THE LAST ONE 4
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): THE LAST ONE 4
FILE TYPE(S): SEQ
FILE SIZE: 23.7K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 18:12:26
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
6489cdf52004c3de233258d59d911642658c749d062e9cee99ed3c346ef7333e
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DATARICH | THE LAST ONE 4 | SEQ | Sailor, Ganheden | 23 | 8 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
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00005920: 4F 52 44 20 28 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 4D 4F 53 54 |ORD (AT THE MOST|
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00005940: 4D 4F 52 59 20 41 54 20 41 4E 59 20 4F 4E 45 20 |MORY AT ANY ONE |
00005950: 54 49 4D 45 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 52 45 20 4D 41 59 |TIME. .HERE MAY|
00005960: 2C 20 48 4F 57 45 56 45 52 2C 20 42 45 20 52 45 |, HOWEVER, BE RE|
00005970: 43 4F 52 44 53 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 41 20 4C 41 52 |CORDS FROM A LAR|
00005980: 47 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 4F 46 20 44 49 46 |GE NUMBER OF DIF|
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000059B0: 20 41 54 20 41 4E 59 20 4F 4E 45 20 54 49 4D 45 | AT ANY ONE TIME|
000059C0: 2E 80 2A 4C 4E 31 0D C5 41 43 48 20 46 49 4C 45 |..*LN1..ACH FILE|
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000059E0: 48 49 43 48 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 53 20 41 54 20 54 |HICH POINTS AT T|
000059F0: 48 45 20 4F 4E 45 20 52 45 43 4F 52 44 20 57 48 |HE ONE RECORD WH|
00005A00: 49 43 48 20 49 53 20 4F 46 20 49 4E 54 45 52 45 |ICH IS OF INTERE|
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00005A20: 4D 4F 4D 45 4E 54 2E 20 20 D4 48 49 53 20 49 53 |MOMENT. .HIS IS|
00005A30: 20 54 48 45 20 52 45 43 4F 52 44 20 57 48 49 43 | THE RECORD WHIC|
00005A40: 48 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 42 45 20 43 4F 50 49 45 44 |H WILL BE COPIED|
00005A50: 20 49 4E 54 4F 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 49 46 20 | INTO MEMORY IF |
00005A60: 41 20 D2 C5 C1 C4 20 C6 C9 CC C5 20 49 4E 53 54 |A .... .... INST|
00005A70: 52 55 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 49 53 20 43 41 52 52 49 |RUCTION IS CARRI|
00005A80: 45 44 20 4F 55 54 3B 20 49 54 20 49 53 20 54 48 |ED OUT; IT IS TH|
00005A90: 45 20 50 4F 53 49 54 49 4F 4E 20 54 4F 20 57 48 |E POSITION TO WH|
00005AA0: 49 43 48 20 41 20 52 45 43 4F 52 44 20 57 49 4C |ICH A RECORD WIL|
00005AB0: 4C 20 42 45 20 57 52 49 54 54 45 4E 20 49 46 20 |L BE WRITTEN IF |
00005AC0: 41 20 C6 C9 CC C5 20 D7 D2 C9 D4 C5 80 A3 49 4E |A .... .......IN|
00005AD0: 53 54 52 55 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 49 53 20 55 53 45 |STRUCTION IS USE|
00005AE0: 44 20 2D 20 52 45 47 41 52 44 4C 45 53 53 20 4F |D - REGARDLESS O|
00005AF0: 46 20 57 48 41 54 20 4D 41 59 20 42 45 20 54 48 |F WHAT MAY BE TH|
00005B00: 45 52 45 20 41 4C 52 45 41 44 59 2E 80 2A 4C 4E |ERE ALREADY..*LN|
00005B10: 31 0D C9 D4 80 A3 CD CF D6 C5 D3 21 3A 80 2A 4C |1..........!:.*L|
00005B20: 4E 31 0D C5 56 45 52 59 20 54 49 4D 45 20 59 4F |N1..VERY TIME YO|
00005B30: 55 20 52 45 41 44 20 41 20 52 45 43 4F 52 44 20 |U READ A RECORD |
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00005B70: 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 20 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 4E 45 | POINT AT THE NE|
00005B80: 58 54 20 52 45 43 4F 52 44 2E 20 20 C5 56 45 52 |XT RECORD. .VER|
00005B90: 59 20 54 49 4D 45 20 59 4F 55 20 57 52 49 54 45 |Y TIME YOU WRITE|
00005BA0: 20 54 4F 20 41 20 46 49 4C 45 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 | TO A FILE ON TH|
00005BB0: 45 20 44 49 53 4B 2C 20 54 48 45 20 50 4F 49 4E |E DISK, THE POIN|
00005BC0: 54 45 52 20 4D 4F 56 45 53 20 4F 4E 20 4F 4E 45 |TER MOVES ON ONE|
00005BD0: 20 50 4C 41 43 45 20 41 53 20 53 4F 4F 4E 20 41 | PLACE AS SOON A|
00005BE0: 53 20 54 48 45 20 54 52 41 4E 53 46 45 52 20 49 |S THE TRANSFER I|
00005BF0: 53 20 43 4F 4D 50 4C 45 54 45 2E 20 20 D7 48 45 |S COMPLETE. .HE|
00005C00: 4E 45 56 45 52 20 59 4F 55 20 57 41 4E 54 20 54 |NEVER YOU WANT T|
00005C10: 48 45 20 45 4E 44 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 54 |HE END PROGRAM T|
00005C20: 4F 20 52 45 41 44 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 4F 52 20 57 |O READ FROM OR W|
00005C30: 52 49 54 45 20 54 4F 20 41 20 46 49 4C 45 2C 20 |RITE TO A FILE, |
00005C40: 59 4F 55 20 4D 55 53 54 20 46 49 52 53 54 20 4D |YOU MUST FIRST M|
00005C50: 41 4B 45 20 53 55 52 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 |AKE SURE THAT TH|
00005C60: 45 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 45 52 20 49 53 20 50 4F 49 |E POINTER IS POI|
