T.BYTES
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): T.BYTES
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 7.1K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 18:12:18
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
448645b3fbf6e34a699efae0ae603cc0a9e68078108773d3ea5875c9b92f57ac
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOADSTAR 55 S 1 | T.BYTES | PRG | Sailor, Ganheden | 12 | 0 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
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(.IDEO | 000000B0: C9 4E 54 45 52 46 41 43 45 0D C3 48 49 50 29 20 |.NTERFACE..HIP) | 000000C0: 43 4F 4E 54 52 4F 4C 53 20 45 56 45 52 59 54 48 |CONTROLS EVERYTH| 000000D0: 49 4E 47 20 59 4F 55 20 53 45 45 20 2D 2D 0D 53 |ING YOU SEE --.S| 000000E0: 50 52 49 54 45 53 2C 20 42 49 54 4D 41 50 20 47 |PRITES, BITMAP G| 000000F0: 52 41 50 48 49 43 53 20 41 4E 44 20 54 48 45 20 |RAPHICS AND THE | 00000100: 54 45 58 54 0D 59 4F 55 20 41 52 45 20 52 45 41 |TEXT.YOU ARE REA| 00000110: 44 49 4E 47 20 52 49 47 48 54 20 4E 4F 57 2E 0D |DING RIGHT NOW..| 00000120: 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 50 52 |. .HE ONLY PR| 00000130: 4F 42 4C 45 4D 20 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 |OBLEM IS THAT TH| 00000140: 45 20 D6 C9 C3 0D 43 41 4E 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 41 |E ....CAN ONLY A| 00000150: 43 43 45 53 53 20 31 36 CB 20 4F 46 20 4D 45 4D |CCESS 16. 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CAN SEE. .HE| 00000260: 53 45 20 46 4F 55 52 20 41 52 45 41 53 0D 41 52 |SE FOUR AREAS.AR| 00000270: 45 3A 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 20 2D 20 |E:.. 0 - | 00000280: 31 36 33 38 33 20 28 56 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E |16383 (VIDEO BAN| 00000290: 4B 20 30 29 0D 20 20 20 20 31 36 33 38 34 20 2D |K 0). 16384 -| 000002A0: 20 33 32 37 36 37 20 28 20 20 22 20 20 20 20 22 | 32767 ( " "| 000002B0: 20 20 20 31 29 0D 20 20 20 20 33 32 37 36 38 20 | 1). 32768 | 000002C0: 2D 20 34 39 31 35 31 20 28 20 20 22 20 20 20 20 |- 49151 ( " | 000002D0: 22 20 20 20 32 29 0D 20 20 20 20 34 39 31 35 32 |" 2). 49152| 000002E0: 20 2D 20 36 35 35 33 35 20 28 20 20 22 20 20 20 | - 65535 ( " | 000002F0: 20 22 20 20 20 33 29 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C9 4E 20 | " 3).. .N | 00000300: 4F 52 44 45 52 20 54 4F 20 56 49 45 57 20 53 50 |ORDER TO VIEW SP| 00000310: 52 49 54 45 53 2C 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 0D 4D 45 |RITES, SCREEN.ME| 00000320: 4D 4F 52 59 2C 20 42 49 54 4D 41 50 20 47 52 41 |MORY, BITMAP GRA| 00000330: 50 48 49 43 53 20 41 4E 44 2F 4F 52 0D 52 45 44 |PHICS AND/OR.RED| 00000340: 45 46 49 4E 45 44 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 |EFINED CHARACTER| 00000350: 53 2C 20 54 48 45 59 20 4D 55 53 54 20 42 45 0D |S, THEY MUST BE.| 00000360: 4C 4F 43 41 54 45 44 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 56 |LOCATED IN THE V| 00000370: 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E 4B 20 41 54 20 57 48 49 |IDEO BANK AT WHI| 00000380: 43 48 0D 54 48 45 20 D6 C9 C3 20 49 53 20 4C 4F |CH.THE ... IS LO| 00000390: 4F 4B 49 4E 47 2E 20 20 22 C8 4F 57 20 44 4F 20 |OKING. ".OW DO | 000003A0: 57 45 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 0D 54 48 49 53 20 56 |WE CHANGE.THIS V| 000003B0: 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E 4B 22 2C 20 59 4F 55 20 |IDEO BANK", YOU | 000003C0: 41 53 4B 2E 20 D7 45 4C 4C 2C 20 54 55 52 4E 0D |ASK. .ELL, TURN.| 000003D0: 54 48 45 20 50 41 47 45 20 41 4E 44 20 46 49 4E |THE PAGE AND FIN| 000003E0: 44 20 4F 55 54 2E 2E 2E 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C1 |D OUT...... .| 000003F0: 44 44 52 45 53 53 20 35 36 35 37 36 20 49 53 20 |DDRESS 56576 IS | 00000400: 55 53 45 44 20 46 4F 52 20 4D 41 4E 59 0D 44 49 |USED FOR MANY.DI| 00000410: 46 46 45 52 45 4E 54 20 54 48 49 4E 47 53 2E 20 |FFERENT THINGS. | 00000420: 20 C2 49 54 53 20 30 20 41 4E 44 20 31 20 41 52 | .ITS 0 AND 1 AR| 00000430: 45 0D 55 53 45 44 20 54 4F 20 53 57 49 54 43 48 |E.USED TO SWITCH| 00000440: 20 42 45 54 57 45 45 4E 20 56 49 44 45 4F 20 42 | BETWEEN VIDEO B| 00000450: 41 4E 4B 53 2E 0D D4 48 45 20 4F 54 48 45 52 20 |ANKS...HE OTHER | 00000460: 42 49 54 53 20 28 32 2D 37 29 20 41 52 45 20 4F |BITS (2-7) ARE O| 00000470: 46 20 4E 4F 20 55 53 45 20 54 4F 0D 55 53 20 41 |F NO USE TO.US A| 00000480: 54 20 54 48 49 53 20 54 49 4D 45 20 42 55 54 20 |T THIS TIME BUT | 00000490: 53 48 4F 55 4C 44 20 4E 4F 54 20 42 45 0D 41 4C |SHOULD NOT BE.AL| 000004A0: 54 45 52 45 44 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C1 44 44 52 |TERED... .DDR| 000004B0: 45 53 53 20 35 36 35 37 38 20 54 45 4C 4C 53 20 |ESS 56578 TELLS | 000004C0: 57 48 45 54 48 45 52 20 4F 52 0D 4E 4F 54 20 54 |WHETHER OR.NOT T| 000004D0: 48 45 20 53 50 45 43 49 46 49 43 20 42 49 54 53 |HE SPECIFIC BITS| 000004E0: 20 41 54 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 0D 35 36 35 37 | AT ADDRESS.5657| 000004F0: 36 20 41 52 45 20 42 45 49 4E 47 20 55 53 45 44 |6 ARE BEING USED| 00000500: 20 41 53 20 C9 CE D0 D5 D4 20 4F 52 0D CF D5 D4 | AS ..... OR....| 00000510: D0 D5 D4 20 42 49 54 53 2E 20 20 D3 4F 2C 20 42 |... BITS. .O, B| 00000520: 45 46 4F 52 45 20 43 48 41 4E 47 49 4E 47 0D 56 |EFORE CHANGING.V| 00000530: 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E 4B 53 2C 20 59 4F 55 20 |IDEO BANKS, YOU | 00000540: 4D 55 53 54 20 4D 41 4B 45 20 53 55 52 45 20 54 |MUST MAKE SURE T| 00000550: 48 41 54 0D 42 49 54 53 20 30 20 41 4E 44 20 31 |HAT.BITS 0 AND 1| 00000560: 20 4F 46 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 20 35 36 35 37 | OF ADDRESS 5657| 00000570: 38 20 41 52 45 20 53 45 54 2E 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D |8 ARE SET.......