PONZO TUTOR-5.64
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): PONZO TUTOR-5.64
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 16.4K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 21:07:08
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
47d11651a8dcf25bdebd8d0b857af66dc323ea67fa421ebda85bdb4c0c3a33ae
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TUTORIALS C | PONZO TUTOR-5.64 | PRG | DuncanTwain | 25 | 9 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
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00003A40: A4 37 3A 97 58 28 49 29 2C 31 36 30 3A 81 54 54 |.7:.X(I),160:.TT|
00003A50: B2 31 A4 50 50 3A 82 00 6D 42 AB A0 97 58 28 49 |.1.PP:..mB...X(I|
00003A60: 29 2C C2 28 41 28 49 29 29 3A 82 3A 8E 00 8D 42 |),.(A(I)):.:...B|
00003A70: B4 A0 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 3A 97 59 28 49 29 2C 31 |...I.0.7:.Y(I),1|
00003A80: 36 30 3A 81 54 54 B2 31 A4 50 50 3A 82 00 A3 42 |60:.TT.1.PP:...B|
00003A90: B5 A0 97 59 28 49 29 2C C2 28 41 28 49 29 29 3A |...Y(I),.(A(I)):|
00003AA0: 82 3A 8E 00 C3 42 C8 A0 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 3A 97 |.:...B...I.0.7:.|
00003AB0: 4D 28 49 29 2C 31 36 30 3A 81 54 54 B2 31 A4 50 |M(I),160:.TT.1.P|
00003AC0: 50 3A 82 00 D9 42 C9 A0 97 4D 28 49 29 2C C2 28 |P:...B...M(I),.(|
00003AD0: 41 28 49 29 29 3A 82 3A 8E 00 F9 42 7C A1 81 49 |A(I)):.:...B|..I|
00003AE0: B2 30 A4 37 3A 97 41 28 49 29 2C 31 36 30 3A 81 |.0.7:.A(I),160:.|
00003AF0: 54 54 B2 31 A4 50 50 3A 82 00 0F 43 7D A1 97 41 |TT.1.PP:...C}..A|
00003B00: 28 49 29 2C C2 28 58 28 49 29 29 3A 82 3A 8E 00 |(I),.(X(I)):.:..|
00003B10: 2F 43 90 A1 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 3A 97 4D 28 49 29 |/C...I.0.7:.M(I)|
00003B20: 2C 31 36 30 3A 81 54 54 B2 31 A4 50 50 3A 82 00 |,160:.TT.1.PP:..|
00003B30: 45 43 91 A1 97 4D 28 49 29 2C C2 28 58 28 49 29 |EC...M(I),.(X(I)|
00003B40: 29 3A 82 3A 8E 00 65 43 C2 A1 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 |):.:..eC...I.0.7|
00003B50: 3A 97 41 28 49 29 2C 31 36 30 3A 81 54 54 B2 31 |:.A(I),160:.TT.1|
00003B60: A4 50 50 3A 82 00 7B 43 C3 A1 97 41 28 49 29 2C |.PP:..{C...A(I),|
00003B70: C2 28 59 28 49 29 29 3A 82 3A 8E 00 9B 43 F4 A1 |.(Y(I)):.:...C..|
00003B80: 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 3A 97 4D 28 49 29 2C 31 36 30 |.I.0.7:.M(I),160|
00003B90: 3A 81 54 54 B2 31 A4 50 50 3A 82 00 B1 43 F5 A1 |:.TT.1.PP:...C..|
00003BA0: 97 4D 28 49 29 2C C2 28 59 28 49 29 29 3A 82 3A |.M(I),.(Y(I)):.:|
00003BB0: 8E 00 F0 43 60 EA 52 24 B2 22 B0 C0 B2 C0 B2 C0 |...C`.R$."......|
00003BC0: B2 C0 B2 C0 B2 C0 B2 C0 B2 C0 AE 11 9D 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003BD0: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D DD A0 DD |................|
00003BE0: A0 DD A0 DD A0 DD A0 DD A0 DD A0 DD A0 DD 11 22 |..............."|
00003BF0: 00 1F 44 61 EA 52 24 B2 52 24 AA 22 9D 9D 9D 9D |..Da.R$.R$."....|
