T.BASICS
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): T.BASICS
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 4.8K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 18:12:18
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
64746979903ebd94d48823ada8addadfaa81f9a83c7016da5e6ca6a66ef54204
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOADSTAR 55 S 1 | T.BASICS | PRG | Sailor, Ganheden | 23 | 3 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
00000000: 00 80 5E 55 3A 5A 45 52 4F 0D 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 |..^U:ZERO. .....| 00000010: D3 3A 20 C9 CE D4 D2 CF C4 D5 C3 D4 C9 CF CE 20 |.: ............ | 00000020: D4 CF 20 D3 D5 C2 D2 CF D5 D4 C9 CE C5 D3 0D 0D |.. .............| 00000030: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 59 20 CA 45 46 | BY .EF| 00000040: 46 52 45 59 20 CC 2E 20 CA 4F 4E 45 53 0D 0D 20 |FREY .. .ONES.. | 00000050: 20 20 C6 C5 CE C4 C5 D2 27 D3 20 D0 CF D3 D4 D5 | ......'. .....| 00000060: CC C1 D4 C5 3A 20 22 C1 4E 59 20 54 41 53 4B 20 |....: ".NY TASK | 00000070: 54 48 41 54 0D 49 53 20 52 45 50 45 41 54 45 44 |THAT.IS REPEATED| 00000080: 20 4D 4F 52 45 20 54 48 41 4E 20 54 57 49 43 45 | MORE THAN TWICE| 00000090: 20 49 4E 20 41 0D 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 44 45 | IN A.PROGRAM DE| 000000A0: 53 45 52 56 45 53 20 41 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 |SERVES A SUBROUT| 000000B0: 49 4E 45 2E 22 0D 0D 20 20 20 CA C5 C6 C6 27 D3 |INE.".. ....'.| 000000C0: 20 D4 C8 C5 CF D2 C5 CD 3A 20 22 CC 49 53 54 45 | .......: ".ISTE| 000000D0: 4E 20 54 4F 0D 45 56 45 52 59 54 48 49 4E 47 20 |N TO.EVERYTHING | 000000E0: C6 45 4E 44 45 52 20 53 41 59 53 2C 20 45 53 50 |.ENDER SAYS, ESP| 000000F0: 45 43 49 41 4C 4C 59 20 49 46 0D 59 4F 55 20 57 |ECIALLY IF.YOU W| 00000100: 41 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 4B 45 45 50 20 59 4F 55 52 |ANT TO KEEP YOUR| 00000110: 20 4A 4F 42 2E 22 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C2 45 43 41 | JOB.".. .ECA| 00000120: 55 53 45 20 4F 46 20 C3 36 34 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 |USE OF .64 .....| 00000130: 27 53 20 45 58 43 45 4C 4C 45 4E 54 0D 53 43 52 |'S EXCELLENT.SCR| 00000140: 45 45 4E 20 45 44 49 54 4F 52 20 49 54 27 53 20 |EEN EDITOR IT'S | 00000150: 54 45 4D 50 54 49 4E 47 20 54 4F 20 43 52 45 41 |TEMPTING TO CREA| 00000160: 54 45 0D 53 49 4D 49 4C 41 52 20 4C 49 4E 45 53 |TE.SIMILAR LINES| 00000170: 20 4F 46 20 43 4F 44 45 20 42 59 20 53 49 4D 50 | OF CODE BY SIMP| 00000180: 4C 59 0D 43 48 41 4E 47 49 4E 47 20 54 48 45 20 |LY.CHANGING THE | 00000190: 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 4F 46 20 41 20 4C 49 4E 45 |NUMBER OF A LINE| 000001A0: 20 41 4E 44 0D 50 52 45 53 53 49 4E 47 20 D2 C5 | AND.PRESSING ..| 000001B0: D4 D5 D2 CE 20 4F 4E 20 49 54 2E 20 20 C9 54 27 |.... ON IT. .T'| 000001C0: 53 20 45 41 53 59 2C 0D 49 54 27 53 20 46 41 53 |S EASY,.IT'S FAS| 000001D0: 54 2C 20 49 54 27 53 20 41 20 42 41 44 20 50 52 |T, IT'S A BAD PR| 000001E0: 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 49 4E 47 0D 54 45 43 48 4E 49 |OGRAMMING.TECHNI| 000001F0: 51 55 45 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C9 46 20 59 4F 55 |QUE... .F YOU| 00000200: 20 46 49 4E 44 20 59 4F 55 52 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 | FIND YOUR .....| 00000210: 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 0D 47 45 54 54 49 4E 47 | PROGRAM.GETTING| 00000220: 20 43 4C 55 54 54 45 52 45 44 20 55 50 20 57 49 | CLUTTERED UP WI| 00000230: 54 48 20 4C 49 4E 45 53 20 54 48 41 54 0D 4C 4F |TH LINES THAT.LO| 00000240: 4F 4B 20 41 4C 49 4B 45 20 59 4F 55 20 53 48 4F |OK ALIKE YOU SHO| 00000250: 55 4C 44 20 43 4F 4E 53 49 44 45 52 20 55 53 49 |ULD CONSIDER USI| 00000260: 4E 47 0D 41 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 |NG.A SUBROUTINE | 00000270: 46 4F 52 20 54 48 45 53 45 20 4C 49 4E 45 53 2E |FOR THESE LINES.