| 00000580: 0D 20 20 20 20 C1 43 54 55 41 4C 4C 59 2C 20 57 |. .CTUALLY, W| 00000590: 48 45 4E 20 54 48 45 20 C3 2D 36 34 20 42 4F 4F |HEN THE .-64 BOO| 000005A0: 54 53 20 55 50 2C 0D 54 48 45 53 45 20 42 49 54 |TS UP,.THESE BIT| 000005B0: 53 20 41 52 45 20 41 55 54 4F 4D 41 54 49 43 41 |S ARE AUTOMATICA| 000005C0: 4C 4C 59 20 53 45 54 2E 0D C9 4E 20 54 48 41 54 |LLY SET...N THAT| 000005D0: 20 43 41 53 45 2C 20 59 4F 55 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 | CASE, YOU WOULD| 000005E0: 4E 27 54 20 48 41 56 45 20 54 4F 0D 53 45 54 20 |N'T HAVE TO.SET | 000005F0: 54 48 45 20 42 49 54 53 20 49 4E 20 41 44 44 52 |THE BITS IN ADDR| 00000600: 45 53 53 20 35 36 35 37 38 2E 0D C8 4F 57 45 56 |ESS 56578...OWEV| 00000610: 45 52 2C 20 49 46 20 59 4F 55 20 57 45 52 45 20 |ER, IF YOU WERE | 00000620: 54 4F 20 54 52 59 20 43 48 41 4E 47 49 4E 47 0D |TO TRY CHANGING.| 00000630: 56 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E 4B 53 20 41 46 54 45 |VIDEO BANKS AFTE| 00000640: 52 20 41 4E 4F 54 48 45 52 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 |R ANOTHER PROGRA| 00000650: 4D 0D 41 4C 54 45 52 45 44 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 |M.ALTERED ADDRES| 00000660: 53 20 35 36 35 37 38 2C 20 54 48 45 20 53 57 49 |S 56578, THE SWI| 00000670: 54 43 48 0D 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 4E 4F 54 20 54 41 |TCH.WOULD NOT TA| 00000680: 4B 45 20 50 4C 41 43 45 21 20 20 C7 45 4E 45 52 |KE PLACE! .ENER| 00000690: 41 4C 4C 59 2C 20 49 54 27 53 0D 55 50 20 54 4F |ALLY, IT'S.UP TO| 000006A0: 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 45 52 20 | THE PROGRAMMER | 000006B0: 54 4F 20 44 45 43 49 44 45 20 57 48 45 54 48 45 |TO DECIDE WHETHE| 000006C0: 52 0D 4F 52 20 4E 4F 54 20 54 4F 20 53 45 54 20 |R.OR NOT TO SET | 000006D0: 54 48 45 20 42 49 54 53 20 49 4E 20 35 36 35 37 |THE BITS IN 5657| 000006E0: 38 0D 42 45 46 4F 52 45 20 53 57 49 54 43 48 49 |8.BEFORE SWITCHI| 000006F0: 4E 47 20 56 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E 4B 53 2E 0D |NG VIDEO BANKS..| 00000700: 0D 20 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 35 36 35 37 36 2C 28 D0 |. .... 56576,(.| 00000710: C5 C5 CB 28 35 36 35 37 36 29 C1 CE C4 32 35 32 |...(56576)...252| 00000720: 29 CF D2 20 C1 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 41 |).. ... .HE A| 00000730: 42 4F 56 45 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 53 48 4F 55 4C 44 |BOVE .... SHOULD| 00000740: 20 42 45 20 55 53 45 44 20 54 4F 0D 53 57 49 54 | BE USED TO.SWIT| 00000750: 43 48 20 56 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E 4B 53 2C 20 |CH VIDEO BANKS, | 00000760: 57 48 45 52 45 20 C1 20 49 53 20 41 20 56 41 4C |WHERE . IS A VAL| 00000770: 55 45 0D 42 45 54 57 45 45 4E 20 30 20 41 4E 44 |UE.BETWEEN 0 AND| 00000780: 20 33 2E 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 46 4F | 3.... .HE FO| 00000790: 4C 4C 4F 57 49 4E 47 20 54 41 42 4C 45 20 53 48 |LLOWING TABLE SH| 000007A0: 4F 57 53 20 45 41 43 48 0D 56 41 4C 55 45 20 4F |OWS EACH.VALUE O| 000007B0: 46 20 C1 20 41 4E 44 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 31 36 |F . AND WHICH 16| 000007C0: CB 20 41 52 45 41 20 49 54 20 57 49 4C 4C 0D 50 |. AREA IT WILL.P| 000007D0: 4F 49 4E 54 20 54 4F 3A 0D 0D 20 20 30 20 2D 2D |OINT TO:.. 0 --| 000007E0: 3E 20 D6 49 44 45 4F 20 C2 41 4E 4B 20 33 20 28 |> .IDEO .ANK 3 (| 000007F0: 34 39 31 35 32 20 2D 20 36 35 35 33 35 29 0D 20 |49152 - 65535). | 00000800: 20 31 20 2D 2D 3E 20 D6 49 44 45 4F 20 C2 41 4E | 1 --> .IDEO .AN| 00000810: 4B 20 32 20 28 33 32 37 36 38 20 2D 20 34 39 31 |K 2 (32768 - 491| 00000820: 35 31 29 0D 20 20 32 20 2D 2D 3E 20 D6 49 44 45 |51). 2 --> .IDE| 00000830: 4F 20 C2 41 4E 4B 20 31 20 28 31 36 33 38 34 20 |O .ANK 1 (16384 | 00000840: 2D 20 33 32 37 36 37 29 0D 20 20 33 20 2D 2D 3E |- 32767). 3 -->| 00000850: 20 D6 49 44 45 4F 20 C2 41 4E 4B 20 30 20 28 20 | .IDEO .ANK 0 ( | 00000860: 20 20 20 30 20 2D 20 31 36 33 38 33 29 0D 0D 20 | 0 - 16383).. | 00000870: 20 20 20 C1 4E 20 45 41 53 59 20 57 41 59 20 54 | .N EASY WAY T| 00000880: 4F 20 46 49 47 55 52 45 20 4F 55 54 20 57 48 49 |O FIGURE OUT WHI| 00000890: 43 48 0D 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 53 48 4F 55 4C 44 |CH.NUMBER SHOULD| 000008A0: 20 42 45 20 CF D2 45 44 20 57 49 54 48 20 35 36 | BE ..ED WITH 56| 000008B0: 35 37 36 20 49 53 0D 54 4F 20 53 55 42 54 52 41 |576 IS.TO SUBTRA| 000008C0: 43 54 20 54 48 45 20 56 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E |CT THE VIDEO BAN| 000008D0: 4B 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 0D 46 52 4F 4D 20 33 2E |K NUMBER.FROM 3.| 000008E0: 20 20 D3 4F 20 54 4F 20 53 57 49 54 43 48 20 54 | .O TO SWITCH T| 000008F0: 4F 20 56 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E 4B 0D 32 2C 20 |O VIDEO BANK.2, | 00000900: 59 4F 55 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 CF D2 20 41 44 44 |YOU WOULD .. ADD| 00000910: 52 45 53 53 20 35 36 35 37 36 20 57 49 54 48 20 |RESS 56576 WITH | 00000920: 31 2C 0D 53 49 4E 43 45 20 33 20 2D 20 32 20 3D |1,.SINCE 3 - 2 =| 00000930: 20 31 2E 0D 0D 20 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 35 36 35 37 | 1... .... 5657| 00000940: 36 2C 28 D0 C5 C5 CB 28 35 36 35 37 36 29 C1 CE |6,(....(56576)..| 00000950: C4 32 35 32 29 CF D2 31 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C9 |.252)..1... .| 00000960: 4E 20 43 41 53 45 20 C3 2D 36 34 20 4D 45 4D 4F |N CASE .-64 MEMO| 00000970: 52 59 20 49 53 20 4E 45 57 20 54 4F 20 59 4F 55 |RY IS NEW TO YOU| 00000980: 2C 0D 41 20 51 55 49 43 4B 20 45 58 50 4C 41 4E |,.A QUICK EXPLAN| 00000990: 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 49 53 20 49 4E 20 4F 52 44 45 |ATION IS IN ORDE| 000009A0: 52 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 0D C3 2D 36 34 20 43 4F 4E |R. .HE..