00003C00: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D AD C0 B1 |................|
00003C10: C0 B1 C0 B1 C0 B1 C0 B1 C0 B1 C0 B1 C0 BD 22 00 |..............".|
00003C20: 56 44 62 EA 41 24 B2 22 13 11 20 12 41 92 91 22 |VDb.A$.".. .A.."|
00003C30: AA 52 24 3A 50 24 B2 22 13 11 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |.R$:P$."........|
00003C40: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 12 50 |...............P|
00003C50: 92 91 22 AA 52 24 00 94 44 63 EA 58 24 B2 22 13 |..".R$..Dc.X$.".|
00003C60: 11 11 11 11 20 12 58 92 91 22 AA 52 24 3A 59 24 |.... .X..".R$:Y$|
00003C70: B2 22 13 11 11 11 11 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |."..............|
00003C80: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 12 59 92 91 |.............Y..|
00003C90: 22 AA 52 24 00 C2 44 64 EA 4D 24 B2 22 13 11 11 |".R$..Dd.M$."...|
00003CA0: 11 11 11 11 11 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003CB0: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 12 4D 92 91 22 AA |...........M..".|
00003CC0: 52 24 00 E5 44 65 EA 43 52 24 B2 22 13 11 11 11 |R$..De.CR$."....|
00003CD0: 11 11 11 B0 C0 AE 11 9D 9D 9D DD 1D DD 11 9D 9D |................|
00003CE0: 9D AD C0 BD 22 00 25 45 66 EA 43 43 24 B2 22 13 |....".%Ef.CC$.".|
00003CF0: 11 20 12 41 92 DD 11 9D 9D 9D 20 11 9D 20 11 9D |. .A...... .. ..|
00003D00: 20 11 9D 20 11 9D 20 20 20 11 9D 9D 9D 20 20 20 | .. .. .... |
00003D10: 11 9D 9D 9D 20 20 20 91 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.... . |
00003D20: 20 20 20 20 22 00 40 45 67 EA 57 44 B2 34 30 3A | ".@Eg.WD.40:|
00003D30: 43 52 54 B2 31 30 32 34 3A 99 C7 28 31 34 32 29 |CRT.1024:..(142)|
00003D40: 00 86 45 68 EA 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 3A 41 28 49 29 |..Eh..I.0.7:A(I)|
00003D50: B2 43 52 54 AA 57 44 AA 33 AA 32 AC 49 3A 50 28 |.CRT.WD.3.2.I:P(|
00003D60: 49 29 B2 41 28 49 29 AA 32 30 3A 58 28 49 29 B2 |I).A(I).20:X(I).|
00003D70: 41 28 49 29 AA 33 AC 57 44 3A 59 28 49 29 B2 58 |A(I).3.WD:Y(I).X|
00003D80: 28 49 29 AA 32 30 00 A8 45 69 EA 4D 28 49 29 B2 |(I).20..Ei.M(I).|
00003D90: 59 28 49 29 AA 33 AC 57 44 3A 82 3A 43 B2 43 52 |Y(I).3.WD:.:C.CR|
00003DA0: 54 AA 37 AC 57 44 AA 31 00 DC 45 6A EA 53 44 24 |T.7.WD.1..Ej.SD$|
00003DB0: B2 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 22 3A 43 4C |."..........":CL|
00003DC0: 24 B2 22 22 3A 81 49 B2 31 A4 57 44 AB 32 3A 43 |$."":.I.1.WD.2:C|
00003DD0: 4C 24 B2 43 4C 24 AA 22 20 22 3A 82 00 FE 45 6B |L$.CL$." ":...Ek|
00003DE0: EA 42 54 24 B2 22 13 22 3A 81 49 B2 31 A4 32 34 |.BT$.".":.I.1.24|
00003DF0: 3A 42 54 24 B2 42 54 24 AA 22 11 22 3A 82 00 31 |:BT$.BT$.".":..1|
00003E00: 46 6C EA 43 24 B2 43 52 24 AA 22 13 11 B0 C0 B3 |Fl.C$.CR$.".....|
00003E10: 11 9D 9D 9D DD 11 9D DD 11 9D DD 11 9D DD 11 9D |................|
00003E20: AB 11 1D 1D 1D 1D 5F 43 41 52 52 59 20 42 49 54 |......_CARRY BIT|
00003E30: 22 00 61 46 73 EA 4D 4C 24 B2 22 13 11 11 11 11 |".aFs.ML$.".....|