| 00000280: 20 20 D4 48 49 53 0D 4D 45 41 4E 53 20 42 45 43 | .HIS.MEANS BEC| 00000290: 4F 4D 49 4E 47 20 49 4E 54 49 4D 41 54 45 20 57 |OMING INTIMATE W| 000002A0: 49 54 48 20 54 57 4F 0D C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 43 4F |ITH TWO...... CO| 000002B0: 4D 4D 41 4E 44 53 2C 20 C7 CF D3 D5 C2 20 41 4E |MMANDS, ..... AN| 000002C0: 44 20 D2 C5 D4 D5 D2 CE 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C6 |D ......... .| 000002D0: 4F 52 20 54 48 4F 53 45 20 57 48 4F 20 44 4F 4E |OR THOSE WHO DON| 000002E0: 27 54 20 4B 4E 4F 57 20 41 4C 52 45 41 44 59 2C |'T KNOW ALREADY,| 000002F0: 0D C7 CF D3 D5 C2 20 49 53 20 4A 55 53 54 20 4C |...... IS JUST L| 00000300: 49 4B 45 20 41 20 C7 CF D4 CF 20 43 4F 4D 4D 41 |IKE A .... COMMA| 00000310: 4E 44 0D 45 58 43 45 50 54 20 49 54 20 52 45 4D |ND.EXCEPT IT REM| 00000320: 45 4D 42 45 52 53 20 57 48 45 52 45 20 49 54 20 |EMBERS WHERE IT | 00000330: 43 41 4D 45 0D 46 52 4F 4D 2E 20 20 D7 48 45 4E |CAME.FROM. .HEN| 00000340: 20 54 48 45 20 C3 2D 36 34 20 45 4E 43 4F 55 4E | THE .-64 ENCOUN| 00000350: 54 45 52 53 20 41 0D D2 C5 D4 D5 D2 CE 20 43 4F |TERS A....... CO| 00000360: 4D 4D 41 4E 44 2C 20 49 54 20 42 4F 55 4E 43 45 |MMAND, IT BOUNCE| 00000370: 53 20 42 41 43 4B 20 54 4F 0D 54 48 45 20 50 4F |S BACK TO.THE PO| 00000380: 49 4E 54 20 4A 55 53 54 20 41 46 54 45 52 20 54 |INT JUST AFTER T| 00000390: 48 45 20 C7 CF D3 D5 C2 0D 43 4F 4D 4D 41 4E 44 |HE ......COMMAND| 000003A0: 2E 20 20 D4 48 49 53 20 43 41 4E 20 42 45 20 54 |. .HIS CAN BE T| 000003B0: 48 45 20 4E 45 58 54 20 4C 49 4E 45 0D 41 46 54 |HE NEXT LINE.AFT| 000003C0: 45 52 20 54 48 45 20 C7 CF D3 D5 C2 20 4F 52 20 |ER THE ..... OR | 000003D0: 54 48 45 20 4E 45 58 54 20 43 4F 4D 4D 41 4E 44 |THE NEXT COMMAND| 000003E0: 0D 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 53 41 4D 45 20 4C 49 4E |.ON THE SAME LIN| 000003F0: 45 2E 20 20 C9 54 20 4D 41 4B 45 53 20 46 4F 52 |E. .T MAKES FOR| 00000400: 20 45 41 53 49 45 52 0D 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D | EASIER.PROGRAMM| 00000410: 49 4E 47 20 42 45 43 41 55 53 45 20 59 4F 55 20 |ING BECAUSE YOU | 00000420: 44 4F 4E 27 54 20 48 41 56 45 20 54 4F 0D 52 45 |DON'T HAVE TO.RE| 00000430: 4D 45 4D 42 45 52 20 57 48 45 52 45 20 59 4F 55 |MEMBER WHERE YOU| 00000440: 20 43 41 4D 45 20 46 52 4F 4D 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 | CAME FROM... | 00000450: 20 D7 48 45 4E 20 C9 20 57 41 53 20 41 20 4E 45 | .HEN . WAS A NE| 00000460: 4F 50 48 59 54 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 45 |OPHYTE PROGRAMME| 00000470: 52 0D 54 48 45 20 C7 CF D3 D5 C2 20 43 4F 4D 4D |R.THE ..... COMM| 00000480: 41 4E 44 20 55 53 45 44 20 54 4F 20 46 52 49 47 |AND USED TO FRIG| 00000490: 48 54 45 4E 20 4D 45 2E 0D C9 54 20 53 45 45 4D |HTEN ME...T SEEM| 000004A0: 45 44 20 54 4F 4F 20 4D 41 47 49 43 41 4C 20 54 |ED TOO MAGICAL T| 000004B0: 48 41 54 20 C7 CF D3 D5 C2 0D 43 4F 55 4C 44 20 |HAT ......COULD | 000004C0: 52 45 4D 45 4D 42 45 52 20 57 48 45 52 45 20 49 |REMEMBER WHERE I| 000004D0: 54 20 43 41 4D 45 20 46 52 4F 4D 2E 0D CC 41 54 |T CAME FROM...AT| 000004E0: 45 52 20 4F 4E 20 C9 20 42 45 47 41 4E 20 54 4F |ER ON . BEGAN TO| 000004F0: 20 45 58 50 45 52 49 4D 45 4E 54 20 57 49 54 48 | EXPERIMENT WITH| 00000500: 20 49 54 0D 41 4E 44 20 46 4F 55 4E 44 20 4F 55 | IT.AND FOUND OU| 00000510: 54 20 54 48 41 54 20 4D 59 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 |T THAT MY PROGRA| 00000520: 4D 53 0D 57 4F 55 4C 44 4E 27 54 20 43 52 41 53 |MS.WOULDN'T CRAS| 00000530: 48 20 49 46 20 C9 20 55 53 45 44 20 49 54 2E 20 |H IF . USED IT. | 00000540: 20 C7 CF D3 D5 C2 0D 53 45 45 4D 45 44 20 54 4F | ......SEEMED TO| 00000550: 20 48 41 56 45 20 41 20 31 30 30 25 20 41 43 43 | HAVE A 100% ACC| 00000560: 55 52 41 54 45 0D 52 45 43 4F 4C 4C 45 43 54 49 |URATE.RECOLLECTI| 00000570: 4F 4E 20 4F 46 20 57 48 45 52 45 20 49 54 20 43 |ON OF WHERE IT C| 00000580: 41 4D 45 20 46 52 4F 4D 2E 0D CD 59 20 C7 CF D3 |AME FROM...Y ...| 00000590: D5 C2 20 50 41 52 41 4E 4F 49 41 20 51 55 49 43 |.. PARANOIA QUIC| 000005A0: 4B 4C 59 20 44 49 53 53 4F 4C 56 45 44 2E 0D 0D |KLY DISSOLVED...