-64 CON| 000009B0: 54 41 49 4E 53 20 36 34 CB 20 4F 46 20 53 54 52 |TAINS 64. OF STR| 000009C0: 41 49 47 48 54 20 D2 C1 CD 2E 0D C8 4F 57 45 56 |AIGHT ......OWEV| 000009D0: 45 52 2C 20 54 57 4F 20 38 CB 20 50 41 52 54 53 |ER, TWO 8. PARTS| 000009E0: 20 4F 46 20 54 48 49 53 20 D2 C1 CD 20 28 41 54 | OF THIS ... (AT| 000009F0: 0D 34 30 39 36 30 20 41 4E 44 20 35 37 33 34 34 |.40960 AND 57344| 00000A00: 29 20 41 52 45 20 4F 56 45 52 4C 41 49 44 20 42 |) ARE OVERLAID B| 00000A10: 59 0D C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 41 4E 44 20 CB C5 D2 CE |Y...... AND ....| 00000A20: C1 CC 20 D2 CF CD 2E 20 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 D2 |.. .... ..... .| 00000A30: CF CD 0D 43 4F 4E 54 52 4F 4C 53 20 54 48 45 20 |...CONTROLS THE | 00000A40: C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 49 4E 54 45 52 50 52 45 54 45 |..... INTERPRETE| 00000A50: 52 2C 20 57 48 49 4C 45 0D CB C5 D2 CE C1 CC 20 |R, WHILE....... | 00000A60: D2 CF CD 20 43 4F 4E 54 52 4F 4C 53 20 41 4C 4C |... CONTROLS ALL| 00000A70: 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 36 34 27 53 0D 49 4E 50 | OF THE 64'S.INP| 00000A80: 55 54 2F 4F 55 54 50 55 54 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 |UT/OUTPUT... | 00000A90: D4 48 45 20 46 49 52 53 54 20 50 41 52 54 20 4F |.HE FIRST PART O| 00000AA0: 46 20 54 48 45 20 4E 45 58 54 20 50 41 47 45 0D |F THE NEXT PAGE.| 00000AB0: 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E 53 20 41 20 50 41 52 54 49 |CONTAINS A PARTI| 00000AC0: 41 4C 20 C3 2D 36 34 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 4D |AL .-64 MEMORY M| 00000AD0: 41 50 0D 53 48 4F 57 49 4E 47 20 D2 C1 CD 20 46 |AP.SHOWING ... F| 00000AE0: 52 4F 4D 20 34 30 39 36 30 20 2D 20 36 35 35 33 |ROM 40960 - 6553| 00000AF0: 35 2E 0D C1 4C 53 4F 20 53 48 4F 57 4E 20 41 52 |5...LSO SHOWN AR| 00000B00: 45 20 54 48 45 20 54 57 4F 20 D2 CF CD 53 20 54 |E THE TWO ...S T| 00000B10: 48 41 54 0D 4F 56 45 52 4C 41 59 20 50 41 52 54 |HAT.OVERLAY PART| 00000B20: 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 D2 C1 CD 2E 0D 0D 0D 0D | OF THE ........| 00000B30: 0D 20 20 2D 20 38 CB 20 20 2D 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. - 8. - | 00000B40: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2D 20 | - | 00000B50: 38 CB 20 2D 0D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |8. -.-----------| 00000B60: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2D | -| 00000B70: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 0D 21 20 20 C2 |-----------.! .| 00000B80: C1 D3 C9 C3 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.... ! | 00000B90: 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 CB C5 D2 CE C1 CC 20 | ! ...... | 00000BA0: 20 21 0D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D | !.-------------| 00000BB0: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |----------------| 00000BC0: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 0D 20 20 D4 48 49 53 |---------. .HIS| 00000BD0: 20 41 52 45 41 20 49 53 20 36 34 CB 20 4F 46 20 | AREA IS 64. OF | 00000BE0: 43 4F 4E 54 49 4E 55 4F 55 53 20 D2 C1 CD 20 21 |CONTINUOUS ... !| 00000BF0: 0D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |.---------------| 00000C00: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |----------------| 00000C10: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 0D 5E 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |-------.^ | 00000C20: 20 20 5E 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | ^ | 00000C30: 20 20 5E 0D 34 30 39 36 30 20 20 20 20 20 34 39 | ^.40960 49| 00000C40: 31 35 31 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 35 37 |151 57| 00000C50: 33 34 34 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C1 53 20 54 48 45 20 |344.. .S THE | 00000C60: 4D 41 50 20 41 42 4F 56 45 20 53 48 4F 57 53 2C |MAP ABOVE SHOWS,| 00000C70: 20 54 48 45 20 D2 CF CD 0D 44 4F 45 53 4E 27 54 | THE ....DOESN'T| 00000C80: 20 55 53 45 2D 55 50 20 41 4E 59 20 41 56 41 49 | USE-UP ANY AVAI| 00000C90: 4C 41 42 4C 45 20 D2 C1 CD 2C 20 49 54 0D 4A 55 |LABLE ..., IT.JU| 00000CA0: 53 54 20 4F 56 45 52 4C 41 59 53 20 50 41 52 54 |ST OVERLAYS PART| 00000CB0: 53 20 4F 46 20 49 54 2E 20 20 C2 55 54 20 57 48 |S OF IT. .UT WH| 00000CC0: 45 4E 0D 54 48 45 20 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 45 52 20 |EN.THE COMPUTER | 00000CD0: 4C 4F 4F 4B 53 20 41 54 20 54 48 49 53 20 41 52 |LOOKS AT THIS AR| 00000CE0: 45 41 2C 20 49 54 0D 22 53 45 45 53 22 20 54 48 |EA, IT."SEES" TH| 00000CF0: 45 20 D2 CF CD 20 49 4E 53 54 45 41 44 20 4F 46 |E ... INSTEAD OF| 00000D00: 20 54 48 45 20 D2 C1 CD 3B 0D 4D 41 4B 49 4E 47 | THE ...;.MAKING| 00000D10: 20 54 48 45 20 D2 C1 CD 20 53 45 45 4D 20 4E 4F | THE ... SEEM NO| 00000D20: 4E 2D 45 58 49 53 54 45 4E 54 2E 20 20 D3 4F 2C |N-EXISTENT. .O,| 00000D30: 0D 57 48 45 4E 20 54 48 49 53 20 41 52 45 41 20 |.WHEN THIS AREA | 00000D40: 49 53 20 D0 C5 C5 CB 45 44 2C 20 54 48 45 20 D2 |IS ....ED, THE .| 00000D50: CF CD 0D 43 4F 4D 45 53 20 54 48 52 4F 55 47 48 |...COMES THROUGH| 00000D60: 3B 20 42 55 54 2C 20 57 48 45 4E 20 D0 CF CB C5 |; BUT, WHEN ....