00003E40: 11 11 11 11 11 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003E50: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003E60: 22 00 6B 46 74 EA 50 50 B2 32 30 00 8D 46 93 EA |".kFt.PP.20..F..|
00003E70: 42 54 24 B2 22 13 22 3A 81 49 B2 31 A4 32 34 3A |BT$.".":.I.1.24:|
00003E80: 42 54 24 B2 42 54 24 AA 22 11 22 3A 82 00 D7 46 |BT$.BT$.".":...F|
00003E90: 94 EA 50 54 24 B2 22 1C B0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 |..PT$.".........|
00003EA0: C0 C0 C0 AE 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003EB0: 9D DD 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D DD 11 9D 9D |................|
00003EC0: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D AD B2 C0 C0 C0 C0 |................|
00003ED0: C0 C0 C0 C0 B2 BD 22 00 1F 47 95 EA 50 54 24 B2 |......"..G..PT$.|
00003EE0: 50 54 24 AA 22 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |PT$."...........|
00003EF0: 9D 9D 9D CE A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 |................|
00003F00: CD 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003F10: A5 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D A7 22 00 |.============.".|
00003F20: 5B 47 96 EA 50 54 24 B2 50 54 24 AA 22 11 9D 9D |[G..PT$.PT$."...|
00003F30: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D D0 CF A3 A3 |................|
00003F40: A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 D0 CF 91 91 91 91 9D 9D |................|
00003F50: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 22 00 92 47 97 EA |.........."..G..|
00003F60: 50 54 24 B2 42 54 24 AA 22 91 91 91 91 91 91 1D |PT$.BT$.".......|
00003F70: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003F80: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 22 AA 50 54 24 AA 22 |.........".PT$."|
00003F90: 90 22 00 C2 47 98 EA 4D 4C 24 B2 22 13 11 11 11 |."..G..ML$."....|
00003FA0: 11 11 11 11 11 11 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003FB0: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003FC0: 1D 22 00 DD 47 99 EA 57 44 B2 34 30 3A 43 52 54 |."..G..WD.40:CRT|
00003FD0: B2 31 30 32 34 3A 99 C7 28 31 34 32 29 00 01 48 |.1024:..(142)..H|
00003FE0: 9A EA 57 32 B2 57 44 AD 32 3A 57 33 B2 57 44 AB |..W2.WD.2:W3.WD.|
00003FF0: 31 3A 57 31 24 B2 CA 28 C4 28 57 44 29 2C 32 29 |1:W1$..(.(WD),2)|
00004000: 3A 00 23 48 9B EA 57 32 24 B2 CA 28 C4 28 57 32 |:.#H..W2$..(.(W2|
00004010: 29 2C 32 29 3A 57 33 24 B2 CA 28 C4 28 57 33 29 |),2):W3$..(.(W3)|
00004020: 2C 32 29 00 29 48 C4 EA 8E 00 36 48 18 F6 99 42 |,2).)H....6H...B|
00004030: 54 24 43 4C 24 3B 00 56 48 19 F6 99 42 54 24 22 |T$CL$;.VH...BT$"|
00004040: 12 52 45 54 55 52 4E 92 20 54 4F 20 43 4F 4E 54 |.RETURN. TO CONT|
00004050: 49 4E 55 45 22 3B 00 6C 48 1A F6 A1 5A 24 3A 8B |INUE";.lH...Z$:.|
00004060: 5A 24 B3 B1 22 22 A7 36 33 30 30 32 00 81 48 1B |Z$.."".63002..H.|
00004070: F6 A1 5A 24 3A 8B 5A 24 B2 22 22 A7 36 33 30 30 |..Z$:.Z$."".6300|
00004080: 33 00 87 48 1C F6 8E 00 94 48 22 F6 99 42 54 24 |3..H.....H"..BT$|