00005C70: 4E 54 49 4E 47 20 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 52 49 47 |NTING AT THE RIG|
00005C80: 48 54 20 50 4C 41 43 45 2E 80 2A 4C 4E 31 0D D7 |HT PLACE..*LN1..|
00005C90: C8 C1 D4 80 A3 C5 D8 C1 C3 D4 CC D9 80 A3 C9 D3 |................|
00005CA0: 80 A3 C1 80 A3 D0 CF C9 CE D4 C5 D2 3F 80 2A 4C |............?.*L|
00005CB0: 4E 31 0D C9 54 27 53 20 41 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 |N1..T'S A NUMBER|
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00005CE0: 41 43 4B 45 44 20 4F 4E 45 20 4F 4E 20 54 4F 50 |ACKED ONE ON TOP|
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00005D30: 2D 20 52 49 47 48 54 20 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 42 |- RIGHT AT THE B|
00005D40: 4F 54 54 4F 4D 20 2D 20 49 53 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 |OTTOM - IS NUMBE|
00005D50: 52 20 32 20 28 52 45 43 4F 52 44 20 4E 55 4D 42 |R 2 (RECORD NUMB|
00005D60: 45 52 20 31 20 49 53 20 55 53 45 44 20 49 4E 54 |ER 1 IS USED INT|
00005D70: 45 52 4E 41 4C 4C 59 20 42 59 20 54 48 45 20 45 |ERNALLY BY THE E|
00005D80: 4E 44 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 29 2E 20 20 D4 48 |ND PROGRAM). .H|
00005D90: 45 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 45 52 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 49 |E POINTER POINTI|
00005DA0: 4E 47 20 41 54 20 54 48 49 53 20 46 49 52 53 54 |NG AT THIS FIRST|
00005DB0: 20 52 45 43 4F 52 44 20 49 53 20 48 45 4C 44 20 | RECORD IS HELD |
00005DC0: 49 4E 20 41 20 36 20 44 49 47 49 54 20 49 4E 54 |IN A 6 DIGIT INT|
00005DD0: 45 47 45 52 20 28 4E 4F 20 44 45 43 49 4D 41 4C |EGER (NO DECIMAL|
00005DE0: 53 29 20 4E 55 4D 45 52 49 43 20 46 49 45 4C 44 |S) NUMERIC FIELD|
00005DF0: 20 2D 20 47 45 4E 45 52 41 54 45 44 20 42 59 20 | - GENERATED BY |
00005E00: D4 CC CF 2C 20 59 4F 55 20 20 44 4F 4E 27 54 20 |..., YOU DON'T |
00005E10: 48 41 56 45 20 54 4F 20 44 45 46 49 4E 45 20 41 |HAVE TO DEFINE A|
00005E20: 4E 59 54 48 49 4E 47 20 2D 20 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 |NYTHING - CONTAI|
00005E30: 4E 49 4E 47 20 54 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 |NING THE NUMBER |
00005E40: 32 2E 20 20 D7 48 45 4E 20 54 48 45 20 50 4F 49 |2. .HEN THE POI|
00005E50: 4E 54 45 52 20 4D 4F 56 45 53 20 4F 4E 20 54 4F |NTER MOVES ON TO|
00005E60: 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 20 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 4E 45 | POINT AT THE NE|
00005E70: 58 54 20 52 45 43 4F 52 44 2C 20 41 20 50 45 45 |XT RECORD, A PEE|
00005E80: 4B 20 49 4E 53 49 44 45 20 49 54 20 57 4F 55 4C |K INSIDE IT WOUL|
00005E90: 44 20 52 45 56 45 41 4C 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 |D REVEAL THAT TH|
00005EA0: 45 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 45 52 20 46 49 45 4C 44 20 |E POINTER FIELD |
00005EB0: 4E 4F 57 20 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E 53 20 54 48 45 |NOW CONTAINS THE|
00005EC0: 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 33 2E 0D | NUMBER 3.. |
.*P#31..*NB"4THE LAST ONE"..*PL66:TL60..
*HD2:THE LAST ONE,,PAGE.#..*JU1..*LM5:RM
75.SINCE THIS IS NOT WHAT WE'RE AFTER EI
THER, ANSWER NO. TLO NOW ASSUMES THAT Y
OU ARE TRYING TO GET YOUR OWN HEADING OV
ER THE COLUMN OF TELEPHONE NUMBER AND AS
KS:.*LN1. TEXT REQUIRED.*LN1.TYPE IN
THE WORD TELEPHONE. YOU WILL BE ASKED
FOR THE COLUMN NUMBER AT WHICH THE TELEP
HONE NUMBERS ARE TO BE PRINTED; THE DISP
LAY TELLS US THAT WE CAN'T HAVE ANYTHING
LOWER THAN 44 (SINCE IT IS ALL BEING US
ED BY NAMES AND CITIES). ASK FOR COLUMN
48. A FINAL IS..THIS..CORRECT ALLOWS Y
OU TO GET EVERYTHING STRAIGHT BEFORE YOU
ARE ASKED:.*LN1. START REPORT AT RO
W.*LN1.ANY REPORT CONSISTS OF TWO PARTS:
THE DATA AND THE FRILLS. BY LIMITING T
HE DATA TO AN AREA AROUND THE MIDDLE OF
THE PAGE, YOU CAN KEEP THE TOP AND BOTTO
M PARTS FREE FOR THINGS LIKE HEADINGS, F
OOTNOTES OR WHATEVER TAKES YOUR FANCY.
WE ARE GOING TO LIMIT THE DISPLAY TO AN
AREA BETWEEN ROWS 20 AND 50 OF THE PAGE
LEAVING THE REST FREE FOR OTHER THINGS (
THIS IS ON 66 LINE PAPER - BUT IF YOU'RE
DOING THIS ON THE SCREEN INSTEAD OF THE
PRINTER, THEN LIMIT THE PAGE DEPTH TO 2
1 LINES, WITH THE REPORT ON THE CENTER 1
0 OR SO LINES)..*LN1.ANSWER 20 WHEN ASKE
D START..REPORT..AT..ROW AND 50 ON END..
REPORT..AT..ROW. ANSWER YES WHEN OFFERE
D AN UNDERLINE FOR THE HEADING AND FEED
IN A CHARACTER OF YOUR CHOICE. SINCE TH
IS REPORT IS FOR A PRINTER, YOU SHOULD S
TICK TO SIMPLE KEYBOARD CHARACTERS HERE
UNLESS YOU KNOW THAT YOUR PRINTER CAN CO
PE!.*LN1.IF YOU THINK THAT THE DATA IS L
IKELY TO RUN TO MORE THAN A PAGE FULL AT
ANY ONE SEARCH, YOU'D BEST SAY YES TO T
HE OFFER OF WITH..PAGE..NUMBERS..(Y/N),
WITH 1 BEING THE LOGICAL, IF NOT COMPULS
ORY, ANSWER TO START..AT..PAGE..*LN1.