| 00000D70: 44 2C 20 54 48 45 0D 56 41 4C 55 45 20 46 41 4C |D, THE.VALUE FAL| 00000D80: 4C 53 20 54 48 52 4F 55 47 48 20 54 4F 20 54 48 |LS THROUGH TO TH| 00000D90: 45 20 D2 C1 CD 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 CE 4F 57 2C |E ...... .OW,| 00000DA0: 20 57 45 20 4B 4E 4F 57 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 | WE KNOW THAT TH| 00000DB0: 45 20 D6 C9 C3 20 4C 4F 4F 4B 53 0D 41 54 20 4D |E ... LOOKS.AT M| 00000DC0: 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 54 4F 20 47 45 54 20 53 43 52 |EMORY TO GET SCR| 00000DD0: 45 45 4E 2C 20 42 49 54 4D 41 50 2C 0D 53 50 52 |EEN, BITMAP,.SPR| 00000DE0: 49 54 45 20 41 4E 44 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 |ITE AND CHARACTE| 00000DF0: 52 20 44 41 54 41 2E 20 20 D7 45 4C 4C 2C 20 4F |R DATA. .ELL, O| 00000E00: 4E 45 0D 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 47 52 45 41 54 20 |NE.OF THE GREAT | 00000E10: 54 48 49 4E 47 53 20 41 42 4F 55 54 20 54 48 49 |THINGS ABOUT THI| 00000E20: 53 20 49 53 0D 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 D6 C9 |S IS.THAT THE ..| 00000E30: C3 20 49 47 4E 4F 52 45 53 20 54 48 45 20 D2 CF |. IGNORES THE ..| 00000E40: CD 53 20 57 48 45 4E 0D 4C 4F 4F 4B 49 4E 47 20 |.S WHEN.LOOKING | 00000E50: 46 4F 52 20 56 49 44 45 4F 20 44 41 54 41 2E 20 |FOR VIDEO DATA. | 00000E60: 20 D4 48 49 53 20 4D 45 41 4E 53 0D 54 48 41 54 | .HIS MEANS.THAT| 00000E70: 20 41 4E 59 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 56 49 44 45 | ANY OF THE VIDE| 00000E80: 4F 20 44 41 54 41 20 4C 49 53 54 45 44 0D 41 42 |O DATA LISTED.AB| 00000E90: 4F 56 45 20 28 45 58 43 45 50 54 20 53 43 52 45 |OVE (EXCEPT SCRE| 00000EA0: 45 4E 20 44 41 54 41 29 20 43 41 4E 20 42 45 0D |EN DATA) CAN BE.| 00000EB0: 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 55 4E 44 45 52 20 54 48 45 |STORED UNDER THE| 00000EC0: 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 41 4E 44 20 CB C5 D2 CE C1 | ..... AND .....| 00000ED0: CC 0D D2 CF CD D3 2E 20 20 D4 48 49 53 20 45 58 |....... .HIS EX| 00000EE0: 54 52 41 20 31 36 CB 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 49 |TRA 16. MEMORY I| 00000EF0: 53 20 54 48 45 0D 4D 41 49 4E 20 52 45 41 53 4F |S THE.MAIN REASO| 00000F00: 4E 20 54 4F 20 55 53 45 20 56 49 44 45 4F 20 42 |N TO USE VIDEO B| 00000F10: 41 4E 4B 0D 53 57 49 54 43 48 49 4E 47 2E 0D 0D |ANK.SWITCHING...| 00000F20: 20 20 20 20 C4 55 45 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 57 | .UE TO THE W| 00000F30: 41 59 20 54 48 41 54 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 0D 45 56 |AY THAT ......EV| 00000F40: 41 4C 55 41 54 45 53 20 44 41 54 41 20 57 48 45 |ALUATES DATA WHE| 00000F50: 4E 20 59 4F 55 20 50 52 45 53 53 20 D2 C5 D4 D5 |N YOU PRESS ....| 00000F60: D2 CE 0D 4F 4E 20 41 20 4C 49 4E 45 2C 20 53 43 |...ON A LINE, SC| 00000F70: 52 45 45 4E 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 C3 C1 CE CE |REEN MEMORY ....| 00000F80: CF D4 20 42 45 0D 50 55 54 20 55 4E 44 45 52 20 |.. BE.PUT UNDER | 00000F90: C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 41 4E 44 20 CB C5 D2 CE C1 CC |..... AND ......| 00000FA0: 20 D2 CF CD 53 21 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C1 4E 59 | ...S!... .NY| 00000FB0: 54 49 4D 45 20 59 4F 55 20 53 57 49 54 43 48 20 |TIME YOU SWITCH | 00000FC0: 56 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E 4B 53 2C 0D 59 4F 55 |VIDEO BANKS,.YOU| 00000FD0: 20 4D 55 53 54 20 48 41 56 45 20 41 20 53 43 52 | MUST HAVE A SCR| 00000FE0: 45 45 4E 2C 20 46 4F 4E 54 2C 20 42 49 54 4D 41 |EEN, FONT, BITMA| 00000FF0: 50 0D 41 4E 44 2F 4F 52 20 41 20 53 50 52 49 54 |P.AND/OR A SPRIT| 00001000: 45 20 41 52 45 41 20 53 45 54 20 55 50 20 49 4E |E AREA SET UP IN| 00001010: 20 54 48 45 0D 4E 45 57 20 56 49 44 45 4F 20 42 | THE.NEW VIDEO B| 00001020: 41 4E 4B 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 4C 4F |ANK... .HE LO| 00001030: 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F 46 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E |CATION OF SCREEN| 00001040: 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 49 53 0D 43 4F 4E 54 52 | MEMORY IS.CONTR| 00001050: 4F 4C 4C 45 44 20 42 59 20 54 48 45 20 55 50 50 |OLLED BY THE UPP| 00001060: 45 52 20 34 20 42 49 54 53 20 4F 46 0D 41 44 44 |ER 4 BITS OF.ADD| 00001070: 52 45 53 53 20 35 33 32 37 32 2E 20 20 C1 53 20 |RESS 53272. .S | 00001080: 59 4F 55 20 4B 4E 4F 57 2C 20 54 48 45 0D 44 45 |YOU KNOW, THE.DE| 00001090: 46 41 55 4C 54 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 4C 4F 43 |FAULT SCREEN LOC| 000010A0: 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 49 53 20 31 30 32 34 2E 0D 0D |ATION IS 1024...| 000010B0: 20 20 20 20 C2 45 46 4F 52 45 20 43 48 41 4E 47 | .EFORE CHANG| 000010C0: 49 4E 47 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 53 2C 20 59 4F 55 |ING SCREENS, YOU| 000010D0: 20 4E 45 45 44 0D 54 4F 20 46 49 4E 44 20 41 20 | NEED.TO FIND A | 000010E0: 4C 4F 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 46 4F 52 20 49 54 2E |LOCATION FOR IT.| 000010F0: 20 20 D4 48 45 0D 53 54 41 52 54 49 4E 47 20 4C | .HE.STARTING L| 00001100: 4F 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F 46 20 59 4F 55 52 20 |OCATION OF YOUR | 00001110: 53 43 52 45 45 4E 0D 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 CD D5 |SCREEN.MEMORY ..| 00001120: D3 D4 20 42 45 20 41 20 4D 55 4C 54 49 50 4C 45 |.. BE A MULTIPLE| 00001130: 20 4F 46 20 31 30 32 34 20 2D 2D 0D 54 48 41 54 | OF 1024 --.THAT| 00001140: 20 49 53 2C 20 30 2C 20 31 30 32 34 2C 20 32 30 | IS, 0, 1024, 20| 00001150: 34 38 2C 20 33 30 37 32 2C 20 45 54 43 2E 2E 2E |48, 3072, ETC...| 00001160: 0D C2 45 43 41 55 53 45 20 4F 46 20 C9 2F CF 20 |..ECAUSE OF ./. | 00001170: 41 4E 44 20 CB C5 D2 CE C1 CC 20 D2 CF CD 2C 20 |AND ...... ..., | 00001180: 35 32 32 32 34 0D 49 53 20 54 48 45 20 48 49 47 |52224.IS THE HIG| 00001190: 48 45 53 54 20 50 4F 53 53 49 42 4C 45 20 53 43 |HEST POSSIBLE SC| 000011A0: 52 45 45 4E 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 0D 4C 4F 43 41 |REEN MEMORY.LOCA| 000011B0: 54 49 4F 4E 20 41 56 41 49 4C 41 42 4C 45 2E 0D |TION AVAILABLE..