| 000005B0: 20 20 20 20 C2 55 54 20 54 48 45 20 57 41 59 20 | .UT THE WAY | 000005C0: C9 20 57 41 53 20 55 53 49 4E 47 20 C7 CF D3 D5 |. WAS USING ....| 000005D0: C2 20 57 41 53 0D 4D 45 53 53 59 2C 20 50 52 4F |. WAS.MESSY, PRO| 000005E0: 44 55 43 49 4E 47 20 57 4F 52 53 45 20 53 50 41 |DUCING WORSE SPA| 000005F0: 47 48 45 54 54 49 20 43 4F 44 45 0D 54 48 41 4E |GHETTI CODE.THAN| 00000600: 20 45 56 45 52 20 42 45 46 4F 52 45 2E 20 20 C9 | EVER BEFORE. .| 00000610: 20 57 41 53 4E 27 54 20 43 52 45 41 54 49 4E 47 | WASN'T CREATING| 00000620: 0D 54 52 55 45 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 |.TRUE SUBROUTINE| 00000630: 53 2C 20 C9 20 57 41 53 20 4A 55 53 54 20 53 51 |S, . WAS JUST SQ| 00000640: 55 45 45 5A 49 4E 47 0D 49 4E 20 43 4F 44 45 20 |UEEZING.IN CODE | 00000650: 48 45 52 45 20 41 4E 44 20 54 48 45 52 45 2C 20 |HERE AND THERE, | 00000660: 41 44 44 49 4E 47 20 41 20 4B 4E 4F 54 0D 4F 46 |ADDING A KNOT.OF| 00000670: 20 53 50 41 47 48 45 54 54 49 20 41 54 20 54 48 | SPAGHETTI AT TH| 00000680: 45 20 45 4E 44 20 4F 46 20 4D 59 0D 50 52 4F 47 |E END OF MY.PROG| 00000690: 52 41 4D 53 2E 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 55 53 |RAMS.. .HE US| 000006A0: 45 20 4F 46 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 53 |E OF SUBROUTINES| 000006B0: 20 4D 45 41 4E 53 20 4D 4F 52 45 0D 54 48 41 4E | MEANS MORE.THAN| 000006C0: 20 4A 55 53 54 20 C7 CF D3 D5 C2 49 4E 47 20 41 | JUST .....ING A| 000006D0: 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 53 4F 4D 45 57 48 45 52 45 0D | LINE SOMEWHERE.| 000006E0: 44 45 45 50 20 49 4E 20 59 4F 55 52 20 50 52 4F |DEEP IN YOUR PRO| 000006F0: 47 52 41 4D 20 54 4F 20 44 49 53 50 4C 41 59 20 |GRAM TO DISPLAY | 00000700: 41 0D 44 49 52 45 43 54 4F 52 59 2C 20 54 48 45 |A.DIRECTORY, THE| 00000710: 4E 20 D2 C5 D4 D5 D2 CE 49 4E 47 20 54 4F 20 54 |N ......ING TO T| 00000720: 48 45 20 4D 45 4E 55 0D 41 46 54 45 52 20 41 20 |HE MENU.AFTER A | 00000730: 4B 45 59 20 49 53 20 50 52 45 53 53 45 44 2E 20 |KEY IS PRESSED. | 00000740: 20 D3 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 53 0D 43 41 4E | .UBROUTINES.CAN| 00000750: 20 42 45 20 57 4F 52 4B 48 4F 52 53 45 53 2C 20 | BE WORKHORSES, | 00000760: 43 41 4C 4C 45 44 20 55 50 4F 4E 0D 48 55 4E 44 |CALLED UPON.HUND| 00000770: 52 45 44 53 2C 20 45 56 45 4E 20 54 48 4F 55 53 |REDS, EVEN THOUS| 00000780: 41 4E 44 53 20 4F 46 20 54 49 4D 45 53 20 49 4E |ANDS OF TIMES IN| 00000790: 0D 54 48 45 20 43 4F 55 52 53 45 20 4F 46 20 41 |.THE COURSE OF A| 000007A0: 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 27 53 20 55 53 45 2E 0D | PROGRAM'S USE..| 000007B0: 0D 20 20 20 20 D7 48 41 54 20 4B 49 4E 44 20 4F |. .HAT KIND O| 000007C0: 46 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 49 53 20 |F SUBROUTINE IS | 000007D0: 43 41 4C 4C 45 44 0D 55 50 4F 4E 20 53 4F 20 4F |CALLED.UPON SO O| 000007E0: 46 54 45 4E 3F 20 20 C9 27 56 45 20 55 53 45 44 |FTEN? .'VE USED| 000007F0: 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 53 0D 4A 55 53 | SUBROUTINES.JUS| 00000800: 54 20 54 4F 20 44 49 53 50 4C 41 59 20 41 20 4D |T TO DISPLAY A M| 00000810: 45 53 53 41 47 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 53 41 59 53 |ESSAGE THAT SAYS| 00000820: 0D 22 D0 D2 C5 D3 D3 20 C1 20 CB C5 D9 2E 2E 2E |."..... . ......| 00000830: 22 2E 20 20 C9 54 20 54 48 45 4E 20 57 41 49 54 |". .T THEN WAIT| 00000840: 53 20 46 4F 52 20 41 0D 52 45 53 50 4F 4E 53 45 |S FOR A.RESPONSE| 00000850: 2E 20 20 D7 48 45 4E 20 C9 20 43 4F 4E 46 49 4E |. .HEN . CONFIN| 00000860: 45 20 54 48 49 53 0D 46 55 4E 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 |E THIS.FUNCTION | 00000870: 54 4F 20 41 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 2C |TO A SUBROUTINE,| 00000880: 20 44 49 53 50 4C 41 59 49 4E 47 0D 54 48 45 20 | DISPLAYING.THE | 00000890: 4D 45 53 53 41 47 45 20 41 4E 44 20 47 4F 49 4E |MESSAGE AND GOIN| 000008A0: 47 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 4D 45 4E 55 20 49 53 |G TO THE MENU IS| 000008B0: 0D 41 53 20 53 49 4D 50 4C 45 20 41 53 20 53 41 |.AS SIMPLE AS SA| 000008C0: 59 49 4E 47 3A 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 32 35 30 20 C7 |YING:.. 