PRINTED REPORT
FORMAT.*LN1.
DESIGN MENU.*LN1.
SET ROW & COLUMN..................<1
>. PRINT PAGE.......
.................<2>.
CLEAR DESIGN......................<3>.
INSERT TEXT........
...............<4>.
HORIZONTAL LINE...................<5>.
RESET................
.............<6>. TE
RMINATE.........................<7>.*LN1
.LET'S HAVE A QUICK RUN THROUGH THE OPTI
ONS ON OFFER AND THEN HAVE A LOOK AT SOM
E OF THEM IN PRINT. WE DON'T WANT TO PR
INT ANY OF THE OTHER FIELDS ON THIS REPO
RT, SO OPTION 1 (SET ROW & COLUMN) IS NO
USE TO US HERE..*LN1.OPTION 2 (PRINT PA
GE) WILL PRINT OUT YOUR SAMPLE PAGE - IF
YOU HAVE A PRINTER - AND MOVE YOU ON TO
THE DESIGN MENU WHICH IS VERY SIMILAR T
O THE SCREEN DISIGN MENU SEEN EARLIER..*
LN1.OPTION 3 (CLEAR DESIGN) IS A BIT DRA
MATIC UNLESS YOU HAVE GONE VERY WRONG IN
DEED. IT CLEARS ALL DESIGN ELEMENTS GEN
ERATED THROUGH THIS MENU - IT WILL NOT A
FFECT YOUR HEADINGS, FIELD POSITIONS OR
PAGE NUMBERS..*LN1.LET'S TRY OPTION 4 (I
NSERT TEXT). SELECT IT AND TYPE THIS IN
:.*LN1. REPORT..FORMAT..LIST..OF..MA
ILING..RECORDS.*LN1.ANSWER YES TO CENTER
..TEXT AND PUT IT ON ROW 5, UNDERLINED W
ITH ANYTHING YOU LIKE. THEN DO THE SAME
THING NEAR THE BOTTOM OF THE PAGE, SAY
AT COLUMN 67 ON LINE 55, SAYING:.*LN1.
TURN..PAGE..NOW.*LN1.YOU DON'T HAVE T
O DO THIS, BUT IT DEMONSTRATES HOW YOU M
IGHT GO ABOUT, SAY, PUTTING FOOTNOTES ON
AN INVOICE..*LN1.IF YOU THINK YOU NEED
A HORIZONTAL LINE SOMEWHERE, WHY NOT TRY
PUTTING ONE BETWEEN THE TEXT AND THE RE
PORT NOW. WHEN YOU'VE FINISHED, USE OPT
ION 2 (PRINT PAGE) TO SEE WHAT YOUR FINI
SHED REPORT IS GOING TO COME OUT LIKE..*
LN1.WHEN YOU ARE HAPPY WITH YOUR FORMAT,
SELECT OPTION 7 (TERMINATE) AND ANSWER
YES TO FINISHED..WITH..PAGE..DESIGN..(Y/
N)..*LN1.LINES 17 AND 18 - DIRECT UNCOND
ITIONAL BRANCH TO 15. T
ERMINATE.*LN1.AND THERE'S NOTHING TO DO
HERE..*LN1.WHICH BRINGS US TO THE END OF
THE QUESTION AND ANSWER ROUTINES AND OF
PROGRAM CODING. FROM NOW ON, TLO TAKES
CARE OF WRITING ALL THE REMAINING CODE,
IT NEEDS NO FURTHER HELP FROM US. ONCE
THE JOB IS FINISHED YOU WILL BE RETURNE
D TO THE MDM, READY TO LEAVE TLO..AND RU
N YOUR NEW PROGRAM..*LN1.ALTHOUGH YOU CA
N RUN YOUR END PROGRAM FROM YOUR TLO DIS
K, IT IS NOT GENERALLY A GOOD IDEA SINCE
PROGRAMS AND FILES TOGETHER CAN USE UP
A LOT OF SPACE, LEAVING NO ROOM FOR FURT
HER WORK ON THAT DISK. IT IS FAR BETTER
TO COPY THE PROGRAM ONTO A PROGRAM DISK
USING THE FOLLOWING SEQUENCE:.*LN1.
LOAD"END"PROGRAM,8.*LN1.NOW PUT THE DIS
K WHICH IS TO CARRY THE END PROGRAM (WHI
CH IS ACTUALLY CALLED "END..PROGRAM" IN
THE EXAMPLE, ALTHOUGH IT WILL NORMALLY H
AVE YOUR OWN CHOICE OF NAME) INTO YOUR D
RIVE AND TYPE:.*LN1. OPEN1,8,15,"I0"
:CLOSE. SAVE"END PROGRAM",8.*LN1.NOW
PUT THE TLO DISK BACK INTO THE DRIVE AN
D TYPE:.*LN1. OPEN1,8,15,"I0". P
RINT#1,"S0:END PROGRAM":CLOSE1.*LN1.WHIC
H WILL DELETE (SCRATCH) THE END PROGRAM
FROM YOUR WORKING TLO DISK. WHEN YOU HA
VE THE TIME ITS A GOOD IDEA TO "COLLECT"
THE DISK AFTER SCRATCHING PROGRAMS FROM
IT. THIS REALLOCATES DISK SPACE AND AD
DS TO THE RELIABILITY OF THE DISK. TO C
OLLECT THE DISK (VALIDATE) TYPE:.*LN1.
OPEN1,8,15,"V":CLOSE1.*LN1.YOU CAN NO
W RUN YOUR NEW PROGRAM FROM IT'S OWN DIS
K JUST LIKE ANY OTHER BASIC PROGRAM. AS
MENTIONED EARLIER, IT IS POSSIBLE TO RU
N YOUR PROGRAM DIRECTLY FROM THE TLO DIS
K, AND YOU MAY WELL FIND THAT THIS IS A
CONVENIENT WAY OF WORKING DURING THE DEV
ELOPMENT OF NEW WORK. THE DISK HAS ROOM
ENOUGH FOR QUITE A FEW PROGRAMS AND YOU
CAN ALWAYS CREATE FRESH ONES FROM YOUR
SUPPLIED MASTER..*LN2.