| 000011C0: 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 4F 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 54 |. .O CHANGE T| 000011D0: 48 45 20 4C 4F 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F 46 20 54 |HE LOCATION OF T| 000011E0: 48 45 0D 53 43 52 45 45 4E 2C 20 44 4F 20 54 48 |HE.SCREEN, DO TH| 000011F0: 45 20 46 4F 4C 4C 4F 57 49 4E 47 3A 0D 0D 28 31 |E FOLLOWING:..(1| 00001200: 29 20 C6 49 4E 44 20 54 48 45 20 56 49 44 45 4F |) .IND THE VIDEO| 00001210: 20 42 41 4E 4B 20 52 41 4E 47 45 20 54 48 41 54 | BANK RANGE THAT| 00001220: 0D 20 20 20 20 43 4F 52 52 45 53 50 4F 4E 44 53 |. CORRESPONDS| 00001230: 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 4C 4F 43 41 54 49 4F 4E | TO THE LOCATION| 00001240: 20 4F 46 0D 20 20 20 20 59 4F 55 52 20 53 43 52 | OF. YOUR SCR| 00001250: 45 45 4E 2E 0D 0D 28 32 29 20 D3 55 42 54 52 41 |EEN...(2) .UBTRA| 00001260: 43 54 20 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 52 54 49 4E 47 20 |CT THE STARTING | 00001270: 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 20 4F 46 0D 20 20 20 20 54 |ADDRESS OF. T| 00001280: 48 45 20 42 41 4E 4B 20 59 4F 55 20 4A 55 53 54 |HE BANK YOU JUST| 00001290: 20 46 4F 55 4E 44 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 54 48 45 0D | FOUND FROM THE.| 000012A0: 20 20 20 20 53 54 41 52 54 49 4E 47 20 41 44 44 | STARTING ADD| 000012B0: 52 45 53 53 20 4F 46 20 59 4F 55 52 20 53 43 52 |RESS OF YOUR SCR| 000012C0: 45 45 4E 0D 20 20 20 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 2E 0D |EEN. MEMORY..| 000012D0: 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 |. .HE NUMBER | 000012E0: 59 4F 55 20 4E 4F 57 20 48 41 56 45 20 49 53 20 |YOU NOW HAVE IS | 000012F0: 41 4E 0D 4F 46 46 53 45 54 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 54 |AN.OFFSET FROM T| 00001300: 48 45 20 53 54 41 52 54 49 4E 47 20 41 44 44 52 |HE STARTING ADDR| 00001310: 45 53 53 20 4F 46 0D 54 48 45 20 56 49 44 45 4F |ESS OF.THE VIDEO| 00001320: 20 42 41 4E 4B 2E 20 20 CE 4F 57 2C 20 53 49 4D | BANK. .OW, SIM| 00001330: 50 4C 59 20 4C 4F 4F 4B 20 41 54 0D 54 48 45 20 |PLY LOOK AT.THE | 00001340: 54 41 42 4C 45 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 4E 45 58 |TABLE ON THE NEX| 00001350: 54 20 50 41 47 45 20 41 4E 44 20 47 45 54 0D 54 |T PAGE AND GET.T| 00001360: 48 45 20 56 41 4C 55 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 43 4F |HE VALUE THAT CO| 00001370: 52 52 45 53 50 4F 4E 44 53 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 |RRESPONDS TO THE| 00001380: 0D 4F 46 46 53 45 54 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 43 |.OFFSET NUMBER C| 00001390: 41 4C 43 55 4C 41 54 45 44 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 |ALCULATED... | 000013A0: D3 43 52 45 45 4E 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 4F 46 |.CREEN MEMORY OF| 000013B0: 46 53 45 54 20 54 41 42 4C 45 3A 0D 0D 20 20 CF |FSET TABLE:.. .| 000013C0: C6 C6 D3 C5 D4 20 20 20 D6 C1 CC D5 C5 20 20 20 |..... ..... | 000013D0: 21 20 CF C6 C6 D3 C5 D4 20 20 20 D6 C1 CC D5 C5 |! ...... .....| 000013E0: 0D 20 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |. --------------| 000013F0: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |----------------| 00001400: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 |-----. 0 | 00001410: 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 38 31 39 32 | 0 ! 8192| 00001420: 20 20 20 20 20 31 32 38 0D 20 20 20 31 30 32 34 | 128. 1024| 00001430: 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 36 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 39 | 16 ! 9| 00001440: 32 31 36 20 20 20 20 20 31 34 34 0D 20 20 20 32 |216 144. 2| 00001450: 30 34 38 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 32 20 20 20 20 21 |048 32 !| 00001460: 20 31 30 32 34 30 20 20 20 20 20 31 36 30 0D 20 | 10240 160. | 00001470: 20 20 33 30 37 32 20 20 20 20 20 20 34 38 20 20 | 3072 48 | 00001480: 20 20 21 20 31 31 32 36 34 20 20 20 20 20 31 37 | ! 11264 17| 00001490: 36 0D 20 20 20 34 30 39 36 20 20 20 20 20 20 36 |6. 4096 6| 000014A0: 34 20 20 20 20 21 20 31 32 32 38 38 20 20 20 20 |4 ! 12288 | 000014B0: 20 31 39 32 0D 20 20 20 35 31 32 30 20 20 20 20 | 192. 5120 | 000014C0: 20 20 38 30 20 20 20 20 21 20 31 33 33 31 32 20 | 80 ! 13312 | 000014D0: 20 20 20 20 32 30 38 0D 20 20 20 36 31 34 34 20 | 208. 6144 | 000014E0: 20 20 20 20 20 39 36 20 20 20 20 21 20 31 34 33 | 96 ! 143| 000014F0: 33 36 20 20 20 20 20 32 32 34 0D 20 20 20 37 31 |36 224. 71| 00001500: 36 38 20 20 20 20 20 31 31 32 20 20 20 20 21 20 |68 112 ! | 00001510: 31 35 33 36 30 20 20 20 20 20 32 34 30 0D 0D 20 |15360 240.. | 00001520: 20 20 20 C6 49 4E 41 4C 4C 59 2C 20 54 41 4B 45 | .INALLY, TAKE| 00001530: 20 54 48 45 20 56 41 4C 55 45 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 | THE VALUE FROM | 00001540: 54 48 45 0D 54 41 42 4C 45 20 41 42 4F 56 45 20 |THE.TABLE ABOVE | 00001550: 41 4E 44 20 52 45 50 4C 41 43 45 20 22 D6 C1 CC |AND REPLACE "...| 00001560: D5 C5 22 20 57 49 54 48 0D 49 54 20 49 4E 20 54 |.." WITH.IT IN T| 00001570: 48 45 20 46 4F 4C 4C 4F 57 49 4E 47 3A 0D 0D D0 |HE FOLLOWING:...| 00001580: CF CB C5 20 35 33 32 37 32 2C 28 D0 C5 C5 CB 28 |... 53272,(....(| 00001590: 35 33 32 37 32 29 C1 CE C4 31 35 29 CF D2 20 D6 |53272)...15).. .| 000015A0: C1 CC D5 C5 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C1 4C 53 4F 2C 20 |...... .LSO, | 000015B0: 52 45 4D 45 4D 42 45 52 20 54 4F 20 D0 CF CB C5 |REMEMBER TO ....| 000015C0: 20 36 34 38 20 57 49 54 48 0D 54 48 45 20 50 41 | 648 WITH.THE PA| 000015D0: 47 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 |GE NUMBER OF THE| 000015E0: 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 0D 4C 4F 43 41 54 49 4F 4E | SCREEN.LOCATION| 000015F0: 2E 20 20 D7 48 45 4E 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 4D |. .HEN SCREEN M| 00001600: 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 49 53 20 4D 4F 56 45 44 0D 54 |EMORY IS MOVED.T| 00001610: 48 45 20 53 50 52 49 54 45 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 45 |HE SPRITE POINTE| 00001620: 52 53 20 4D 4F 56 45 2C 20 54 4F 4F 2E 20 20 D4 |RS MOVE, TOO. .