 20 20 20 3B 20 C9 4E 49 54 | ... #8 ; .NIT| 00000F50: 20 43 4F 55 4E 54 20 52 45 47 49 53 54 45 52 0D | COUNT REGISTER.| 00000F60: 0D CC CF CF D0 3A 20 D2 CF CC 20 D4 45 4D 50 20 |.....: ... .EMP | 00000F70: 3B 20 D2 4F 54 41 54 45 20 42 55 46 46 45 52 20 |; .OTATE BUFFER | 00000F80: CC C5 C6 D4 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 D2 CF D2 20 C1 |..... ... .| 00000F90: 20 20 20 20 3B 20 D2 4F 54 41 54 45 20 C1 43 43 | ; .OTATE .CC| 00000FA0: 20 D2 C9 C7 C8 D4 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 C4 C5 | ....... ..| 00000FB0: D8 20 20 20 20 20 20 3B 20 CC 4F 4F 50 20 42 41 |. ; .OOP BA| 00000FC0: 43 4B 20 38 20 54 49 4D 45 53 0D 20 20 20 20 20 |CK 8 TIMES. | 00000FD0: 20 C2 CE C5 20 CC CF CF D0 20 3B 0D 0D 20 20 20 | ... .... ;.. | 00000FE0: 20 20 20 D3 D4 C1 20 C4 41 54 41 20 3B 20 D3 54 | ... .ATA ; .T| 00000FF0: 4F 52 45 20 4D 49 52 52 4F 52 45 44 20 42 59 54 |ORE MIRRORED BYT| 00001000: 45 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C1 20 53 45 51 55 45 4E 43 |E.. . SEQUENC| 00001010: 45 20 4F 46 20 38 20 D2 CF CC 2F D2 CF D2 20 50 |E OF 8 .../... P| 00001020: 41 49 52 53 0D 49 4E 53 54 45 41 44 20 4F 46 20 |AIRS.INSTEAD OF | 00001030: 54 48 45 20 4C 4F 4F 50 2C 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 |THE LOOP, WOULD | 00001040: 53 50 45 45 44 0D 54 48 49 4E 47 53 20 55 50 2E |SPEED.THINGS UP.| 00001050: 20 20 C2 55 54 20 49 54 20 53 54 49 4C 4C 20 57 | .UT IT STILL W| 00001060: 4F 55 4C 44 4E 27 54 20 42 45 0D 41 53 20 46 41 |OULDN'T BE.AS FA| 00001070: 53 54 20 41 53 20 53 54 41 54 45 20 54 41 42 4C |ST AS STATE TABL| 00001080: 45 20 53 55 42 53 54 49 54 55 54 49 4F 4E 2E 0D |E SUBSTITUTION..| 00001090: 0D 20 20 20 20 D7 48 49 4C 45 20 54 48 45 20 41 |. .HILE THE A| 000010A0: 42 4F 56 45 20 4C 4F 4F 50 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 |BOVE LOOP WOULD | 000010B0: 48 41 56 45 0D 54 4F 20 42 45 20 50 45 52 46 4F |HAVE.TO BE PERFO| 000010C0: 52 4D 45 44 20 38 30 30 30 20 54 49 4D 45 53 2C |RMED 8000 TIMES,| 000010D0: 20 54 48 45 0D 46 4F 4C 4C 4F 57 49 4E 47 20 4C | THE.FOLLOWING L| 000010E0: 4F 4F 50 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 4E |OOP WOULD ONLY N| 000010F0: 45 45 44 20 33 32 0D 49 54 45 52 41 54 49 4F 4E |EED 32.ITERATION| 00001100: 53 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 CC C4 D8 20 23 30 |S... ... #0| 00001110: 20 20 20 3B 20 C9 4E 49 54 20 49 4E 44 45 58 20 | ; .NIT INDEX | 00001120: 52 45 47 49 53 54 45 52 0D 0D CC CF CF D0 3A 20 |REGISTER......: | 00001130: CC C4 D9 20 D3 43 52 45 45 4E 2C D8 20 3B 20 D0 |... .CREEN,. ; .| 00001140: 45 52 46 4F 52 4D 20 54 48 45 0D 20 20 20 20 20 |ERFORM THE. | 00001150: 20 CC C4 C1 20 D4 C1 C2 CC C5 2C D9 20 20 3B 20 | ... .....,. ; | 00001160: 20 41 43 54 55 41 4C 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 D3 D4 | ACTUAL. ..