SAFETY..FIRST:CARE..OF..THE..LAS
T..ONE.*LN1.NOW THAT YOU HAVE SEEN HOW A
PROGRAM IS WRITTEN, YOU MAY BE TEMPTED
TO DIVE DEAD FIRST INTO WRITING YOUR OWN
MATERIAL. BEFORE YOU DO THIS, IT IS WE
LL WORTH YOUR WHILE TO LOOK THROUGH THIS
MISCELLANY OF GENERAL ADVICE ON USING T
LO..*LN1.THE..MASTER..DISK:.*LN1.ON CATA
LOGING THE MASTER DISK OR ANY WORKING CO
PY, YOU WILL SEE A NUMBER OF FILES (THE
PRECISE NUMBER IN EXISTENCE WILL DEPEND
ON THE STATE OF YOU SYSTEM AT THE TIME).
NEVER TRY TO EDIT OR DELETE ANY OF THE
SE ENTRIES!!!!.*LN1.FATAL..ERRORS:.*LN1.
THERE ARE A SMALL NUMBER OF CONDITIONS W
HICH CAN LEAD TO TLO COLLAPSING IN A HEA
P OF STEAM. THESE INCLUDE POWER FAILURE
, TAMPERING, AND ACTS OF GOD..*LN1.IF YO
U EVER FIND YOURSELF FACING A SCREEN COM
PLETELY FILLED WITH THE LETTER M, OR IF
ABSOLUTELY NOTHING IS HAPPENING ON THE S
CREEN AND IF THE DISK DRIVE HAS STOPPED
COMPLETELY FOR LONGER THAN ABOUT FIVE MI
NUTES (THE CPU INFINITE WAIT STATE) THEN
YOU HAVE GOT PROBLEMS - TRY RE-BOOTING
AND RESUMING WITH MDM OPTION 6 - THIS SH
OULD SOLVE THE PROBLEM..*LN1.UNASK..QUES
TIONS:.*LN1.TLO OWES A GOOD DEAL OF ITS
CLEVERNESS TO A LONG BACKGROUND AROUND P
ROGRAMMERS WORKING WITH ARTIFICIAL INTEL
LIGENCE. A FAIR BIT OF THIS HAS RUBBED
OFF ON TLO AND, AS A RESULT, IT WILL OFT
EN NOT BOTHER TO ASK ALL THE QUESTIONS S
O METICULOUSLY DETAILED IN THIS MANUAL.
DON'T WORRY, TLO ALWAYS ASKS AS MUCH AS
IT NEEDS TO KNOW; WHEN FOLLOWING THE FL
OW DIAGRAMS GIVEN IN PART 2 YOU WILL, IN
FACT, ONLY VERY RARELY BE ASKED EVERY S
INGLE POSSIBLE QUESTION..*LN1.END..PROGR
AM..PROBLEMS:.*LN1.SHOULD YOUR END PROGR
AM EVER FAIL TO RUN ACCORDING TO PLAN, T
HE FIRST THING TO CHECK IS YOUR FLOWCHAR
T. WHILE TLO CANNOT, BY ITS VERY NATURE
, CREATE INCORRECT CODE IT CAN - AND DOE
S - FIND WAYS TO CODE YOUR OWN LOGICAL I
NCONSISTENCIES TO GIVE AN APPROPRIATELY
GARBAGE RIDDEN END PROGRAM. SO CHECK TH
AT YOUR FLOWCHART REALLY IS SETTING OUT
YOUR PROBLEM THE WAY YOU WANT IT - AND I
F YOU'RE STILL HAVING PROBLEMS, THEN GO
OVER IT WITH A FRIEND OR COLLEAGUE. AS
A LAST RESORT, PHONE US..*LN1.SPEEDING..
THINGS..UP:.*LN1.CLEAR INPUT LINES - WHE
NEVER YOU ARE ENTERING A LINE OF DATA IN
ANSWER TO A PROMPT FROM TLO, YOU CAN DE
LETE YOUR INPUT LINE BY USING SHIFT <RET
URN>, PROVIDED THAT YOU HAVE NOT YET PRE
SSED THE <RETURN> KEY..*LN1.DOCUMENTATIO
N:.*LN1.IF YOU HAVE A PRINTER, THEN IMME
DIATELY BEFORE STARTING TO CODE YOUR FLO
WCHART (AFTER DEFINING YOUR NON-FILE FIE
LDS) TLO..WILL ASK YOU WHETHER YOU WANT
DOCUMENTATION. IT IS WELL WORTH SAYING
YES TO THIS. DOCUMENTATION (OR TRACE DO
CUMENTATION, TO GIVE IT IT'S FULL NAME)
SUPPLIES A COMPLETE RECORD OF EVERY DEC
ISION YOU MAKE DURING THE QUESTION AND A
NSWER ROUTINES..*LN1.TLO STARTS OFF BY P
RINTING OUT YOUR COMPLETE FLOWCHART TOGE
THER WITH DETAILS OF ALL THE FILE STRUCT
URES RELEVANT TO IT, THEIR SHORTHAND NAM
ES USED WHEN REFERRING TO THEM DURING CA
LCULATIONS AND DETAILS OF THEIR POINTERS
ARE ALSO SHOWN HERE..*LN1.AFTER THIS, E
VERY LINE OF FLOWCHART IS EXPANDED TO IN
CLUDE ALL YOUR ANSWERS TO TLO'S QUESTION
ING SO THAT YOU CAN EASILY RE-CREATE ANY
PROGRAM WITHOUT FOREVER WRITING LITTLE
NOTES TO YOURSELF TO REMIND YOU WHAT YOU
WERE DOING..*LN1.PLEASE MAKE SURE THAT
YOUR PRINTER IS SET TO ON LINE WHEN DOCU
MENTING, OTHERWISE EVERYTHING WILL STOP
WHILE YOUR COMPUTER WAITS FOR SUITABEL S
IGNALS TO BE DELIVERED..*LN1.