| 00001630: 48 45 0D 53 50 52 49 54 45 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 45 |HE.SPRITE POINTE| 00001640: 52 53 20 C1 CC D7 C1 D9 D3 20 53 54 41 52 54 20 |RS ...... START | 00001650: 31 30 31 36 0D 42 59 54 45 53 20 50 41 53 54 20 |1016.BYTES PAST | 00001660: 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 2E 20 20 |SCREEN MEMORY. | 00001670: C9 46 20 54 48 45 0D 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 49 53 |.F THE.SCREEN IS| 00001680: 20 41 54 20 35 32 32 32 34 2C 20 53 50 52 49 54 | AT 52224, SPRIT| 00001690: 45 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 45 52 53 0D 53 54 41 52 54 |E POINTERS.START| 000016A0: 20 41 54 20 35 33 32 34 30 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 | AT 53240... | 000016B0: D4 48 45 20 4C 4F 57 45 52 20 46 4F 55 52 20 42 |.HE LOWER FOUR B| 000016C0: 49 54 53 20 4F 46 20 35 33 32 37 32 20 41 52 45 |ITS OF 53272 ARE| 000016D0: 0D 55 53 45 44 20 54 4F 20 53 45 54 20 54 48 45 |.USED TO SET THE| 000016E0: 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 20 4F 46 20 43 48 41 52 | ADDRESS OF CHAR| 000016F0: 41 43 54 45 52 0D 44 41 54 41 2E 20 20 D4 4F 20 |ACTER.DATA. .O | 00001700: 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 54 48 45 20 41 44 44 52 45 |CHANGE THE ADDRE| 00001710: 53 53 20 4F 46 0D 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 20 |SS OF.CHARACTER | 00001720: 44 41 54 41 2C 20 46 4F 4C 4C 4F 57 20 54 48 45 |DATA, FOLLOW THE| 00001730: 20 53 41 4D 45 20 53 54 45 50 53 0D 54 41 4B 45 | SAME STEPS.TAKE| 00001740: 4E 20 54 4F 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 53 43 52 45 |N TO CHANGE SCRE| 00001750: 45 4E 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 2E 20 20 D7 48 45 4E |EN MEMORY. .HEN| 00001760: 0D 44 45 43 49 44 49 4E 47 20 57 48 45 52 45 20 |.DECIDING WHERE | 00001770: 59 4F 55 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 50 4C 41 43 45 20 54 |YOU WILL PLACE T| 00001780: 48 45 0D 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 20 44 41 54 |HE.CHARACTER DAT| 00001790: 41 2C 20 48 4F 57 45 56 45 52 2C 20 54 48 45 20 |A, HOWEVER, THE | 000017A0: 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 0D 4D 55 53 54 20 42 45 20 |ADDRESS.MUST BE | 000017B0: 41 20 4D 55 4C 54 49 50 4C 45 20 4F 46 20 32 30 |A MULTIPLE OF 20| 000017C0: 34 38 2E 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C3 48 41 52 41 43 |48.... .HARAC| 000017D0: 54 45 52 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 4F 46 46 53 45 |TER MEMORY OFFSE| 000017E0: 54 20 54 41 42 4C 45 3A 0D 0D 20 20 CF C6 C6 D3 |T TABLE:.. ....| 000017F0: C5 D4 20 20 20 D6 C1 CC D5 C5 20 20 20 21 20 CF |.. ..... ! .| 00001800: C6 C6 D3 C5 D4 20 20 20 D6 C1 CC D5 C5 0D 20 2D |..... ...... -| 00001810: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |----------------| 00001820: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |----------------| 00001830: 2D 2D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 |--. 0 | 00001840: 30 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 38 31 39 32 20 20 20 |0 ! 8192 | 00001850: 20 20 20 20 38 0D 20 20 20 32 30 34 38 20 20 20 | 8. 2048 | 00001860: 20 20 20 32 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 31 30 32 34 30 | 2 ! 10240| 00001870: 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 30 0D 20 20 20 34 30 39 36 | 10. 4096| 00001880: 20 20 20 20 20 20 34 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 31 32 | 4 ! 12| 00001890: 32 38 38 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 32 0D 20 20 20 36 |288 12. 6| 000018A0: 31 34 34 20 20 20 20 20 20 36 20 20 20 20 20 21 |144 6 !| 000018B0: 20 31 34 33 33 36 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 34 0D 0D | 14336 14..| 000018C0: 20 20 20 20 CE 4F 57 20 54 41 4B 45 20 54 48 45 | .OW TAKE THE| 000018D0: 20 56 41 4C 55 45 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 54 48 45 0D | VALUE FROM THE.| 000018E0: 54 41 42 4C 45 20 41 42 4F 56 45 20 41 4E 44 20 |TABLE ABOVE AND | 000018F0: 52 45 50 4C 41 43 45 20 22 D6 C1 CC D5 C5 22 20 |REPLACE "....." | 00001900: 57 49 54 48 0D 49 54 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 46 |WITH.IT IN THE F| 00001910: 4F 4C 4C 4F 57 49 4E 47 3A 0D 0D D0 CF CB C5 20 |OLLOWING:...... | 00001920: 35 33 32 37 32 2C 28 D0 C5 C5 CB 28 35 33 32 37 |53272,(....(5327| 00001930: 32 29 C1 CE C4 32 34 30 29 CF D2 20 D6 C1 CC D5 |2)...240).. ....| 00001940: C5 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 |... .HE ONLY | 00001950: 44 49 46 46 45 52 45 4E 43 45 20 42 45 54 57 45 |DIFFERENCE BETWE| 00001960: 45 4E 20 54 48 49 53 0D D0 CF CB C5 20 41 4E 44 |EN THIS..... AND| 00001970: 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 45 56 49 4F 55 53 20 49 53 | THE PREVIOUS IS| 00001980: 20 54 48 45 20 22 C1 CE C4 22 0D 56 41 4C 55 45 | THE "...".VALUE| 00001990: 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C2 45 43 41 55 53 45 20 53 |... .ECAUSE S| 000019A0: 43 52 45 45 4E 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 41 4E 44 |CREEN MEMORY AND| 000019B0: 0D 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 20 44 41 54 41 20 |.CHARACTER DATA | 000019C0: 41 52 45 20 53 45 54 20 55 50 20 42 59 20 54 48 |ARE SET UP BY TH| 000019D0: 45 20 53 41 4D 45 0D 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 20 28 |E SAME.ADDRESS (| 000019E0: 35 33 32 37 32 29 2C 20 59 4F 55 20 43 4F 55 4C |53272), YOU COUL| 000019F0: 44 