T.BYTES
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): T.BYTES
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 5.6K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 18:12:10
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
68bdbe04b6d8f06a2ba60e850f948eff7b83d5a0dcf5c0368d4707e200867c69
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOADSTAR 50 S 1 | T.BYTES | PRG | Sailor, Ganheden | 24 | 5 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
00000000: 00 80 5E 55 3A 5A 45 52 4F 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 |..^U:ZERO.. | 00000010: 20 20 C2 D9 D4 C5 D3 3A 20 D1 20 26 20 C4 20 CC | .....: . & . .| 00000020: 49 4E 45 20 CC 4F 43 4B 45 52 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 |INE .OCKER.. | 00000030: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 59 20 CA 49 4D 20 | BY .IM | 00000040: D2 4F 57 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 49 53 20 4D 4F |.OW.. .HIS MO| 00000050: 4E 54 48 20 57 45 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 42 45 20 44 |NTH WE WILL BE D| 00000060: 49 53 43 55 53 53 49 4E 47 0D 41 20 51 55 49 43 |ISCUSSING.A QUIC| 00000070: 4B 20 41 4E 44 20 44 49 52 54 59 20 28 D1 20 26 |K AND DIRTY (. &| 00000080: 20 C4 29 20 4D 45 54 48 4F 44 20 4F 46 0D 4B 45 | .) 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ROUTI| 00000130: 4E 45 53 20 54 4F 20 44 4F 20 49 54 0D 41 4C 52 |NES TO DO IT.ALR| 00000140: 45 41 44 59 20 45 58 49 53 54 20 49 4E 20 59 4F |EADY EXIST IN YO| 00000150: 55 52 20 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 45 52 2E 0D C9 54 20 |UR COMPUTER...T | 00000160: 49 53 20 45 53 50 45 43 49 41 4C 4C 59 20 55 53 |IS ESPECIALLY US| 00000170: 45 46 55 4C 20 54 4F 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 0D 50 52 |EFUL TO ......PR| 00000180: 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 45 52 53 20 53 49 4E 43 45 20 |OGRAMMERS SINCE | 00000190: 49 54 20 52 45 51 55 49 52 45 53 20 4E 4F 20 CD |IT REQUIRES NO .| 000001A0: CC 0D 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 49 4E 47 20 4F 52 |..PROGRAMMING OR| 000001B0: 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 53 2E 0D 0D 0D | SUBROUTINES....| 000001C0: 0D 20 20 20 20 C6 49 52 53 54 2C 20 4C 45 54 20 |. .IRST, LET | 000001D0: 4D 45 20 45 58 50 4C 41 49 4E 20 41 42 4F 55 54 |ME EXPLAIN ABOUT| 000001E0: 20 22 D2 C1 CD 0D 55 4E 44 45 52 20 D2 CF CD 22 | "....UNDER ..."| 000001F0: 2C 20 41 20 54 45 52 4D 20 59 4F 55 20 48 41 56 |, A TERM YOU HAV| 00000200: 45 20 50 52 4F 42 41 42 4C 59 0D 53 45 45 4E 2C |E PROBABLY.SEEN,| 00000210: 20 42 55 54 20 4D 49 47 48 54 20 4E 4F 54 20 55 | BUT MIGHT NOT U| 00000220: 4E 44 45 52 53 54 41 4E 44 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 |NDERSTAND... | 00000230: D4 48 45 52 45 20 41 52 45 20 54 57 4F 20 54 59 |.HERE ARE TWO TY| 00000240: 50 45 53 20 4F 46 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 3A 0D 0D |PES OF MEMORY:..| 00000250: 20 20 20 31 29 20 D2 41 4E 44 4F 4D 20 C1 43 43 | 1) .ANDOM .CC| 00000260: 45 53 53 20 CD 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 28 D2 C1 CD 29 |ESS .EMORY (...)| 00000270: 0D 20 20 20 32 29 20 D2 45 41 44 20 CF 4E 4C 59 |. 