FIELDS, RECORDS AND FILE
S.*LN1.LET'S START FROM THE BOTTOM AND W
ORK UP. THE SMALLEST UNIT OF DATA THAT
IS OF INTEREST TO US IS THAT WHICH IS HE
LD IN A FIELD. THIS DATA MIGHT BE A NUM
BER, A DATE, A NAME OR EVEN A WHOLE SENT
ENCE. THIS FIELD HAS A LABEL (OR NAME)
ATTACHED TO IT, AND THIS LABEL IS ALSO O
FTEN REFERRED TO AS A FIELD..*LN1.DURING
THE EARLY STAGES OF USING TLO, ALL THE
FIELDS REQUIRED BY A FILE OR A PROGRAM W
ILL HAVE TO BE DEFINED AND IT IS WORTH S
PENDING A LITTLE TIME GETTING USED TO WH
AT WE MEAN BY A FIELD - AFTER THAT WE'LL
HAVE A LOOK AT THE WAY THESE FIELDS ARE
GATHERED TOGETHER INTO RECORDS AND FILE
S..*LN1.THE..LABEL..FIELD:.*LN1.THE FIRS
T PART OF A FIELD IS THE LABEL FIELD, TH
IS IS THE NAME OF THE IMAGINARY BOX IN W
HICH OUR DATA IS BEING HELD. THE RULE F
OR NAMING FIELDS IS VERY SIMPLE: A FIELD
'S LABEL CAN BE ANY ASSORTMENT OF KEYBOA
RD CHARACTERS UP TO A MAXIMUM OF 30. THE
FIELD MIGHT, QUITE REASONABLY, USE ANY
OF THE FOLLOWING NAMES:.*LN1. CLIENT
'S..NAME. MISTAKES. A1. ****
**. *FRED. COST .... $. .#$%
('()>@ THE UNDERLINE "." IS A COMMODO
RE KEY & @ SIGN..*LN1.SINCE A FIELD IS D
ETERMENED BY ITS POSITION IN A RECORD, I
T IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE DUPLICATE FIELD NA
MES, TLO WILL KEEP TRACK OF WHICH IS WHI
CH AND WILL ALWAYS LET YOU KNOW, THROUGH
THE DOCUMENTATION, WHAT LABELS IT IS US
ING..*LN1.THE DATA FIELD:.*LN1.A FIELD,
NOW SUITABLY NAMED SO THAT WE HAVE A CON
VENIENT WAY OF REFERRING TO IT, HAS TO H
AVE SOMEWHERE TO STORE THE DATA WHICH WE
WANT IT TO CARRY. THIS PART OF THE FIE
LD IS, LOGICALLY, CALLED ITS DATA FIELD.
.*LN1.DATA COMES IN ONLY THREE TYPES, AS
FAR AS TLO IS CONCERNED. IT MAY CONSIS
T OF A NUMBER, A DATE OR A COLLECTION OF
KEYBOARD CHARACTERS. IT IS NECESSARY,
WHEN DEFINING A FIELD TO TELL TLO WHAT K
IND OF FIELD YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT, AND
TO DEFINE THE SIZE OF THE FIELD..*LN1.NU
MERIC..FIELDS:.*LN1.THESE ARE USED TO HO
LD NUMBERS AND ONLY NUMBERS. THE NUMBER
S MAY BE REAL OR INTEGER. AN INTEGER FI
ELD MAY BE FROM 1 TO 10 DIGITS IS SIZE..
*LN1.A DECIMAL FIELD MUST BE DEFINED AS
HAVING BETWEEN 1 AND 9 DECIMAL PLACES AN
D FROM D+2 TO 11 DIGITS (WHERE D IS THE
NUMBER OF DECIMAL PLACES)- THE EXTRA TWO
SPACES ALLOW FOR A DECIMAL POINT AND A
LEADING CHARACTER (EG 0.1 OR - 1 WOULD B
E A 3 DIGIT FIELD)..*LN1.DATE..FIELDS:.*
LN1.THESE ARE USED TO HOLD DATES, IN EIT
HER THE ENGLISH FORMAT OF DAY, MONTH AN
D YEAR; OR IN THE AMERICAN FORMAT OF MON
TH, DAY AND YEAR. DATE FIELDS CAN ONLY
HOLD DATES, AND DATES - IF THEY ARE TO B
E RECOGNISED AS SUCH - CAN ONLY BE STORE
D IN A DATE FIELD..*LN1.THE SIZE OF A DA
TE FIELD IS AUTOMATICALLY DEFINED AS 8 C
HARACTERS SINCE IT WILL ALWAYS BE PRESEN
TED IN THE FORM DD.MM.YY (OR MM.DD.YY).
AN END USER MAKES A DATE ENTRY BY TYPIN
G THE ONE OR TWO DIGITS OF THE DAY, FOLL
OWED BY RETURN OR A DOT (.), THEN ONE OR
TWO DIGITS FOR THE MONTH AND ANOTHER RE
TURN (OR DOT) AND THEN THE SAME AGAIN FO
R THE YEAR (WHICH MUST BE FOLLOWED BY A
RETURN. ALL DATES ENTERED TO A DATE FIE
LD BY THE END USER ARE AUTOMATICALLY CHE
CKED TO MAKE SURE THAT THEY REPRESENT VA
LID DATES..*LN1.DATE FIELDS MAY BE TESTE
D AGAINST EACH OTHER WHETHER THEY ARE IN
AMERICAN OR ENGLISH FORMAT..*LN1.ALPHA
FIELDS:.*LN1.ALPHA FIELDS ARE USED TO CA
RRY ALL KEYBOARD CHARACTERS, UP TO THE N
UMBER THAT WILL FIT ON A SINGLE SCREEN L
INE. THESE WILL, AS OFTEN AS NOT, BE NO
RMAL ENGLISH WORDS, BUT AN ALPHA FIELD W
ILL ACCEPT NUMBERS (ALTHOUGH IT WILL NOT
TREAT THEM ANY DIFFERENTLY FROM THE WAY
IT TREATS LETTERS - AND IT CERTAINLY WO
N'T COUNT WITH THEM) AS WELL AS KEYBOARD
CHARACTERS LIKE *,+,>,& AND ALL THE RES
T. THE CHARACTERS QUOTE ("), COMMA (,)
AND COLON (:) CANNOT BE USED IN AN ALPHA
FIELD..*LN1.AN ALPHA FIELD IS DEFINED B
Y THE SIZE OF THE LARGEST PIECE OF DATA
YOU EXPECT IT TO HOLD, A SIZE OF 1 IS PE
RFECTLY VALID. IF, ON THE OTHER HAND, Y
OU DEFINE ALL YOUR ALPHA FIELDS AS BEING
40 CHARACTERS IN SIZE, AND THEN USE THE
M TO HOLD THREE LETTER WORDS, THE DEFINE
D SPACE IS GOING TO BE RESERVED BUT UNUS
ED - THE BULK OF YOUR FILE IS GOING TO B
E FILLED WITH THIN AIR AND NOT MUCH ELSE
! TRY TO PICK FIELD SIZES WHICH ARE THE
BEST COMPROMISE BETWEEN MAXIMUM REQUIRE
MENTS AND MINIMUM OVERALL SIZE..*LN1.NOW
..FOR..THE..RECORDS:.*LN1.NOW THAT YOU H
AVE A FAIR IDEA OF THE CONSTRAINTS SURRO
UNDING A FIELD, IT IS TIME TO LOOK AT HO
W THESE FIELDS ARE GROUPED TOGETHER INTO
A RECORD..*LN1.A RECORD IS A COLLECTION
OF DATA FIELDS, AND A COLLECTION OF SIM
ILAR RECORDS (IN LAYOUT, AT LEAST, THOUG
H NOT IN CONTENT) FORMS A FILE. A TYPIC
AL RECORD MIGHT LOOK LIKE THIS , THE UNU
SED PARTS OF THE LABEL FIELDS ARE SHOWN
AS DOTS TO GIVE YOU AN IDEA OF THE RANGE
OF LABELS YOU MIGHT USE, WHILE THE SPAC
E IN THE DATA FIELDS IS SHOWN - AS DASHE
S - JUST TO EMPHASISE THAT IT EXISTS EVE
N WHEN IT ISN' BEING USED.:.*LN1.LABEL
TYPE SIZE DATA
--------
----------------------------------------
---------------.*LN1.NAME..............