00004090: 43 4C 24 3B 00 C9 48 23 F6 99 42 54 24 22 A6 A6 |CL$;..H#..BT$"..|
000040A0: A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 12 52 45 54 55 52 4E 20 54 4F |.......RETURN TO|
000040B0: 20 53 45 45 20 49 54 20 48 41 50 50 45 4E 92 A6 | SEE IT HAPPEN..|
000040C0: A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 22 3B 00 DF 48 24 F6 A1 5A |.......";..H$..Z|
000040D0: 24 3A 8B 5A 24 B3 B1 22 22 A7 36 33 30 31 32 00 |$:.Z$.."".63012.|
000040E0: F4 48 25 F6 A1 5A 24 3A 8B 5A 24 B2 22 22 A7 36 |.H%..Z$:.Z$."".6|
000040F0: 33 30 31 33 00 FA 48 26 F6 8E 00 0E 49 7C F6 81 |3013..H&....I|..|
00004100: 54 B2 31 A4 35 3A 99 50 54 24 4D 53 24 3B 00 24 |T.1.5:.PT$MS$;.$|
00004110: 49 7D F6 99 50 54 24 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |I}..PT$" |
00004120: 20 20 22 3B 00 33 49 7E F6 99 50 54 24 4D 53 24 | ";.3I~..PT$MS$|
00004130: 3B 3A 82 00 39 49 7F F6 8E 00 44 49 E0 F6 8D 36 |;:..9I....DI...6|
00004140: 33 30 30 30 00 65 49 E1 F6 99 53 44 24 3B 3A 81 |3000.eI...SD$;:.|
00004150: 54 B2 31 A4 31 30 3A 99 43 4C 24 3A 82 3A 99 53 |T.1.10:.CL$:.:.S|
00004160: 44 24 3B 3A 8E 00 79 49 44 F7 8D 36 33 31 30 30 |D$;:..yID..63100|
00004170: 3A 8D 36 33 30 31 30 3A 8E 00 8F 49 FF F9 8D 36 |:.63010:...I...6|
00004180: 30 30 30 30 3A 99 22 93 22 3A 89 31 36 33 30 00 |0000:.".":.1630.|
00004190: 00 00 |.. |
..!...."....... PONZO*83*WATERLOO......"
.......K....53281,15:.53280,12:.".".N...
.". ..C64 TUTOR-5......"...
....................................."..
....". ..THE ADC'S OF 6510 MACHINE LANGU
AGE .. .":MS$." WELCOME! "......".......
..................................".,...
.60000:.63100:.63000.Z...."...THE .M.ICR
O.P.ROCESSOR .U.NIT (MPU)".|. ..".IN THE
C64 IS THE .6510.."...!..".HE (SHE?) WI
LL OBEY YOUR COMMANDS".R."..".IF YOU CAN
SPEAK THE RIGHT LANGUAGE"...#.."....AND
THAT'S .MACHINE LANGUAGE..".(.$..".WE'
LL LEARN SOME .MACHINE LANGUAGE".B.%..".
IN THIS TUTORIAL.".N.&..".BUT LET'S LET
THE .6510. TELL IT...".Y.'..63000...(.."
..............THE 6510...............".N
.-..".QWE'VE GOT A NUMBER OF INTERNAL"..
.2..".'REGISTERS' WHICH HOLD 8-BIT BINAR
Y".+.<..".NUMBERS(BYTES) FROM $00 TO $FF
(IN HEX).".V.A..".QWE CALL THEM 'A' AND
'X' AND 'Y'."..B..".(WE HAVE A FEW MOR
E..BUT WAIT..)"...F..".QYOU MAY LOAD THE
M WITH NUMBERS".Q.P..".AND PERFORM ADDIT
ION,SUBTRACTION,"...Z..".TESTS FOR ZERO
, > , < ETC.ETC.".(.D..".QLET'S GO THROU
GH SOME OF THESE .6510.".C.N..".COMMANDS
...":.63000.R.X.."."A$X$Y$.{....SD$"HERE
ARE A FEW OF THE COMMANDS"......".IN MY
REPERTOIRE:". ....63200... ..".LDA #$F3
"......"..L.OA.D. THE .A.CCUMULATOR WITH
THE"......".NUMBER F3 IN HEX..#$F3".".
...".THIS IS AN .IMMEDIATE. LOAD.".Z.H.M
S$." A=#$F3 ":.63300:N$."11110011":.40
110:.63200...R..".LDX #$AB":MS$." X=#$A
B ":.63300...W.N$."10101011":.40130:.63
200......".LDY #$DD":MS$." Y=#$DD ":.6
3300:N$."11011101":.40140......63200:.".
TAX":."..T.RANSFER CONTENTS OF .A. TO .X
..".E...MS$." X=A ":.63300:.41130:.