250 .| 000008D0: CF D3 D5 C2 20 CD 45 53 53 41 47 45 20 4C 49 4E |.... .ESSAGE LIN| 000008E0: 45 3A C7 CF D4 CF 20 CD 45 4E 55 0D 0D 20 20 20 |E:.... .ENU.. | 000008F0: 20 C1 47 41 49 4E 2C 20 41 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 | .GAIN, A SUBROU| 00000900: 54 49 4E 45 20 49 53 4E 27 54 0D 4E 45 43 45 53 |TINE ISN'T.NECES| 00000910: 53 41 52 59 20 49 46 20 54 48 45 20 54 41 53 4B |SARY IF THE TASK| 00000920: 20 49 53 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 47 4F 49 4E 47 0D 54 | IS ONLY GOING.T| 00000930: 4F 20 42 45 20 50 45 52 46 4F 52 4D 45 44 20 4F |O BE PERFORMED O| 00000940: 4E 43 45 20 4F 52 20 54 57 49 43 45 2E 20 20 C2 |NCE OR TWICE. .| 00000950: 55 54 0D 57 48 41 54 20 49 46 20 59 4F 55 52 20 |UT.WHAT IF YOUR | 00000960: 44 41 54 41 42 41 53 45 20 4E 45 45 44 45 44 20 |DATABASE NEEDED | 00000970: 41 0D 4D 45 53 53 41 47 45 20 4C 49 4B 45 20 54 |A.MESSAGE LIKE T| 00000980: 48 49 53 20 46 4F 52 20 4D 4F 52 45 20 54 48 41 |HIS FOR MORE THA| 00000990: 4E 20 54 57 45 4E 54 59 0D 46 55 4E 43 54 49 4F |N TWENTY.FUNCTIO| 000009A0: 4E 53 3F 20 20 C5 56 45 4E 20 49 46 20 45 41 43 |NS? .VEN IF EAC| 000009B0: 48 20 4D 45 53 53 41 47 45 20 57 45 52 45 0D 44 |H MESSAGE WERE.D| 000009C0: 49 46 46 45 52 45 4E 54 2C 20 4F 52 20 49 46 20 |IFFERENT, OR IF | 000009D0: 54 48 45 59 20 57 45 52 45 20 54 4F 20 42 45 0D |THEY WERE TO BE.| 000009E0: 50 52 49 4E 54 45 44 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 53 |PRINTED IN THE S| 000009F0: 41 4D 45 20 42 4F 58 2C 20 49 54 27 53 20 54 49 |AME BOX, IT'S TI| 00000A00: 4D 45 0D 46 4F 52 20 41 4E 20 4F 46 46 49 43 49 |ME.FOR AN OFFICI| 00000A10: 41 4C 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 54 48 |AL SUBROUTINE TH| 00000A20: 41 54 0D 50 52 49 4E 54 53 20 47 45 4E 45 52 49 |AT.PRINTS GENERI| 00000A30: 43 20 4D 45 53 53 41 47 45 53 2E 20 20 C9 46 20 |C MESSAGES. .F | 00000A40: 59 4F 55 52 0D 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 50 41 47 |YOUR.PROGRAM PAG| 00000A50: 45 53 20 54 48 52 4F 55 47 48 20 54 45 4E 20 50 |ES THROUGH TEN P| 00000A60: 41 47 45 53 20 4F 46 0D 44 41 54 41 2C 20 54 45 |AGES OF.DATA, TE| 00000A70: 4E 20 50 52 4F 4D 50 54 53 20 41 52 45 4E 27 54 |N PROMPTS AREN'T| 00000A80: 20 4E 45 45 44 45 44 2C 20 4F 4E 4C 59 0D 4F 4E | NEEDED, ONLY.ON| 00000A90: 45 2E 20 C9 46 20 59 4F 55 20 44 49 53 50 4C 41 |E. .F YOU DISPLA| 00000AA0: 59 20 49 4E 53 54 52 55 43 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 4F |Y INSTRUCTIONS O| 00000AB0: 4E 0D 53 43 52 45 45 4E 2C 20 49 53 4E 27 54 20 |N.SCREEN, ISN'T | 00000AC0: 49 54 20 42 45 53 54 20 54 4F 20 55 53 45 20 CF |IT BEST TO USE .| 00000AD0: CE C5 0D 4B 45 59 42 4F 41 52 44 20 C7 C5 D4 20 |...KEYBOARD ... | 00000AE0: 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 49 4E 53 54 45 41 44 20 |ROUTINE INSTEAD | 00000AF0: 4F 46 20 4F 4E 45 0D 46 4F 52 20 45 41 43 48 20 |OF ONE.FOR EACH | 00000B00: 50 41 47 45 3F 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 CF 54 48 |PAGE?... .TH| 00000B10: 45 52 20 57 4F 52 4B 48 4F 52 53 45 20 52 4F 55 |ER WORKHORSE ROU| 00000B20: 54 49 4E 45 53 20 4D 49 47 48 54 0D 49 4E 43 4C |TINES MIGHT.INCL| 00000B30: 55 44 45 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 53 20 |UDE SUBROUTINES | 00000B40: 54 48 41 54 20 41 43 43 45 50 54 20 49 4E 50 55 |THAT ACCEPT INPU| 00000B50: 54 0D 46 52 4F 4D 20 54 48 45 20 4B 45 59 42 4F |T.FROM THE KEYBO| 00000B60: 41 52 44 2E 20 20 CC CF C1 C4 D3 D4 C1 D2 20 48 |ARD. ........ H| 00000B70: 41 53 20 4D 41 44 45 0D 49 54 53 20 50 4F 53 49 |AS MADE.ITS POSI| 00000B80: 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 |TION ON THE ....| 00000B90: C3 20 C9 CE D0 D5 D4 0D 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E |. ......STATEMEN| 00000BA0: 54 20 51 55 49 54 45 20 43 4C 45 41 52 3A 20 57 |T QUITE CLEAR: W| 00000BB0: 45 20 44 4F 4E 27 54 20 4C 49 4B 45 0D 49 54 2E |E DON'T LIKE.IT.