ALPHA 20 LAURIE NICK----
-----.COMPANY........... ALPHA
20 D.J.'AI' SYSTEMS LTD.ADDRESS..
......... ALPHA 20 STATI
ON ROAD--------.A2................ A
LPHA 20 FALLRIVER, MA..DATE
OF BIRTH..... DATE(E) 8 0
8/14/46.TELEPHONE NUMBER.. ALPHA
10 555-1212 (212).CARD LIMIT
NUMERIC(2) 8 -1000.00.
*LN1.A SINGLE RECORD HOLDS A AINGLE SET
OF DETAILS, SUCH AS THOSE ON MYSELF IN T
HE PREVIOUS EXAMPLE. ANOTHER RECORD MIG
HT HOLD THE NAME, ADDRESS AND DETAILS ON
JOE SMITH OR JANE DOE AND A COLLECTION
OF SUCH RECORDS GIVES US A FILE..*LN1.WH
EN WE DEFINE A FILE, WE ARE REALLY DEFIN
ING THE FORMAT OF THE RECORDS TO BE HELD
IN THAT FILE. EVERY RECORD CREATED USI
NG A SINGLE DEFINITION WILL HAVE EXACTLY
THE SAME OVERALL CHARACTERISTICS. ALL
THE NAME FIELDS WILL BE THE SAME SIZE, W
HETHER OR NOT THEY HAPPEN TO CONTAIN ANY
DATA. THE SAME APPLIES TO THE ADDRESS
FIELDS, DATE FIELDS AND ANY OTHER FIELDS
. EACH RECORD IS STRUCTURALLY IDENTICAL
, NO MATTER WHAT THE DATA HELD IN IT..*L
N1.A RECORD CAN CONTAIN UP TO 99 FIELDS
UP TO A LIMIT OF 254 CHARACTERS (MINUS O
NE CHARACTER FOR EACH FIELD DEFINED). A
RECORD MAY CONSIST OF ANY COMBINATION O
F NUMERIC, DATE AND ALPHA FIELDS, EACH O
F WHICH MAY BE UP TO THE SIZES SPECIFIED
EARLIER..*LN1.FILES..AS..COLLECTIONS..O
F..RECORDS:.*LN1.A FILE, ONCE IN USE, CO
NSISTS OF AN INDEFINITE NUMBER OF RECORD
S, ALL LOOKING MUCH THE SAME EXTERNALLY,
DIFFERING ONLY IN THEIR CONTENTS, AND A
LL STRUNG TOGETHER ONE AFTER ANOTHER. A
PROGRAM WRITTEN BY TLO KEEPS TRACK OF T
HESE RECORDS BY NUMBERING THEM CONSECUTI
VELY (STARTING WITH THE NUMBER 2 - RECOR
D NUMBER 1 IS USED INTERNALLY BY THE END
PROGRAM) AS THEY ARE ADDED TO THE FILE
AND THE NUMBER OF THE RECORD CURRENTLY O
F INTEREST IS SHOWN BY THE CURRENT VALUE
OF THE FILE POINTER..*LN1.THE MAXIMUM N
UMBER OF RECORDS WHICH MAY BE HELD IN A
SINGLE FILE IS LIMITED ONLY BY THE SPACE
AVAILABLE ON THE DISK AND THERE IS NO R
EASON WHY THE MORE IMAGINATIVE USER SHOU
LD NOT CREATE MULTI-DISK FILES OR EVEN C
OMPLETELY NEW FILE STRUCTURES. ANY NUMB
ER OF PROGRAMS WRITTEN BY TLO CAN ACCESS
A FILE, AND UP TO 9 FILES MAY BE ACCESS
ED BY ANY ONE PROGRAM..*LN1.BEFORE WE GE
T VERY FAR INTO THIS CHAPTER, THERE IS A
N IMPORTANT CONCEPT TO GET ACROSS TO YOU
. PLEASE CONCENTRATE HARD:.*LN1. WH
EN YOU USE TLO YOU WILL, SOONER OR LATER
, REACH A SECTION CALLED. DEFINE FIL
ES. AT THIS POINT YOU DEFINE THE RECORD
STRUCTURE TO BE USED
IN A FILE. THIS IS THE IMPORTANT PART,
YOU ARE NOT ACTUAL
LY CREATING THE FILE ITSELF, YOU ARE CRE
ATING A FILE. DEFINITION. THE END P
ROGRAM, WHICH YOU HAVE NOT YET EVEN .