63200......".TYA":."..T.RANSFER CONTENTS
OF .Y. TO .A..":MS$." A=Y "......63
300:.41410:.63200.G...."..AND THERE'S .T
XA. AND .TAY.."......"...HERE ARE SOME M
ORE.:":.63200.2....".INX.":."..IN.CREMEN
T THE .X.-REGISTER BY 1.":MS$." X=X+1
".Y."..63300:N$."10101100":.40130:.6320
0...,..".DEX.":."..DE.CREMENT THE .X.-RE
GISTER BY 1.":MS$." X=X-1 ".D.6..63300
:N$."10101011":.40130:.63200...@.."AND T
HERE'S .INY. AND .DEY..":.63200.#.J..M$:
N$."10110101":PP.0:.40160:.ML$"$1234":PP
.20.`.T..SD$".INC $1234.":."..INC.REMENT
S MEMORY LOCATION $1234"...^.MS$." M=M+
1 ":.63300:N$."10110110":.40160:.63200.
Q.H..".DEC $1234.":."..DEC.REMENTS MEMOR
Y LOCATION $1234"...R.MS$." M=M-1 ":.
63300:N$."10110101":.40160:.63200.6.|.."
.ASL.":."..A.RITHMETIC .S.HIFT .L.EFT".F
....".ALL BITS OF THE .A.-REGISTER MOVE
LEFT."......".A '0' COMES INTO THE 'LSB'
AND"......".THE 'MSB' DROPS INTO THE 'C
ARRY'.".Z....".QLSB=LEAST SIGNIFICANT BI
T"......".QMSB=MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT"....
.MS$." A=2*A ":.63300.O....C$:.C,49:N
$."10111010":PP.500:.40098:.63200:PP.20.
^.B..CC$:.C,32...L..SD$"..SEC.":."..SE.T
THE .C.ARRY BIT."...V..CR$:MS$." CARRY
=1 ":.63300:.C,49:.63200......SD$"..CLC.
":."..CL.EAR .C.ARRY BIT.":MS$." CARRY=
0 "......63300:.CR$:.C,48:.63200:.CC$.E.
...".STA $1234.":."..ST.ORE THE .A.-REGI
STER".~....".IN MEMORY LOCATION $1234":M
S$." M=A ":.63300.....N$."10111010"
:.41160:.63000.N.X..".THAT'S ENOUGH. LET
'S CLEAR THE SCREEN.."...B.."LDA #$20 _
LOAD A WITH #$20='SPACE'.".).L.."STA $04
00 I":."STA $0401 ._FILLS SCREEN".N.V.."
STA $0402 ._MEMORY WITH #$20."......"---
----- .----------------":."STA $07FF K_
HENCE CLEAR SCREEN".L....".BUT WE CLEARL
Y NEED SOMETHING LIKE:":.".LDA #$20"....
.."FOR X=0 TO #$3FF":."STA $0400+X":."NE
XT X":.63000.<....".OR.....":."BEGIN LDA
#$20 _NOTE STATEMENT LABEL".|...."
LDX #$00":."LOOP STA $0400,X _.INDEXED
ADDRESSING"......" ^ INX":." . ?C
HECK FOR X=#$3FF?".J...." .. IF NOT,GO
TO 'LOOP'"......"..WE HAVE .COMPARE. & .
BRANCH. INSTRUCTIONS!".:.F..".WHAT WE NE
ED ABOVE IS:":."..C.OM.P.ARE .X. TO #$3F
F".P.P..".& .B.RANCH IF .N.OT .E.QUAL..T
O 'LOOP'":.63010...Z.."....BEGIN LDA #$2
0 . ".Q....". L
DX #$00 ":.".LOOP STA $0400,X"......"
. ^ INX ":.". . CPX #$3FF
. ".I....". .. BN
E LOOP . ":.63200.~...."
NOTE..........:WE WILL NEVER .STA. IN .$
07FF."......".IN THE ABOVE PROGRAM...SO.
..":.63010.R...."........ . CPX #$400
":.63200... .."ALSO, WE CAN .CPX #$N.
ONLY IF N LIES". .*..".IN THE RANGE $00
TO $FF.".I.4..".SO WE CHANGE THE CODE TO
:":.63010.G.>.."....BEGIN LDA #$20 .".
..H..". LDX #$00 ":.".LOOP STA $
0400,X"...R..". STA $0500,X".K.\.."