| 00001170: C1 20 D3 43 52 45 45 4E 2C D8 20 3B 20 20 53 55 |. .CREEN,. ; SU| 00001180: 42 53 54 49 54 55 54 49 4F 4E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 |BSTITUTION.. | 00001190: 20 20 C9 CE D8 20 20 20 20 20 20 3B 20 CC 4F 4F | ... ; .OO| 000011A0: 50 20 42 41 43 4B 20 32 35 36 20 54 49 4D 45 53 |P BACK 256 TIMES| 000011B0: 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 C2 CE C5 20 CC CF CF D0 20 |. ... .... | 000011C0: 3B 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 53 50 45 45 44 |;.. .HE SPEED| 000011D0: 55 50 20 49 53 20 44 55 45 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 |UP IS DUE TO THE| 000011E0: 20 46 41 43 54 0D 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 53 | FACT.THAT THE S| 000011F0: 54 41 54 45 20 54 41 42 4C 45 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 |TATE TABLE WOULD| 00001200: 20 41 4C 52 45 41 44 59 0D 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E | ALREADY.CONTAIN| 00001210: 20 54 48 45 20 32 35 36 20 52 4F 54 41 54 45 44 | THE 256 ROTATED| 00001220: 20 42 59 54 45 53 2E 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C4 4F | BYTES.... .O| 00001230: 4E 27 54 20 4C 45 54 20 4D 59 20 4C 49 54 54 4C |N'T LET MY LITTL| 00001240: 45 20 45 58 41 4D 50 4C 45 53 0D 4C 49 4D 49 54 |E EXAMPLES.LIMIT| 00001250: 20 59 4F 55 52 20 43 52 45 41 54 49 56 49 54 59 | YOUR CREATIVITY| 00001260: 2E 20 20 D4 41 4B 45 20 54 48 45 0D 43 4F 4E 43 |. .AKE THE.CONC| 00001270: 45 50 54 20 4F 46 20 53 54 41 54 45 20 54 41 42 |EPT OF STATE TAB| 00001280: 4C 45 53 20 41 4E 44 20 52 55 4E 20 57 49 54 48 |LES AND RUN WITH| 00001290: 0D 49 54 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C1 46 54 45 52 20 |.IT... .FTER | 000012A0: 59 4F 55 27 56 45 20 54 41 4B 45 4E 20 54 48 45 |YOU'VE TAKEN THE| 000012B0: 20 54 49 4D 45 20 54 4F 0D 43 52 45 41 54 45 20 | TIME TO.CREATE | 000012C0: 41 20 53 54 41 54 45 20 54 41 42 4C 45 2C 20 54 |A STATE TABLE, T| 000012D0: 48 45 59 20 43 41 4E 20 42 45 0D 49 4E 43 52 45 |HEY CAN BE.INCRE| 000012E0: 44 49 42 4C 45 20 54 49 4D 45 20 41 4E 44 20 53 |DIBLE TIME AND S| 000012F0: 50 41 43 45 20 53 41 56 45 52 53 2E 0D 0D 20 20 |PACE SAVERS... | 00001300: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 00001310: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 D3 | .| 00001320: D2 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2A 2A 2A 2A |... ****| 00001330: 20 C5 4E 44 20 4F 46 20 D4 45 58 54 20 2A 2A 2A | .ND OF .EXT ***| 00001340: 2A 0D |*. |
..^U:ZERO. BITS: STATE TABLES..
BY SCOTT E. RESH.. YOUR FI
RST QUESTION MAY BE "WHAT.EXACTLY ARE ST
ATE TABLES?" WELL,.STATE TABLES ARE A M
ETHOD OF QUICKLY.CHANGING DATA FROM ONE
STATE TO.ANOTHER, BY REPLACING NUMEROUS.