FLOWCHARTED, LET ALONE DEFINED, WILL C
REATE, FILL AND USE THE. FILE; ON IT
S OWN DISKS, ON ITS OWN MACHINE..*LN1.TH
AT WAS IMPORTANT, AND IF YOU SORT OF SLI
D OVER IT WITHOUT TAKING IT IN, PLEASE G
IVE IT ANOTHER TRY..*LN1.THE FOLLOWING D
ESCRIPTION IS ALL ABOUT CREATING A DEFIN
ITION, IN TERMS OF INDIVIDUAL FIELDS (AL
PHA,DATE,AND NUMERIC), OF THE COMMON SHA
PE OF ALL THE RECORDS IN A GIVEN FILE..*
LN1.WHEN..IS..A..FILE..DEFINED?.*LN1.WHE
NEVER YOU SET OUT TO CREATE A PROGRAM RE
QUIRING THE USE OF FILES: TLO WILL ASK Y
OU TO SELECT THE REQUIRED FILES FROM A L
IST OF ALL THOSE THAT IT KNOWS ABOUT. I
T WILL, AT THE SAME TIME, OFFER YOU CHAN
CE TO DEFINE FURTHER FILES AND IT IS THE
PROCEDURE FOLLOWING THIS CHOICE THAT IS
ABOUT TO BE DESCRIBED..*LN1.ONCE DEFINE
D, A COMPLETE RECORD OF THE FILE STRUCTR
UE IS HELD ON YOUR CURRENT MASTER DISK F
OR ALL TIME. THE STRUCTURE MAY BE RE-US
ED OR MODIFIED IF REQUIRED, BUT IT CAN N
EVER BE DELETED..*LN1.WHEN DEFINING AN E
XISTING FILE (ONE THAT YOU'VE BEEN USING
FOR YEARS, PERHAPS WITH MDM OPTION 4 (D
EFINE FILE) YOU WILL USE THE SAME ROUTIN
ES AS ARE USED FOR DEFINING A COMPLETELY
NEW FILE. WHEN YOU MODIFY AN EXISTING
FILE (MDM OPTION 3, MODIFY FILE) YOU WI
LL ALSO USE THIS ROUTINE..*LN1.CREATING.
.A..FILE..DEFINITION:.PROCEDURE:.*LN1.TH
E PROCEDURE CONSISTS OF A COUPLE OF OPEN
ING QUESTIONS FOLLOWED WITH A FIELD BY F
IELD DESCRIPTION OF THE NAME (OR LABEL),
TYPE AND SIZE OF EACH FIELD. THIS PROC
ESS IS MADE AS PAINLESS AS POSSIBLE..*LN
1.FILE..NAME:.*LN1.YOU WILL BE ASKED FIL
ENAME, ENTER ANY NAME OF UP TO FOURTEEN
LETTERS OR NUMBERS. SPACES MAY BE USED
BUT PUNCTUATION MARKS WILL BE REJECTED (
!"#$%& ETC). ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE L
EGAL FILE NAMES:.*LN1.
A. 12.
TOMLIST.
TOMLIST.
TOMLIST 22.
FILE NO 1.
MAILING LIST/2.*LN1.NUMBER..OF..FIELDS
:.*LN1.A SINGLE RECORD IN A FILE MAY HAV
E UP TO 99 FIELDS. YOU WILL BE ASKED NU
MBER..OF..FIELDS (1-99), ANSWER APPROPRI
ATELY..*LN1.FIELD..DEFINITION:.*LN1.YOU
WILL SEE A DISPLAY LIKE THIS:.*LN1.
FIELD..DEFINIT
ION.*LN1. COUNT FIEL
D NAME A/N/D SIZE.
---------------------------
----------------------------.
1 ....................
...........*LN2.COUNT - THIS IS THE NUMB
ER OF THE FIELD BEING DEFINED, THE NUMBE
R 1 INDICATES THAT YOU ARE ABOUT TO DEFI
NE THE FIRST FIELD IN THE RECORD..*LN1.F
IELD..NAME - THIS MAY USE ALMOST ANY 30
KEYBOARD CHARACTERS (AS DESCRIBED ABOVE)
. THE DOUBLE QUOTE (") IS NOT ALLOWED A
ND WON'T EVEN GET PAST THE KEYBOARD -
TRY IT..*LN1.DUPLICATE FIELD NAMES - IF
YOU ENTER A FIELD NAME A SECOND TIME, AT
A DIFFERENT FIELD NUMBER, TLO..WILL NOT
ICE THIS AND WILL ASK DUPLICATE..LABEL..
CHANGE..OR..KEEP (C/K). IF YOU KEEP IT,
YOU WILL STILL UNIQUELY DEFINE A PARTIC
ULAR FIELD, SINCE IT IS THE FIELD NUMBER
S (HENCE THE FIELD'S POSITION IN A RECOR
D) WHICH BOTH TLO..AND THE END PROGRAM U
SE TO DETERMINE WHICH FIELD IS IN USE AT
ANY PARTICULAR TIME..*LN1.A/N/D - THIS
IS ASKING WHAT TYPE OF FIELD (WHICH REAL
LY MEANS WHAT TYPE OF DATA) IS WANTED.
ENTER A, N OR D TO SELECT THE TYPE OF FI
ELD (ALPHA, NUMERIC OR DATE) AND THEN AN
SWER THE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS OUTLINED B
ELOW:.*LN1.ALPHA..FIELDS - ANY CHARACTER
S MAY BE HELD IN ALPHA FIELDS (EXCEPT CO
MMA, QUOTES, AND COLON MAKING THEM USEFU
L FOR NAMES, TEXT, ZIPCODES, TELEPHONE N
UMBERS AND A VERITABLE HOST OF OTHER THI
NGS. IT IS WORTH ADDING, FOR BASIC..PRO
GRAMMERS, THAT THESE FIELDS CAN BE ACCES
SED, IN BASIC VIA FCM OPTION 9 (CALCULAT
IONS), AND CAN BE DISECTED USING STRING
HANDLING COMMANDS..*LN1.AN ALPHA FIELD M
AY HAVE A SIZE OF BETWEEN 1 AND THE NUMB
ER OF CHARACTERS IN THE WIDTH OF YOUR SC
REEN..*LN1.NUMERIC..FIELDS - THERE ARE T
WO QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED HERE:.*LN1.N
UMBER..OF..DECIMAL..PLACES - IF YOU WANT
THE FIELDS TO HAVE A FIXED NUMBER OF DI
GITS AFTER THE DECIMAL POINT, THEN ENTER
THE NUMBER HERE. THE MINIMUM IS 0 (FOR
INTEGER - WHOLE - NUMBERS) AND THE MAXI
MUM IS 9..*LN1.SIZE - YOU ARE BEING ASKE
D TO DEFINE, IN CHARACTERS, THE NUMBER O
F DIGITS THAT CAN BE HELD IN THE FIELD.