. STA $0600,X"...F..". STA $07
00,X"...P..". INX ":.".
CPX #$FF .".8.Z..". BNE LOOP .
":.63000.C....SD$"....";:.T.1.10:.CL$:.:
.SD$"....";......"OR, WE CAN SIMPLIFY TH
IS A LITTLE BY"......".COUNTING .DOWN. F
ROM X=$FF TO $00":.63010......"....BEGIN
LDA #$20 ."......". LDX #$FF "
:.".LOOP STA $0400,X".(....". STA
$0500,X".B....". STA $0600,X".\.J..
". STA $0700,X".V.T..". DEX
"......". BNE LOOP .":."
":.63000.Z....SD$"....";:
.T.1.10:.CL$:.:.SD$"....";......"...HOW
CAN WE .BNE. WHEN WE DON'T DO ANY".$....
"..COMPARE.?":.63000.P....".YOU SEE, .BN
E. REALLY CHECKS TO SEE".~....".IF '0' I
S THE RESULT OF AN ARITHMETIC"......".OP
ERATION..INCLUDING A .COMPARE..".M....".
IN THE PAIR OF INSTRUCTIONS:"......"..CP
X #$FF":.".BNE LOOP":.".WE SUBTRACT #$FF
FROM THE".5....".VALUE OF X AND .BRANCH
. TO LOOP IF".\.$..".THE RESULT IS NOT Z
ERO!":.63000.{...."..INX ":.".BNE LO
OP"...8..".WE BRANCH TO LOOP IF THE RESU
LT OF".S.B..".INCREMENTING X IS .NOT. ZE
RO.":."..."...L.."..DEC $1234":.".BNE LO
OP "...V..".HERE WE BRANCH TO LOOP IF".E
.`..".DECREMENTING $1234 IS NOT ZERO.":.
"...".S.J.."..NOTE.: .CPX. INVOLVES A S
UBTRACTION"...T..".(TO CHECK FOR ZERO RE
SULT)".S.~..".BUT IT DOES NOT........ CH
ANGE ANY REGISTERS!":.63000......".LET'S
.RVS. THE SCREEN.".!....".THIS REQUIRES
LOOKING AT EVERY SCREEN".Q....".MEMORY
LOCATION AND CHECKING THE .MSB..".|...."
.IF IT'S .1. THEN CHANGE IT TO .0.."....
..".IF IT'S .0. THEN CHANGE IT TO .1..".
T....".(THE MSB DETERMINES IF THE CHARAC
TER"......"IS IN RVS-FIELD)!".4.(..".WE'
LL:":."..LDA $0400,X":.".EOR #$80 . __
???":.".STA $0400,X".A.2.."..EOR. IS AN
.E.XCLUSIVE .OR.!":.63000...<..".IF .A.
CONTAINS .10110101. (AFTER .LDA.)"...F..
".THEN .EOR #$80. DOES AN EXCLUSIVE-OR".
..P..".WITH .10000000. ($80 IN HEX)".. Z
..".AND GIVES .00110101...VERY NICE!".+
D..".OUR PROGRAM MIGHT GO:".\ N.."..BEGI
N LDX #$FF ":.".LOOP LDA $0400,X".. X
..". EOR #$80 ":.". STA $040
0,X".. ...". LDA $0500,X":.".
EOR #$80 ".. ...". STA $0500,X":.
".ETC. ETC..UNTIL..."..!...". STA $
0700,X".>! ..". DEX ":.".
BNE LOOP ":.63000.J!...".IT'S CLEAR
THAT THIS WILL NOT DO IF"..!...".WE WAN
T TO GO FROM $0400 TO $0500 TO".D!..."..
.TO $0N00,INSTEAD OF JUST TO $0700."..!H
..".WE NEED A LOOP-WITHIN-A-LOOP".."R.."
.FOR LARGE N...SOMETHING LIKE:...".H"...
". M=$0400":." X=N _.N INSTE
AD OF 3".|"..."LP1 Y=#$FF":."LP2 LDA M
+Y":." EOR #$80".."..." STA M+Y"
:." Y=Y-1".."..." IF Y<>0 GOTO L
P2 ":." M=M+$100":." X=X-1".."..
." IFX<>0 GOTO LP1 ":.63000.2#..."..
...................".23)"_.WON'T DO Y=0.