CALCULATIONS WITH INDEXED ADDRESSING...
THE RUN IT FILE FOR THIS ARTICLE.DEMO
NSTRATES JUST HOW FAST A WHOLE.SCREEN'S
WORTH OF COLOR BYTES CAN BE.CHANGED -- I
N A PREDETERMINED PATTERN.-- BY USING ST
ATE TABLES. PAY CLOSE.ATTENTION TO THE
SEQUENCE OF COLORS.AS THEY MOVE.... T
HE COLORS ARE NOT IN NUMERICAL.SEQUENCE,
I.E. WHITE DOES NOT FOLLOW.BLACK, RED D
OES NOT FOLLOW WHITE,.ETC... SOMETIMES
THE TRADITIONAL.NUMERICAL PATTERN ISN'T
WHAT IS.WANTED. WITH STATE TABLES, THE.
PATTERN IS UP TO THE PROGRAMMER..USING A
CUSTOM PATTERN WOULD BE QUITE.A BIT SLO
WER THAN USING THE BLACK-.WHITE-RED-CYAN
- ETC. PATTERN IF YOU.DIDN'T USE THE STA
TE TABLE TECHNIQUE... NOTE THAT IN TH
E RUN IT FILE.SCREEN MEMORY ISN'T CHANGI
NG AT ALL.-- ONLY COLOR MEMORY IS BEING.
CHANGED.... BECAUSE THERE ARE 256 POS
SIBLE.COLOR COMBINATIONS FOR A HI-RES CO
LOR.BYTE, WE NEED A STATE TABLE.CONSISTI
NG OF 256 BYTES... FOR EXAMPLE, LET'S
TAKE A COLOR.BYTE THAT SAYS WE HAVE A R
ED.FOREGROUND AND A WHITE BACKGROUND..WE
WANT TO CHANGE THAT TO A PURPLE.FOREGRO
UND AND YELLOW BACKGROUND..THIS MEANS GO
ING FROM 33 ($21) TO 71.($47)... WHER
E DO THESE NUMBERS COME FROM?.LOOK AT TH
E HEX NUMBERS. RED IS $2,.RIGHT? WHITE
IS $1. RED ON WHITE IS.THEREFORE $21.
PURPLE ($4) ON YELLOW.($7) IS $47. THI
S IS THE WAY COLOR.MEMORY IS STORED IN Y
OUR COMPUTER.. AFTER THE PURPLE/YELLO
W WE WANT TO.GO TO A LIGHT GRAY ON DARK
GRAY.COMBINATION, 71 ($47) TO 251 ($FB).
.WE CAN'T ADD A CONSTANT TO THE COLOR.BY
TE BECAUSE THE NUMERIC DIFFERENCE.BETWEE
N THE COLOR BYTES IS NOT THE.SAME! WE C
OULD USE A WHOLE BUNCH OF.CMP AND BNE CO
MMANDS, BUT THAT'S A.LOUSY IDEA FOR TWO
REASONS -- (1) IT.COULD BE VERY SLOW AND
(2) IT WOULD.TAKE AT LEAST 2560 BYTES O
F MEMORY.FOR THE PROGRAM! WHY 2560 BYTE
S?..IMAGINE --. CMP #COLOR1 ; IS IT
COLOR #1?. BNE N1 ; NO, TRY NEX
T COLOR. LDA #COLOR2 ; YES, LOAD NEW
COLOR. JMP PCOLOR ; JUMP TO PUT CO
LOR.N1: CMP #XX ; IS IT COLOR #XX?.
. EACH COLOR BYTE (ALL 256 OF THEM!).