20 43 4F 4D 42 49 4E 45 0D 54 48 45 20 54 57 |D COMBINE.THE TW| 00001A00: 4F 20 D0 CF CB C5 53 20 49 4E 54 4F 20 4F 4E 45 |O ....S INTO ONE| 00001A10: 2E 20 20 D3 55 50 50 4F 53 45 20 57 45 0D 57 41 |. .UPPOSE WE.WA| 00001A20: 4E 54 45 44 20 41 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 41 54 |NTED A SCREEN AT| 00001A30: 20 33 35 38 34 30 20 41 4E 44 20 43 48 41 52 41 | 35840 AND CHARA| 00001A40: 43 54 45 52 0D 44 41 54 41 20 41 54 20 34 30 39 |CTER.DATA AT 409| 00001A50: 36 30 2E 20 20 C2 59 20 4C 4F 4F 4B 49 4E 47 20 |60. .Y LOOKING | 00001A60: 41 54 20 54 48 45 0D 54 41 42 4C 45 53 2C 20 54 |AT THE.TABLES, T| 00001A70: 48 45 20 4F 46 46 53 45 54 20 56 41 4C 55 45 20 |HE OFFSET VALUE | 00001A80: 46 4F 52 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 0D 41 4E 44 20 43 |FOR SCREEN.AND C| 00001A90: 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 20 44 41 54 41 20 49 53 |HARACTER DATA IS| 00001AA0: 20 34 38 20 41 4E 44 20 38 2C 0D 52 45 53 50 45 | 48 AND 8,.RESPE| 00001AB0: 43 54 49 56 45 4C 59 2E 20 20 D9 4F 55 20 43 4F |CTIVELY. .OU CO| 00001AC0: 55 4C 44 20 53 45 54 20 42 4F 54 48 0D 56 41 4C |ULD SET BOTH.VAL| 00001AD0: 55 45 53 20 41 54 20 4F 4E 43 45 20 42 59 20 D0 |UES AT ONCE BY .| 00001AE0: CF CB C5 49 4E 47 20 35 33 32 37 32 20 57 49 54 |...ING 53272 WIT| 00001AF0: 48 0D 34 38 2B 38 20 28 35 36 29 2E 0D 0D 20 20 |H.48+8 (56)... | 00001B00: 20 20 C1 20 34 CB 20 41 52 45 41 20 4F 46 20 56 | . 4. AREA OF V| 00001B10: 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E 4B 53 20 30 20 41 4E 44 |IDEO BANKS 0 AND| 00001B20: 20 32 0D 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 D2 | 2.CONTAIN THE .| 00001B30: CF CD 20 49 4D 41 47 45 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 |.. IMAGE OF THE | 00001B40: 53 54 41 4E 44 41 52 44 0D C3 4F 4D 4D 4F 44 4F |STANDARD..OMMODO| 00001B50: 52 45 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 53 2E 20 20 |RE CHARACTERS. | 00001B60: C2 45 43 41 55 53 45 20 4F 46 0D 54 48 49 53 2C |.ECAUSE OF.THIS,| 00001B70: 20 41 4E 59 20 56 49 44 45 4F 20 44 41 54 41 20 | ANY VIDEO DATA | 00001B80: 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 41 54 20 34 30 39 36 20 2D |STORED AT 4096 -| 00001B90: 0D 38 31 39 31 20 28 56 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E |.8191 (VIDEO BAN| 00001BA0: 4B 20 30 29 20 4F 52 20 33 36 38 36 34 20 2D 20 |K 0) OR 36864 - | 00001BB0: 34 30 39 35 39 0D 28 56 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E |40959.(VIDEO BAN| 00001BC0: 4B 20 32 29 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 4E 4F 54 20 42 45 |K 2) WILL NOT BE| 00001BD0: 20 53 45 45 4E 20 42 59 0D 54 48 45 20 D6 C9 C3 | SEEN BY.THE ...| 00001BE0: 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D7 45 4C 4C 2C 20 54 48 41 |... .ELL, THA| 00001BF0: 54 20 57 52 41 50 53 20 55 50 20 54 48 45 20 49 |T WRAPS UP THE I| 00001C00: 4E 53 20 41 4E 44 0D 4F 55 54 53 20 4F 46 20 56 |NS AND.OUTS OF V| 00001C10: 49 44 45 4F 20 42 41 4E 4B 20 53 57 49 54 43 48 |IDEO BANK SWITCH| 00001C20: 49 4E 47 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 0D C3 4F 4D 4D 4F |ING ON THE..OMMO| 00001C30: 44 4F 52 45 20 36 34 2E 20 20 C5 58 50 45 52 49 |DORE 64. .XPERI| 00001C40: 4D 45 4E 54 49 4E 47 20 49 53 20 54 48 45 0D 42 |MENTING IS THE.B| 00001C50: 45 53 54 20 57 41 59 20 54 4F 20 4C 45 41 52 4E |EST WAY TO LEARN| 00001C60: 2C 20 53 4F 20 47 45 54 20 54 4F 20 49 54 21 0D |, SO GET TO IT!.| 00001C70: 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2A 2A 2A 2A 20 C5 4E |. **** .N| 00001C80: 44 20 CF 46 20 D4 45 58 54 20 2A 2A 2A 2A 0D |D .F .EXT ****. |
..^U:ZERO. BYTES: VIC-II BANK SWITCH
ING.. BY MIKE MAYNARD.. A B
IG PART OF EVERY COMPUTER IS.THE VIDEO O
UTPUT IT PRODUCES. ON THE.COMMODORE 64,
THE VIC (VIDEO INTERFACE.CHIP) CONTROLS
EVERYTHING YOU SEE --.SPRITES, BITMAP G
RAPHICS AND THE TEXT.YOU ARE READING RIG
HT NOW... THE ONLY PROBLEM IS THAT TH
E VIC.CAN ONLY ACCESS 16K OF MEMORY AT A
.TIME. BECAUSE THE C-64 HAS 64K OF.MEMO
RY, THE VIC IS ONLY LOOKING AT.1/4 OF TH
E COMPUTER'S MEMORY AT A.TIME. THIS IS
WHERE VIDEO BANKING.COMES INTO PLAY...
VIDEO BANKING LETS YOU SELECT.WHICH OF
THE FOUR 16K MEMORY AREAS.THE VIC CAN S
EE. THESE FOUR AREAS.ARE:.. 0 -
16383 (VIDEO BANK 0). 16384 - 32767 (
" " 1). 32768 - 49151 ( "
" 2). 49152 - 65535 ( " " 3).
. IN ORDER TO VIEW SPRITES, SCREEN.ME
MORY, BITMAP GRAPHICS AND/OR.REDEFINED C
HARACTERS, THEY MUST BE.LOCATED IN THE V
IDEO BANK AT WHICH.THE VIC IS LOOKING.
"HOW DO WE CHANGE.THIS VIDEO BANK", YOU
ASK. WELL, TURN.THE PAGE AND FIND OUT...
... ADDRESS 56576 IS USED FOR MANY.DI
FFERENT THINGS. BITS 0 AND 1 ARE.USED T
O SWITCH BETWEEN VIDEO BANKS..THE OTHER
BITS (2-7) ARE OF NO USE TO.US AT THIS T
IME BUT SHOULD NOT BE.ALTERED... ADDR
ESS 56578 TELLS WHETHER OR.NOT THE SPECI
FIC BITS AT ADDRESS.56576 ARE BEING USED
AS INPUT OR.OUTPUT BITS. SO, BEFORE CH
ANGING.VIDEO BANKS, YOU MUST MAKE SURE T
HAT.BITS 0 AND 1 OF ADDRESS 56578 ARE SE
T........ ACTUALLY, WHEN THE C-64 BOO
TS UP,.THESE BITS ARE AUTOMATICALLY SET.
.IN THAT CASE, YOU WOULDN'T HAVE TO.SET
THE BITS IN ADDRESS 56578..HOWEVER, IF Y
OU WERE TO TRY CHANGING.VIDEO BANKS AFTE
R ANOTHER PROGRAM.ALTERED ADDRESS 56578,
THE SWITCH.WOULD NOT TAKE PLACE! GENER
ALLY, IT'S.UP TO THE PROGRAMMER TO DECID
E WHETHER.OR NOT TO SET THE BITS IN 5657
8.BEFORE SWITCHING VIDEO BANKS... POKE
56576,(PEEK(56576)AND252)OR A.. THE A
BOVE POKE SHOULD BE USED TO.SWITCH VIDEO
BANKS, WHERE A IS A VALUE.BETWEEN 0 AND
3.... THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS EACH
.VALUE OF A AND WHICH 16K AREA IT WILL.P
OINT TO:.. 0 --> VIDEO BANK 3 (49152 -
65535). 1 --> VIDEO BANK 2 (32768 - 491
51). 2 --> VIDEO BANK 1 (16384 - 32767)
. 3 --> VIDEO BANK 0 ( 0 - 16383)..