!".[#..."..".23)"_.WON'T DO X=0.!!.":.63
000..#...".";:.I.1.10:.CL$:.:.".WE'LL .C
HANGE. IT TO:".L#...63010:.".. M=$04
00":." X=N" "..$.
..".LP1 Y=#$00 ":."LP2 LDA M+
Y":." EOR #$80".-$..." STA M+Y":
." Y=Y-1".J$..." IF Y<>0 GOTO LP
2 ":." M=M+$100":." X=X-1"..$...
". IFX>=0 GOTO LP1 .":.63000:.".....
........";.L$..."WE WORK ON M+00 FIRST,T
HEN .Y=Y-1."..$..."WILL CHANGE Y=00 TO Y
=FF(!) AND WE'LL".&%..."CONTINUE WITH M+
FF THEN M+FE..TO M+01".K%..."AND WE STOP
THE Y-LOOP THERE!".V%..."THE X-LOOP STA
RTS WITH X=N AND EACH"..%...".X=X-1. CHA
NGES X TO N-1,N-2,..2,1,0 .THEN.".Z%..."
ONE MORE .X=X-1. CHANGES X TO FF(!) WHIC
H"..&..."IS .NEGATIVE.(!) AND WE STOP TH
E X-LOOP!".9&...".NOTE.:THE 6510 REGISTE
RS CAN HOLD #'S".D&..."FROM $00 TO $FF.
IF WE HAVE .00. AND"..&...".DECREMENT.,I
T CHANGES TO .FF...AND .FF+1.=.00.".V&..
."FINALLY,.MSB=1. SIGNIFIES A .NEGATIVE
NO..!";:.63000..&...".LET'S TRY SOMETHIN
G LIKE:".)'..."..BEGIN LDA #$0400 ._??*!
#$0400 TOO BIG!!".W'...". STA $B0
._$B0 NOW HAS #$0400"..'...". LDX
#$03 ":.".LP1 LDY #$00 ".K'"..".L
P2 LDA ($B0),Y._ INDIRECT INDEXED?":."
. EOR #$80 "..(,..". STA ($B
0),Y._ INDIRECT INDEXED!":.". DEY
".P(6..". BNE LP2 ":.".
INC $B0 BY #$100._??*!!HOW??"..(@..".
DEX ":.". BPL LP1 .
_BRANCH ON PLUS!!"..(J.."..LDA ($B0),Y.
TAKES THE CONTENTS OF"..(T..".MEMORY LOC
'N $B0, ADDS Y, AND THIS........."..)Y..
"GIVES THE ADDRESS OF THE BYTE WHICH ".D
)Z..".GETS LOADED INTO 'A'!!":.63000.T)^
..".THERE ARE SOME NEW IDEAS..AND PROBLE
MS!"..)C.."...BUT FIRST LET'S AGREE THAT
WE'LL".L)D..".USE $B0 TO REFER TO THE M
EMORY LOC'N"..)E..".AND ($B0) TO REFER T
O THE .CONTENTS"..*F..".OF MEMORY LOCATI
ON $B0.".K*H.."....LET'S LOOK AT ADDRESS
ING MODES.:":.63000.H*R..".BASIC".20)"AS
SEMBLER"..*W..".....".20)"........."..*|
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ATE MODE. THE ACCUMULATOR"..*..."IS LOAD
ED WITH THE # 5."..+..."..A=M(5).".20)".
LDA $05."..+...".QABSOLUTE ADDRESSING. '
A' IS".Q+..."LOADED WITH THE CONTENTS OF
".K+..."MEMORY LOCATION 5."..+B.."..A=M(
5+X).".20)".LDA $0005,X"..+L..".QABSOLUT
E .INDEXED.. THE CONTENTS"..+V.."OF LOC'
N (5+X) ARE LOADED INTO 'A'."..,..."..A=
M(M(5+X)).".20)".LDA ($0005,X)".9,...".Q
INDEXED .INDIRECT.. THE CONTENTS".C,..."
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."THE BYTE TO BE LOADED INTO 'A'.":.6300
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.".Q.INDIRECT INDEXED.. FIRST, THE CONTE
NTS".6-&..".OF LOC'N 5 ARE EXTRACTED.THE
N 'Y'".`-0..".IS ADDED AND THE RESULT GI
VES THE"..-:..".ADDRESS OF THE BYTE LOAD
ED INTO 'A'.":.63000.F-D..".Q.INDIRECT.