| 00000BC0: 20 20 D4 48 45 52 45 20 41 52 45 20 54 4F 4F 20 | .HERE ARE TOO | 00000BD0: 4D 41 4E 59 20 42 41 44 20 4B 45 59 53 20 41 0D |MANY BAD KEYS A.| 00000BE0: 55 53 45 52 20 43 41 4E 20 50 52 45 53 53 2E 20 |USER CAN PRESS. | 00000BF0: 20 CC CF C1 C4 D3 D4 C1 D2 20 23 34 31 20 48 41 | ........ #41 HA| 00000C00: 44 0D 42 4F 54 48 20 41 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 41 |D.BOTH A ..... A| 00000C10: 4E 44 20 41 4E 20 CD CC 20 41 4C 54 45 52 4E 41 |ND AN .. ALTERNA| 00000C20: 54 49 56 45 20 54 4F 0D C9 CE D0 D5 D4 20 49 4E |TIVE TO...... IN| 00000C30: 20 49 54 53 20 DA 45 52 4F 20 D0 41 47 45 20 53 | ITS .ERO .AGE S| 00000C40: 45 43 54 49 4F 4E 2E 20 20 D9 4F 55 0D 43 41 4E |ECTION. .OU.CAN| 00000C50: 20 44 4F 20 59 4F 55 52 53 45 4C 46 20 28 41 4E | DO YOURSELF (AN| 00000C60: 44 20 45 53 50 45 43 49 41 4C 4C 59 20 55 53 29 |D ESPECIALLY US)| 00000C70: 20 41 0D 46 41 56 4F 52 20 42 59 20 55 53 49 4E | A.FAVOR BY USIN| 00000C80: 47 20 41 20 C7 C5 D4 20 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 |G A ... ROUTINE | 00000C90: 49 4E 53 54 45 41 44 0D 4F 46 20 C9 CE D0 D5 D4 |INSTEAD.OF .....| 00000CA0: 20 49 4E 20 41 4E 59 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 | IN ANY PROGRAM | 00000CB0: 59 4F 55 20 50 4C 41 4E 20 54 4F 0D 53 55 42 4D |YOU PLAN TO.SUBM| 00000CC0: 49 54 20 54 4F 20 55 53 20 46 4F 52 20 50 55 42 |IT TO US FOR PUB| 00000CD0: 4C 49 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 |LICATION... .| 00000CE0: 48 45 20 4D 41 49 4E 20 54 48 49 4E 47 20 54 4F |HE MAIN THING TO| 00000CF0: 20 52 45 4D 45 4D 42 45 52 20 41 42 4F 55 54 0D | REMEMBER ABOUT.| 00000D00: 41 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 49 53 20 |A SUBROUTINE IS | 00000D10: 54 48 41 54 20 49 54 20 CD D5 D3 D4 20 45 58 49 |THAT IT .... EXI| 00000D20: 54 20 56 49 41 0D 41 20 D2 C5 D4 D5 D2 CE 2E 20 |T VIA.A ....... | 00000D30: 20 C9 46 20 59 4F 55 20 48 41 56 45 20 41 20 C7 | .F YOU HAVE A .| 00000D40: CF D4 CF 20 49 4E 20 41 0D 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 |... IN A.SUBROUT| 00000D50: 49 4E 45 2C 20 59 4F 55 27 52 45 20 41 53 4B 49 |INE, YOU'RE ASKI| 00000D60: 4E 47 20 46 4F 52 20 53 54 41 43 4B 0D 50 52 4F |NG FOR STACK.PRO| 00000D70: 42 4C 45 4D 53 2E 0D 20 20 20 20 C1 4E 59 4F 4E |BLEMS.. .NYON| 00000D80: 45 20 57 48 4F 20 48 41 53 20 45 56 45 52 20 52 |E WHO HAS EVER R| 00000D90: 45 41 44 20 41 20 42 4F 4F 4B 0D 4F 4E 20 50 52 |EAD A BOOK.ON PR| 00000DA0: 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 49 4E 47 20 48 41 53 20 50 52 |OGRAMMING HAS PR| 00000DB0: 4F 42 41 42 4C 59 20 43 4F 4D 45 0D 41 43 52 4F |OBABLY COME.ACRO| 00000DC0: 53 53 20 41 44 56 49 43 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 57 |SS ADVICE THAT W| 00000DD0: 41 53 4E 27 54 20 47 4F 4F 44 20 4F 52 20 54 48 |ASN'T GOOD OR TH| 00000DE0: 41 54 0D 54 48 45 59 20 43 4F 55 4C 44 4E 27 54 |AT.THEY COULDN'T| 00000DF0: 20 55 53 45 2E 20 20 C6 4F 52 20 49 4E 53 54 41 | USE. .OR INSTA| 00000E00: 4E 43 45 20 4D 41 4E 59 0D 42 4F 4F 4B 53 20 53 |NCE MANY.BOOKS S| 00000E10: 54 52 45 53 53 20 54 48 45 20 55 53 45 20 4F 46 |TRESS THE USE OF| 00000E20: 20 C4 C1 D4 C1 0D 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 53 | .....STATEMENTS| 00000E30: 20 46 4F 52 20 4A 55 53 54 20 41 42 4F 55 54 20 | FOR JUST ABOUT | 00000E40: 45 56 45 52 59 0D 50 55 52 50 4F 53 45 2C 20 49 |EVERY.PURPOSE, I| 00000E50: 4E 43 4C 55 44 49 4E 47 20 49 4E 46 4F 52 4D 41 |NCLUDING INFORMA| 00000E60: 54 49 4F 4E 20 54 48 41 54 0D 4D 49 47 48 54 20 |TION THAT.MIGHT | 00000E70: 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 44 41 59 2D |CHANGE FROM DAY-| 00000E80: 54 4F 2D 44 41 59 20 4C 49 4B 45 20 54 48 45 0D |TO-DAY LIKE THE.