AN EASY WAY TO FIGURE OUT WHICH.NUMBE
R SHOULD BE ORED WITH 56576 IS.TO SUBTRA
CT THE VIDEO BANK NUMBER.FROM 3. SO TO
SWITCH TO VIDEO BANK.2, YOU WOULD OR ADD
RESS 56576 WITH 1,.SINCE 3 - 2 = 1... P
OKE 56576,(PEEK(56576)AND252)OR1... I
N CASE C-64 MEMORY IS NEW TO YOU,.A QUIC
K EXPLANATION IS IN ORDER. THE.C-64 CON
TAINS 64K OF STRAIGHT RAM..HOWEVER, TWO
8K PARTS OF THIS RAM (AT.40960 AND 57344
) ARE OVERLAID BY.BASIC AND KERNAL ROM.
BASIC ROM.CONTROLS THE BASIC INTERPRETE
R, WHILE.KERNAL ROM CONTROLS ALL OF THE
64'S.INPUT/OUTPUT... THE FIRST PART O
F THE NEXT PAGE.CONTAINS A PARTIAL C-64
MEMORY MAP.SHOWING RAM FROM 40960 - 6553
5..ALSO SHOWN ARE THE TWO ROMS THAT.OVER
LAY PART OF THE RAM...... - 8K -
- 8K -.-----------
------------.! BASIC !
! KERNAL !.---------------------
-----------------. THIS AREA IS 64K OF
CONTINUOUS RAM !.-----------------------
---------------.^ ^
^.40960 49151 57344..
AS THE MAP ABOVE SHOWS, THE ROM.DOESN'T
USE-UP ANY AVAILABLE RAM, IT.JUST OVERL
AYS PARTS OF IT. BUT WHEN.THE COMPUTER
LOOKS AT THIS AREA, IT."SEES" THE ROM IN
STEAD OF THE RAM;.MAKING THE RAM SEEM NO
N-EXISTENT. SO,.WHEN THIS AREA IS PEEKE
D, THE ROM.COMES THROUGH; BUT, WHEN POKE
D, THE.VALUE FALLS THROUGH TO THE RAM...
NOW, WE KNOW THAT THE VIC LOOKS.AT M
EMORY TO GET SCREEN, BITMAP,.SPRITE AND
CHARACTER DATA. WELL, ONE.OF THE GREAT
THINGS ABOUT THIS IS.THAT THE VIC IGNORE
S THE ROMS WHEN.LOOKING FOR VIDEO DATA.
THIS MEANS.THAT ANY OF THE VIDEO DATA L
ISTED.ABOVE (EXCEPT SCREEN DATA) CAN BE.
STORED UNDER THE BASIC AND KERNAL.ROMS.
THIS EXTRA 16K MEMORY IS THE.MAIN REASO
N TO USE VIDEO BANK.SWITCHING... DUE
TO THE WAY THAT BASIC.EVALUATES DATA WHE
N YOU PRESS RETURN.ON A LINE, SCREEN MEM
ORY CANNOT BE.PUT UNDER BASIC AND KERNAL
ROMS!... ANYTIME YOU SWITCH VIDEO BA
NKS,.YOU MUST HAVE A SCREEN, FONT, BITMA
P.AND/OR A SPRITE AREA SET UP IN THE.NEW
VIDEO BANK... THE LOCATION OF SCREEN
MEMORY IS.CONTROLLED BY THE UPPER 4 BIT
S OF.ADDRESS 53272. AS YOU KNOW, THE.DE
FAULT SCREEN LOCATION IS 1024... BEFO
RE CHANGING SCREENS, YOU NEED.TO FIND A
LOCATION FOR IT. THE.STARTING LOCATION
OF YOUR SCREEN.MEMORY MUST BE A MULTIPLE
OF 1024 --.THAT IS, 0, 1024, 2048, 3072
, ETC....BECAUSE OF I/O AND KERNAL ROM,
52224.IS THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE SCREEN MEM
ORY.LOCATION AVAILABLE... TO CHANGE T
HE LOCATION OF THE.SCREEN, DO THE FOLLOW
ING:..(1) FIND THE VIDEO BANK RANGE THAT
. CORRESPONDS TO THE LOCATION OF.
YOUR SCREEN...(2) SUBTRACT THE STARTING
ADDRESS OF. THE BANK YOU JUST FOUND F
ROM THE. STARTING ADDRESS OF YOUR SCR
EEN. MEMORY... THE NUMBER YOU NOW
HAVE IS AN.OFFSET FROM THE STARTING ADDR
ESS OF.THE VIDEO BANK. NOW, SIMPLY LOOK
AT.THE TABLE ON THE NEXT PAGE AND GET.T
HE VALUE THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE.OFFSET
NUMBER CALCULATED... SCREEN MEMORY OF
FSET TABLE:.. OFFSET VALUE ! OFFSET
VALUE. ------------------------------
-----. 0 0 ! 8192 128
. 1024 16 ! 9216 144. 2
048 32 ! 10240 160. 3072
48 ! 11264 176. 4096 6
4 ! 12288 192. 5120 80
! 13312 208. 6144 96 ! 143
36 224. 7168 112 ! 15360
240.. FINALLY, TAKE THE VALUE FROM
THE.TABLE ABOVE AND REPLACE "VALUE" WITH
.IT IN THE FOLLOWING:..POKE 53272,(PEEK(
53272)AND15)OR VALUE.. ALSO, REMEMBER
TO POKE 648 WITH.THE PAGE NUMBER OF THE
SCREEN.LOCATION. WHEN SCREEN MEMORY IS
MOVED.THE SPRITE POINTERS MOVE, TOO. T
HE.SPRITE POINTERS ALWAYS START 1016.BYT
ES PAST SCREEN MEMORY. IF THE.SCREEN IS
AT 52224, SPRITE POINTERS.START AT 5324
0... THE LOWER FOUR BITS OF 53272 ARE
.USED TO SET THE ADDRESS OF CHARACTER.DA
TA. TO CHANGE THE ADDRESS OF.CHARACTER
DATA, FOLLOW THE SAME STEPS.TAKEN TO CHA
NGE SCREEN MEMORY. WHEN.DECIDING WHERE
YOU WILL PLACE THE.CHARACTER DATA, HOWEV
ER, THE ADDRESS.MUST BE A MULTIPLE OF 20
48.... CHARACTER MEMORY OFFSET TABLE:
.. OFFSET VALUE ! OFFSET VALUE. -
----------------------------------.
0 0 ! 8192 8. 2048
2 ! 10240 10. 4096 4
! 12288 12. 6144 6 !
14336 14.. NOW TAKE THE VALUE F
ROM THE.TABLE ABOVE AND REPLACE "VALUE"
WITH.IT IN THE FOLLOWING:..POKE 53272,(P
EEK(53272)AND240)OR VALUE.. THE ONLY
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THIS.POKE AND THE PRE
VIOUS IS THE "AND".VALUE... BECAUSE S
CREEN MEMORY AND.CHARACTER DATA ARE SET
UP BY THE SAME.ADDRESS (53272), YOU COUL
D COMBINE.THE TWO POKES INTO ONE. SUPPO
SE WE.WANTED A SCREEN AT 35840 AND CHARA
CTER.DATA AT 40960. BY LOOKING AT THE.T
ABLES, THE OFFSET VALUE FOR SCREEN.AND C
HARACTER DATA IS 48 AND 8,.RESPECTIVELY.
YOU COULD SET BOTH.VALUES AT ONCE BY P
OKEING 53272 WITH.48+8 (56)... A 4K A
REA OF VIDEO BANKS 0 AND 2.CONTAIN THE R
OM IMAGE OF THE STANDARD.COMMODORE CHARA
CTERS. BECAUSE OF.THIS, ANY VIDEO DATA
STORED AT 4096 -.8191 (VIDEO BANK 0) OR
36864 - 40959.(VIDEO BANK 2) WILL NOT BE
SEEN BY.THE VIC... WELL, THAT WRAPS
UP THE INS AND.OUTS OF VIDEO BANK SWITCH
ING ON THE.COMMODORE 64. EXPERIMENTING
IS THE.BEST WAY TO LEARN, SO GET TO IT!.
. **** END OF TEXT ****.
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