MEANS WE GO TO A MEMORY LOC'N"..-N..".TO
GET THE ADDRESS OF THE BYTE TO BE"...X.
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Q.INDEXED. MEANS WE ADD THE CONTENTS".Q.
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"...V..".QIF WE .INDEX. THEN .INDIRECT.
IT'S".N...."..INDEXED INDIRECT...AS IN .
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THEN .INDEX. IT'S".0/..."..INDIRECT INDE
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."CLEAR?!*$&":.63100:.63000.Y/...".LET'S
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"AS 1- OR 2- OR 3- HEX BYTES."../F.."..I
NX.=.E8. IS ONE BYTE LONG..0P.."..LDA #$
05.=.AD 05. IS TWO BYTES".J0Z.."..LDA $1
234,X.=.BD 34 12. IS THREE BYTES.".F0...
" ^^ ^^"..0..."IN GENERAL,
2-BYTE ADDRESSES ARE"..0..."STORED IN M
EMORY IN REVERSE ORDER:".Y0...".LO-BYTE.
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"..1...".LDA ($B0),Y.=.B1 CA. THE 6510 W
ILL".E1 .."GET FROM $B0 THE .LO-BYTE. OF
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ES IN $B0/$B1".C1>.."BEFORE .LDA ($B0),Y
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2R.."..BEGIN LDA #$0400 ._??*!#$0400 TOO
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$B0),Y._ INDIRECT INDEXED?":.". EOR
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TO $B0/$B1".Z3..."WITH .LDA #$00. .STA $
B0. .LDA #$04. .STA $B1.."..4...".ALSO .
INC $B0 BY #$100. IS CHANGED TO:".44..."
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."......... ":.".LOOP":."...........
...LOOP"..63..".............LOOP":.63000
..68..".................":.I.1.6:.CL$:..
.6B.."..................NOTE THAT .LDX #
$03. CAN"..7L..".BE CHANGED TO ANYTHING
FROM".67V.."..LDX #$01. TO .LDX #$80..":
.63000.]7`..".................":.I.1.6:.
CL$:...7J.."..................FOR .LDX #
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LEAVE 'MSB'=1 IN THE X-REGISTER"..8..."
AND X<0 WILL RESULT AND .BPL. WILL".G8..
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ILL NOT".N8...".OVERFLOW. AFTER A NUMBER
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NLESS YOU GOOF".L9N.."($B1)<=FF WILL ALW
AYS BE TRUE!":.63000.W9X..".NOTE THAT IN
CREMENTING THE ADDRESS". 9..."IN $B0/$B1
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. IF YOU WANT TO INCREMENT"..9..."BY $00
01 YOU CAN DO IT THIS WAY:"..:..."..
------- ".D:...". INC $B0 ":.".
BNE NEXT":.". INC $B1 ".Z:...".NEXT
------- "..:...".THIS ADDS '1' TO ($B0)
.IF IT DOESN'T"..:(..".OVERFLOW. FROM FF
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' INTRUCTION."..:<..".IF IT DOES OVERFLO
W TO .00.".$;F.."THE .BNE NEXT. WILL NOT
TAKE US TO".Q;P.."'NEXT', AND WE ADD '1
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:.63000..;D..".IF YOU WANT TO INCREMENT
BY OTHER THAN".N;N..".$0001 OR $0100 (.I
NC $B0. OR .INC $B1.)"..;X..".THEN YOU N
EED TO .ADD. THE INCREMENT.". <}..".SUPP
OSE WE WANT TO ADD $1F:".?<..."..LDA $B0
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F TO LO-BYTE"..<...".STA $B0 ._PUT IT BA
CK"..< ..".LDA $B1 ._GET HI-BYTE".Z<..."
.ADC #$00._ADD ZERO(?!)":.".STA $B1 ._PU
T IT BACK"..=...".YOU SEE..ADDING #$1F M
IGHT JUST CAUSE".7=..."THE CONTENTS OF $
B0 TO .OVERFLOW. WHICH".D=H.."CAUSES .CA
RRY.=1. SO WE ADD THE CARRY"..=R.."TO ($
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OTE..........:.ADC. MEANS .AD.D WITH .C.
ARRY.":.63000..>..."...............":.I.
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BEFORE AN .ADC.!":.63010..>...".........
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