| 00000E90: 4E 41 4D 45 53 20 4F 46 20 45 4D 50 4C 4F 59 45 |NAMES OF EMPLOYE| 00000EA0: 45 53 2E 20 20 D7 45 20 44 4F 4E 27 54 20 4B 4E |ES. .E DON'T KN| 00000EB0: 4F 57 20 48 4F 57 0D 54 48 49 53 20 53 54 41 52 |OW HOW.THIS STAR| 00000EC0: 54 45 44 20 42 55 54 20 49 54 20 4A 55 53 54 20 |TED BUT IT JUST | 00000ED0: 41 49 4E 27 54 20 54 52 55 45 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 |AIN'T TRUE... | 00000EE0: 20 C8 45 52 45 27 53 20 53 4F 4D 45 20 55 53 41 | .ERE'S SOME USA| 00000EF0: 42 4C 45 20 41 44 56 49 43 45 3A 20 49 46 0D 59 |BLE ADVICE: IF.Y| 00000F00: 4F 55 27 52 45 20 53 54 41 52 54 49 4E 47 20 41 |OU'RE STARTING A| 00000F10: 20 50 52 4F 4A 45 43 54 2C 20 50 41 59 0D 53 50 | PROJECT, PAY.SP| 00000F20: 45 43 49 41 4C 20 41 54 54 45 4E 54 49 4F 4E 20 |ECIAL ATTENTION | 00000F30: 54 4F 20 59 4F 55 52 20 4D 45 4E 55 2E 0D C4 45 |TO YOUR MENU...E| 00000F40: 53 49 47 4E 20 49 54 2C 20 44 45 43 49 44 49 4E |SIGN IT, DECIDIN| 00000F50: 47 20 45 41 52 4C 59 20 57 48 45 52 45 20 41 4C |G EARLY WHERE AL| 00000F60: 4C 0D 50 52 4F 4D 50 54 53 20 41 52 45 20 47 4F |L.PROMPTS ARE GO| 00000F70: 49 4E 47 20 54 4F 20 42 45 20 41 4E 44 20 57 48 |ING TO BE AND WH| 00000F80: 45 52 45 20 41 4C 4C 0D 54 45 58 54 20 57 49 4C |ERE ALL.TEXT WIL| 00000F90: 4C 20 42 45 20 45 4E 54 45 52 45 44 2E 20 20 CF |L BE ENTERED. .| 00000FA0: 4E 43 45 20 54 48 49 53 20 49 53 0D 44 4F 4E 45 |NCE THIS IS.DONE| 00000FB0: 2C 20 44 45 53 49 47 4E 20 54 48 45 20 53 55 42 |, DESIGN THE SUB| 00000FC0: 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 53 20 54 48 41 54 0D 57 49 |ROUTINES THAT.WI| 00000FD0: 4C 4C 20 50 52 49 4E 54 20 54 48 45 20 4D 45 4E |LL PRINT THE MEN| 00000FE0: 55 20 41 4E 44 20 54 48 45 20 4D 45 53 53 41 47 |U AND THE MESSAG| 00000FF0: 45 53 2E 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 49 53 2C 20 42 59 |ES.. .HIS, BY| 00001000: 20 54 48 45 20 57 41 59 2C 20 49 53 20 4B 4E 4F | THE WAY, IS KNO| 00001010: 57 4E 20 41 53 0D 54 4F 50 2D 44 4F 57 4E 20 50 |WN AS.TOP-DOWN P| 00001020: 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 49 4E 47 2C 20 49 4E 20 43 |ROGRAMMING, IN C| 00001030: 41 53 45 20 59 4F 55 20 52 55 4E 0D 41 43 52 4F |ASE YOU RUN.ACRO| 00001040: 53 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 43 52 59 50 54 49 43 20 |SS THAT CRYPTIC | 00001050: 50 48 52 41 53 45 20 49 4E 20 41 0D 50 52 4F 47 |PHRASE IN A.PROG| 00001060: 52 41 4D 4D 49 4E 47 20 42 4F 4F 4B 2E 20 20 D4 |RAMMING BOOK. .| 00001070: 48 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 41 20 52 55 4E 4E 49 4E |HERE IS A RUNNIN| 00001080: 47 0D 41 52 47 55 4D 45 4E 54 20 4F 56 45 52 20 |G.ARGUMENT OVER | 00001090: 54 48 45 20 4D 45 52 49 54 53 20 4F 46 20 54 4F |THE MERITS OF TO| 000010A0: 50 2D 44 4F 57 4E 0D 56 45 52 53 55 53 20 42 4F |P-DOWN.VERSUS BO| 000010B0: 54 54 4F 4D 2D 55 50 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D |TTOM-UP PROGRAMM| 000010C0: 49 4E 47 20 41 4E 44 20 4D 59 0D 54 57 4F 20 43 |ING AND MY.TWO C| 000010D0: 45 4E 54 53 20 57 4F 52 54 48 20 49 53 3A 20 54 |ENTS WORTH IS: T| 000010E0: 4F 50 2D 44 4F 57 4E 20 52 55 4C 45 53 21 0D 0D |OP-DOWN RULES!..| 000010F0: 20 20 20 20 C2 55 54 20 C9 20 44 49 47 52 45 53 | .UT . DIGRES| 00001100: 53 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 CD 41 4B 45 20 53 55 52 |S... .AKE SUR| 00001110: 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 59 4F 55 52 20 53 55 42 52 |E THAT YOUR SUBR| 00001120: 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 53 0D 43 45 4E 54 45 52 20 41 |OUTINES.CENTER A| 00001130: 4C 4C 20 4D 45 53 53 41 47 45 53 2E 20 20 C1 46 |LL MESSAGES. .F| 00001140: 54 45 52 20 41 4C 4C 2C 20 49 46 0D 59 4F 55 27 |TER ALL, IF.YOU'| 00001150: 52 45 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 47 4F 49 4E 47 20 54 4F |RE ONLY GOING TO| 00001160: 20 44 4F 20 49 54 20 4F 4E 43 45 2C 20 59 4F 55 | DO IT ONCE, YOU| 00001170: 0D 4D 49 47 48 54 20 41 53 20 57 45 4C 4C 20 44 |.MIGHT AS WELL D| 00001180: 4F 20 49 54 20 52 49 47 48 54 2E 20 20 D4 45 58 |O IT RIGHT. .EX| 00001190: 54 0D 45 4E 54 52 59 20 53 48 4F 55 4C 44 20 42 |T.ENTRY SHOULD B| 000011A0: 45 20 44 4F 4E 45 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 53 41 |E DONE ON THE SA| 000011B0: 4D 45 0D 4C 4F 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F 4E 20 54 |ME.LOCATION ON T| 000011C0: 48 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 45 56 45 52 59 20 |HE SCREEN EVERY | 000011D0: 54 49 4D 45 2C 0D 50 52 45 46 45 52 41 42 4C 59 |TIME,.PREFERABLY| 000011E0: 20 49 4E 53 49 44 45 20 41 20 42 4F 58 2E 0D 0D | INSIDE A BOX...