AN INTEGER FIELD CAN HAVE A MINIMUM SIZ
E OF 1 DIGIT AND A MAXIMUM SIZE OF 10..*
LN1.A DECIMAL FIELD CAN HAVE A MINIMUM S
IZE OF D+2 (WHERE D IS THE NUMBER OF DEC
IMAL PLACES REQUESTED) AND A MAXIMUM SIZ
E OF 11. THE EXTRA SPACES ARE NEEDED TO
HOLD THE DECIMAL POINT ITSELF AND A LEA
DING CHARACTER (USUALLY A MINUS SIGN) -
REMEMBER TO ALLOW FOR THESE WHEN DEFININ
G THE SIZE..*LN1.DATE..FIELDS: - YOU WIL
L BE ASKED ENGLISH..OR..USA..FORMAT (E/U
). ENTER E OR U AS APPROPRIATE. ENGLIS
H DATES FOLLOW THE FORMAT DAY, MONTH AND
YEAR. U.S. DATES USE MONTH, DAY AND YE
AR..*LN1.TLO AUTOMATICALLY FILLS IN THE
DATE'S DATA FIELD SIZE AS 8 CHARACTERS (
DD.MM.YY OR MM.DD.YY). THE DOTS WILL BE
PUT IN BY THE END PROGRAM WHENEVER A DA
TE INPUT IS REQUESTED..*LN1.ONCE A FIELD
HAS BEEN DEFINED, ANY END USER INPUT TO
THAT FIELD WILL HAVE ALL ENTRIES CHECKE
D TO MAKE SURE THAT THEY ARE SUITABLE -
TLO TAKES CARE OF ALL THE CODE AND YOU D
ON'T NEED OT THINK ABOUT IT ANY MORE. (
YOU WERE THINKING ABOUT IT, WEREN'T YOU?
)..*LN1.END..ROUTINE:.*LN1.ONCE ALL THE
FIELDS YOU ASKED FOR HAVE BEEN DEFINED,
YOU WILL BE ASKED PLEASE..CHECK..THE..FI
ELDS..ENTERED. ANSWERING NO LEADS TO TH
E QUESTION WHICH..FIELD..DEFINITION..IS.
.INCORRECT - ANSWER APPROPRIATELY AND RE
-ENTER THAT DEFINITION..*LN1.ONCE THE FI
ELD DETAILS HAVE BEEN COMPLETED AND SAVE
D, YOU WILL BE ASKED DEFINE..ANOTHER..FI
LE (Y/N). ANSWERING YES TAKES YOU BACK
TO THE BEGINNING WHERE YOU CAN REPEAT TH
E WHOLE BUSINESS ALL OVER AGAIN. ONCE A
LL YOUR FILES HAVE BEEN DEFINED YOU WILL
BE RETURNED, AS THEY SAY, WHENCE YOU CA
ME..*LN1.A FILE IS HELD INTIRELY ON A DI
SK, NO PART OF IT NORMALLY LIVES IN THE
COMPUTER'S WORKING MEMORY. IN ORDER TO
DO ANYTHING WITH A FILE SUCH AS ADD A RE
CORD TO IT, OR READ DATA OUT OF A RECORD
NORMALLY HELD IN IT, WE NEED TO KNOW WH
ERE IN THE FILE WE CAN FIND THE RECORD O
R INTEREST. ONCE FOUND, IT IS NECESSARY
TO READ THE FILE (TO COPY THE RECORD IN
TO MEMORY) OR WRITE TO THE FILE (TO COPY
RECORD DETAILS FROM MEMORY INTO THE FIL
E)..*LN1.ANY ONE FILE WILL ONLY EVER HAV
E ONE SINGLE RECORD (AT THE MOST) COPIED
INTO MEMORY AT ANY ONE TIME. THERE MAY
, HOWEVER, BE RECORDS FROM A LARGE NUMBE
R OF DIFFERENT FILES (UP TO 9) IN MEMORY
AT ANY ONE TIME..*LN1.EACH FILE HAS A P
OINTER WHICH POINTS AT THE ONE RECORD WH
ICH IS OF INTEREST AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT.
THIS IS THE RECORD WHICH WILL BE COPIED
INTO MEMORY IF A READ FILE INSTRUCTION
IS CARRIED OUT; IT IS THE POSITION TO WH
ICH A RECORD WILL BE WRITTEN IF A FILE W
RITE..INSTRUCTION IS USED - REGARDLESS O
F WHAT MAY BE THERE ALREADY..*LN1.IT..MO
VES!:.*LN1.EVERY TIME YOU READ A RECORD
FROM A FILE INTO MEMORY, THE POINTER MOV
ES ON TO POINT AT THE NEXT RECORD. EVER
Y TIME YOU WRITE TO A FILE ON THE DISK,
THE POINTER MOVES ON ONE PLACE AS SOON A
S THE TRANSFER IS COMPLETE. WHENEVER YO
U WANT THE END PROGRAM TO READ FROM OR W
RITE TO A FILE, YOU MUST FIRST MAKE SURE
THAT THE POINTER IS POINTING AT THE RIG
HT PLACE..*LN1.WHAT..EXACTLY..IS..A..POI
NTER?.*LN1.IT'S A NUMBER. IF YOU IMAGIN
E THE RECORDS STACKED ONE ON TOP OF THE
OTHER TO GIVE A FILE, THEN THE FIRST REC
ORD IN THE PILE - RIGHT AT THE BOTTOM -
IS NUMBER 2 (RECORD NUMBER 1 IS USED INT
ERNALLY BY THE END PROGRAM). THE POINTE
R POINTING AT THIS FIRST RECORD IS HELD
IN A 6 DIGIT INTEGER (NO DECIMALS) NUMER
IC FIELD - GENERATED BY TLO, YOU DON'T
HAVE TO DEFINE ANYTHING - CONTAINING THE
NUMBER 2. WHEN THE POINTER MOVES ON TO
POINT AT THE NEXT RECORD, A PEEK INSIDE
IT WOULD REVEAL THAT THE POINTER FIELD
NOW CONTAINS THE NUMBER 3..
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