WOULD REQUIRE 10 BYTES OF CODE... NOW
THE FUN STUFF BEGINS. LET'S.IMAGINE TH
AT WE HAVE A STATE TABLE.CONSISTING OF 2
56 COLOR BYTES. LET'S.TAKE OUR FIRST CO
LOR BYTE RED/WHITE --.33 ($21), AND USE
IT AS AN INDEX INTO.OUR STATE TABLE. WE
WANT TO CHANGE.THE STATE OF OUR COLOR B
YTE FROM 33.TO 71. THIS MEANS THAT POSI
TION #33.OF OUR STATE TABLE MUST HOLD A
71... OUR COLOR BYTE NOW HOLDS PURPLE
/.YELLOW BYTE. NEXT WE WANT TO CHANGE.T
O LIGHT GRAY/DARK GRAY AS MENTIONED.ABOV
E. NUMERICALLY SPEAKING, 71.($47) TO 25
1 ($FB)... THIS MEANS THAT POSITION #
71 OF.OUR STATE TABLE MUST HOLD A VALUE
OF.251. HERE IS A PART OF THE CODE --..
LDX #0 ; INIT INDEX..LOO
P: LDY COLORMEM,X ; GET OLD COLOR.
; BYTE.. LDA ST
ATETABLE,Y ; USE AS INDEX.
; INTO STATES.. STA COLOR
MEM,X ; STORE NEW.
; COLOR VALUE.. INX
; LOOP BACK 256. BNE LOOP
; TIMES... THAT SIMPLE LITTLE LOOP
WILL.REPLACE 256 BYTES OF COLOR MEMORY.W
ITH NEW VALUES FROM OUR STATE TABLE...
IF CHANGING COLORS ISN'T YOUR.THING, T
HEN DON'T WORRY. THIS SIMPLE.TECHNIQUE
CAN BE USED FOR ALL KINDS.OF DATA HANDLI
NG. ADVENTURE GAMES.OFTEN USE STATE TAB
LES TO INDICATE.WHERE YOU WILL GO WHEN Y
OU LEAVE A.ROOM IN A PARTICULAR DIRECTIO
N... OR SUPPOSE THAT YOU WANTED TO MA
KE.A MIRROR IMAGE (FOR WHATEVER REASON).
OF A HI-RES SCREEN. KEEP IN MIND THAT.A
HI-RES SCREEN IS MADE UP OF 8000.BYTES.
WE NEED TO DO IT FAST... MOST PEOPL
E WOULD DO IT BY USING A.LITTLE ROTATE L
OOP FOR EVERY BYTE --.. LDA DATA ;
GET BYTE TO 'MIRROR'. STA TEMP ; PU
T IN Z-PAGE BUFFER. LDX #8 ; INIT
COUNT REGISTER..LOOP: ROL TEMP ; ROTATE
BUFFER LEFT. ROR A ; ROTATE ACC
RIGHT.. DEX ; LOOP BACK 8 TIM
ES. BNE LOOP ;.. STA DATA ; ST
ORE MIRRORED BYTE.. A SEQUENCE OF 8 R
OL/ROR PAIRS.INSTEAD OF THE LOOP, WOULD
SPEED.THINGS UP. BUT IT STILL WOULDN'T
BE.AS FAST AS STATE TABLE SUBSTITUTION..
. WHILE THE ABOVE LOOP WOULD HAVE.TO
BE PERFORMED 8000 TIMES, THE.FOLLOWING L
OOP WOULD ONLY NEED 32.ITERATIONS...
LDX #0 ; INIT INDEX REGISTER..LOOP:
LDY SCREEN,X ; PERFORM THE. LDA TAB
LE,Y ; ACTUAL. STA SCREEN,X ; SU
BSTITUTION.. INX ; LOOP BACK 2
56 TIMES. BNE LOOP ;.. THE SPEED
UP IS DUE TO THE FACT.THAT THE STATE TAB
LE WOULD ALREADY.CONTAIN THE 256 ROTATED
BYTES.... DON'T LET MY LITTLE EXAMPL
ES.LIMIT YOUR CREATIVITY. TAKE THE.CONC
EPT OF STATE TABLES AND RUN WITH.IT...
AFTER YOU'VE TAKEN THE TIME TO.CREATE
A STATE TABLE, THEY CAN BE.INCREDIBLE TI
ME AND SPACE SAVERS...
SR.. **** END OF
TEXT ****.
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