| 000011F0: 0D 20 20 20 20 D7 48 41 54 20 44 4F 45 53 20 41 |. .HAT DOES A| 00001200: 4C 4C 20 54 48 49 53 20 48 41 56 45 20 54 4F 20 |LL THIS HAVE TO | 00001210: 44 4F 0D 57 49 54 48 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 |DO.WITH SUBROUTI| 00001220: 4E 45 53 3F 20 20 D7 45 4C 4C 2C 20 49 46 20 59 |NES? .ELL, IF Y| 00001230: 4F 55 20 55 53 45 0D 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E |OU USE.SUBROUTIN| 00001240: 45 53 20 54 4F 20 44 4F 20 41 4C 4C 20 54 48 45 |ES TO DO ALL THE| 00001250: 53 45 20 4D 55 4E 44 41 4E 45 0D 54 41 53 4B 53 |SE MUNDANE.TASKS| 00001260: 2C 20 59 4F 55 27 4C 4C 20 53 41 56 45 20 4F 4F |, YOU'LL SAVE OO| 00001270: 44 4C 45 53 20 4F 46 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 2E 0D |DLES OF MEMORY..| 00001280: CD 4F 52 45 20 49 4D 50 4F 52 54 41 4E 54 4C 59 |.ORE IMPORTANTLY| 00001290: 2C 20 49 46 20 45 56 45 52 59 20 50 52 4F 47 52 |, IF EVERY PROGR| 000012A0: 41 4D 0D 55 53 45 44 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 |AM.USED SUBROUTI| 000012B0: 4E 45 53 20 57 48 45 4E 20 54 48 45 59 20 41 52 |NES WHEN THEY AR| 000012C0: 45 20 43 41 4C 4C 45 44 0D 46 4F 52 2C 20 57 45 |E CALLED.FOR, WE| 000012D0: 27 44 20 48 41 56 45 20 41 20 4C 4F 54 20 4D 4F |'D HAVE A LOT MO| 000012E0: 52 45 20 52 4F 4F 4D 20 4F 4E 0D 45 41 43 48 20 |RE ROOM ON.EACH | 000012F0: 49 53 53 55 45 20 4F 46 20 CC CF C1 C4 D3 D4 C1 |ISSUE OF .......| 00001300: D2 20 46 4F 52 20 4D 4F 52 45 20 47 52 45 41 54 |. FOR MORE GREAT| 00001310: 0D 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 53 2E 20 20 C9 53 4E 27 |.PROGRAMS. .SN'| 00001320: 54 20 54 48 41 54 20 57 48 41 54 20 49 54 27 53 |T THAT WHAT IT'S| 00001330: 20 41 4C 4C 0D 41 42 4F 55 54 3F 0D 0D 20 20 20 | ALL.ABOUT?.. | 00001340: 20 20 20 20 20 2A 2A 2A 2A 20 C5 4E 44 20 CF 46 | **** .ND .F| 00001350: 20 D4 45 58 54 20 2A 2A 2A 2A 0D | .EXT ****. |
..^U:ZERO. BASICS: INTRODUCTION TO SUBRO
UTINES.. BY JEFFREY L. JONES..
FENDER'S POSTULATE: "ANY TASK THAT.IS
REPEATED MORE THAN TWICE IN A.PROGRAM DE
SERVES A SUBROUTINE.".. JEFF'S THEOREM
: "LISTEN TO.EVERYTHING FENDER SAYS, ESP
ECIALLY IF.YOU WANT TO KEEP YOUR JOB."..
BECAUSE OF C64 BASIC'S EXCELLENT.SCR
EEN EDITOR IT'S TEMPTING TO CREATE.SIMIL
AR LINES OF CODE BY SIMPLY.CHANGING THE
NUMBER OF A LINE AND.PRESSING RETURN ON
IT. IT'S EASY,.IT'S FAST, IT'S A BAD PR
OGRAMMING.TECHNIQUE... IF YOU FIND YO
UR BASIC PROGRAM.GETTING CLUTTERED UP WI
TH LINES THAT.LOOK ALIKE YOU SHOULD CONS
IDER USING.A SUBROUTINE FOR THESE LINES.
THIS.MEANS BECOMING INTIMATE WITH TWO.
BASIC COMMANDS, GOSUB AND RETURN... F
OR THOSE WHO DON'T KNOW ALREADY,.GOSUB I
S JUST LIKE A GOTO COMMAND.EXCEPT IT REM
EMBERS WHERE IT CAME.FROM. WHEN THE C-6
4 ENCOUNTERS A.RETURN COMMAND, IT BOUNCE
S BACK TO.THE POINT JUST AFTER THE GOSUB
.COMMAND. THIS CAN BE THE NEXT LINE.AFT
ER THE GOSUB OR THE NEXT COMMAND.ON THE
SAME LINE. IT MAKES FOR EASIER.PROGRAMM
ING BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE TO.REMEMBER W
HERE YOU CAME FROM... WHEN I WAS A NE
OPHYTE PROGRAMMER.THE GOSUB COMMAND USED
TO FRIGHTEN ME..IT SEEMED TOO MAGICAL T
HAT GOSUB.COULD REMEMBER WHERE IT CAME F
ROM..LATER ON I BEGAN TO EXPERIMENT WITH
IT.AND FOUND OUT THAT MY PROGRAMS.WOULD
N'T CRASH IF I USED IT. GOSUB.SEEMED TO
HAVE A 100% ACCURATE.RECOLLECTION OF WH
ERE IT CAME FROM..MY GOSUB PARANOIA QUIC
KLY DISSOLVED... BUT THE WAY I WAS US
ING GOSUB WAS.MESSY, PRODUCING WORSE SPA
GHETTI CODE.THAN EVER BEFORE. I WASN'T
CREATING.TRUE SUBROUTINES, I WAS JUST SQ
UEEZING.IN CODE HERE AND THERE, ADDING A
KNOT.OF SPAGHETTI AT THE END OF MY.PROG
RAMS.. THE USE OF SUBROUTINES MEANS M
ORE.THAN JUST GOSUBING A LINE SOMEWHERE.
DEEP IN YOUR PROGRAM TO DISPLAY A.DIRECT
ORY, THEN RETURNING TO THE MENU.AFTER A
KEY IS PRESSED. SUBROUTINES.CAN BE WORK
HORSES, CALLED UPON.HUNDREDS, EVEN THOUS
ANDS OF TIMES IN.THE COURSE OF A PROGRAM
'S USE... WHAT KIND OF SUBROUTINE IS
CALLED.UPON SO OFTEN? I'VE USED SUBROUT
INES.JUST TO DISPLAY A MESSAGE THAT SAYS
."PRESS A KEY...". IT THEN WAITS FOR A.
RESPONSE. WHEN I CONFINE THIS.FUNCTION
TO A SUBROUTINE, DISPLAYING.THE MESSAGE
AND GOING TO THE MENU IS.AS SIMPLE AS SA
YING:.. 250 GOSUB MESSAGE LINE:GOTO M
ENU.. AGAIN, A SUBROUTINE ISN'T.NECES
SARY IF THE TASK IS ONLY GOING.TO BE PER
FORMED ONCE OR TWICE. BUT.WHAT IF YOUR
DATABASE NEEDED A.MESSAGE LIKE THIS FOR
MORE THAN TWENTY.FUNCTIONS? EVEN IF EAC
H MESSAGE WERE.DIFFERENT, OR IF THEY WER
E TO BE.PRINTED IN THE SAME BOX, IT'S TI
ME.FOR AN OFFICIAL SUBROUTINE THAT.PRINT
S GENERIC MESSAGES. IF YOUR.PROGRAM PAG
ES THROUGH TEN PAGES OF.DATA, TEN PROMPT
S AREN'T NEEDED, ONLY.ONE. IF YOU DISPLA
Y INSTRUCTIONS ON.SCREEN, ISN'T IT BEST
TO USE ONE.KEYBOARD GET ROUTINE INSTEAD
OF ONE.FOR EACH PAGE?... OTHER WORKH
ORSE ROUTINES MIGHT.INCLUDE SUBROUTINES
THAT ACCEPT INPUT.FROM THE KEYBOARD. LO
ADSTAR HAS MADE.ITS POSITION ON THE BASI
C INPUT.STATEMENT QUITE CLEAR: WE DON'T
LIKE.IT. THERE ARE TOO MANY BAD KEYS A.
USER CAN PRESS. LOADSTAR #41 HAD.BOTH A
BASIC AND AN ML ALTERNATIVE TO.INPUT IN
ITS ZERO PAGE SECTION. YOU.CAN DO YOUR
SELF (AND ESPECIALLY US) A.FAVOR BY USIN
G A GET ROUTINE INSTEAD.OF INPUT IN ANY
PROGRAM YOU PLAN TO.SUBMIT TO US FOR PUB
LICATION... THE MAIN THING TO REMEMBE
R ABOUT.A SUBROUTINE IS THAT IT MUST EXI
T VIA.A RETURN. IF YOU HAVE A GOTO IN A
.SUBROUTINE, YOU'RE ASKING FOR STACK.PRO
BLEMS.. ANYONE WHO HAS EVER READ A BO
OK.ON PROGRAMMING HAS PROBABLY COME.ACRO
SS ADVICE THAT WASN'T GOOD OR THAT.THEY
COULDN'T USE. FOR INSTANCE MANY.BOOKS S
TRESS THE USE OF DATA.STATEMENTS FOR JUS
T ABOUT EVERY.PURPOSE, INCLUDING INFORMA
TION THAT.MIGHT CHANGE FROM DAY-TO-DAY L
IKE THE.NAMES OF EMPLOYEES. WE DON'T KN
OW HOW.THIS STARTED BUT IT JUST AIN'T TR
UE... HERE'S SOME USABLE ADVICE: IF.Y
OU'RE STARTING A PROJECT, PAY.SPECIAL AT
TENTION TO YOUR MENU..DESIGN IT, DECIDIN
G EARLY WHERE ALL.PROMPTS ARE GOING TO B
E AND WHERE ALL.TEXT WILL BE ENTERED. O
NCE THIS IS.DONE, DESIGN THE SUBROUTINES
THAT.WILL PRINT THE MENU AND THE MESSAG
ES.. THIS, BY THE WAY, IS KNOWN AS.TO
P-DOWN PROGRAMMING, IN CASE YOU RUN.ACRO
SS THAT CRYPTIC PHRASE IN A.PROGRAMMING
BOOK. THERE IS A RUNNING.ARGUMENT OVER
THE MERITS OF TOP-DOWN.VERSUS BOTTOM-UP
PROGRAMMING AND MY.TWO CENTS WORTH IS: T
OP-DOWN RULES!.. BUT I DIGRESS...
MAKE SURE THAT YOUR SUBROUTINES.CENTER A
LL MESSAGES. AFTER ALL, IF.YOU'RE ONLY
GOING TO DO IT ONCE, YOU.MIGHT AS WELL D
O IT RIGHT. TEXT.ENTRY SHOULD BE DONE O
N THE SAME.LOCATION ON THE SCREEN EVERY
TIME,.PREFERABLY INSIDE A BOX.... WHA
T DOES ALL THIS HAVE TO DO.WITH SUBROUTI
NES? WELL, IF YOU USE.SUBROUTINES TO DO
ALL THESE MUNDANE.TASKS, YOU'LL SAVE OO
DLES OF MEMORY..MORE IMPORTANTLY, IF EVE
RY PROGRAM.USED SUBROUTINES WHEN THEY AR
E CALLED.FOR, WE'D HAVE A LOT MORE ROOM
ON.EACH ISSUE OF LOADSTAR FOR MORE GREAT
.PROGRAMS. ISN'T THAT WHAT IT'S ALL.ABO
UT?.. **** END OF TEXT ****.
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