2) .EAD .NLY| 00000280: 20 CD 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 28 D2 CF CD 29 0D 0D 20 | .EMORY (...).. | 00000290: 20 20 20 D2 C1 CD 20 43 41 4E 20 42 45 20 43 48 | ... CAN BE CH| 000002A0: 41 4E 47 45 44 20 42 55 54 20 D2 CF CD 0D 43 41 |ANGED BUT ....CA| 000002B0: 4E 4E 4F 54 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D2 C1 CD 20 43 |NNOT... ... C| 000002C0: 41 4E 20 53 54 4F 52 45 20 49 4E 46 4F 52 4D 41 |AN STORE INFORMA| 000002D0: 54 49 4F 4E 2C 20 4C 49 4B 45 0D 59 4F 55 52 20 |TION, LIKE.YOUR | 000002E0: C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 2C 20 41 |..... PROGRAM, A| 000002F0: 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 4F 52 0D 42 4F 52 44 45 | SCREEN OR.BORDE| 00000300: 52 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 2C 20 4F 52 20 56 41 52 49 |R COLOR, OR VARI| 00000310: 41 42 4C 45 53 2E 20 20 D2 CF CD 20 49 53 0D 49 |ABLES. ... IS.I| 00000320: 4E 46 4F 52 4D 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 42 55 52 4E 45 |NFORMATION BURNE| 00000330: 44 20 49 4E 54 4F 20 41 20 4D 49 43 52 4F 43 48 |D INTO A MICROCH| 00000340: 49 50 2C 0D 4C 49 4B 45 20 54 48 45 20 36 34 27 |IP,.LIKE THE 64'| 00000350: 53 20 4F 50 45 52 41 54 49 4E 47 20 53 59 53 54 |S OPERATING SYST| 00000360: 45 4D 2C 20 57 48 49 43 48 0D 49 53 20 54 48 45 |EM, WHICH.IS THE| 00000370: 20 CD CC 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 54 48 41 54 | .. PROGRAM THAT| 00000380: 20 52 55 4E 53 20 59 4F 55 52 0D 43 4F 4D 50 55 | RUNS YOUR.COMPU| 00000390: 54 45 52 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C8 45 52 45 20 49 |TER... .ERE I| 000003A0: 53 20 41 20 50 41 52 54 49 41 4C 20 4D 45 4D 4F |S A PARTIAL MEMO| 000003B0: 52 59 20 4D 41 50 20 4F 46 0D 59 4F 55 52 20 C3 |RY MAP OF.YOUR .| 000003C0: 36 34 2E 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |64.. | 000003D0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3A 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 3A 0D | :------:.| 000003E0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | 000003F0: 20 20 20 3A 20 C9 2F CF 20 20 3A 0D 20 3A 2D 2D | : ./. :. :--| 00000400: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 3A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3A |------: :| 00000410: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 3A 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |------:---------| 00000420: 3A 0D 20 3A 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 20 3A 20 20 20 |:. : ..... : | 00000430: 20 20 20 20 20 3A 20 C3 C8 C1 D2 20 3A 20 20 CB | : .... : .| 00000440: C5 D2 CE C1 CC 20 3A 0D 20 3A 20 20 D2 CF CD 20 |..... :. : ... | 00000450: 20 20 3A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3A 20 D2 CF CD | : : ...| 00000460: 20 20 3A 20 20 20 D2 CF CD 20 20 20 3A 0D 2D 2D | : ... :.--| 00000470: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |----------------| 00000480: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |----------------| 00000490: 2D 2D 2D 0D 20 3A 20 20 D2 C1 CD 20 20 20 3A 20 |---. : ... : | 000004A0: 20 D2 C1 CD 20 20 20 3A 20 D2 C1 CD 20 20 3A 20 | ... : ... : | 000004B0: 20 20 D2 C1 CD 20 20 20 3A 0D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D | ... :.------| 000004C0: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D |----------------| 000004D0: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 0D |---------------.| 000004E0: 20 5E 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5E 20 20 20 20 20 | ^ ^ | 000004F0: 20 20 20 5E 20 20 20 20 20 20 5E 20 20 20 20 20 | ^ ^ | 00000500: 20 20 20 20 5E 0D 20 24 C1 30 30 30 20 20 24 C3 | ^. $.000 $.| 00000510: 30 30 30 20 20 20 24 C4 30 30 30 20 20 20 24 C5 |000 $.000 $.| 00000520: 30 30 30 20 20 20 24 C6 C6 C6 C6 0D 28 34 30 39 |000 $.....(409| 00000530: 36 30 29 28 34 39 31 35 32 29 20 28 35 33 32 34 |60)(49152) (5324| 00000540: 38 29 20 28 35 37 33 34 34 29 20 28 36 35 35 33 |8) (57344) (6553| 00000550: 35 29 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C6 4F 52 20 CC 49 4E 45 |5).. .OR .INE| 00000560: 20 CC 4F 43 4B 45 52 20 57 45 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 | .OCKER WE WILL | 00000570: 4F 4E 4C 59 20 42 45 0D 43 4F 4E 43 45 52 4E 45 |ONLY BE.CONCERNE| 00000580: 44 20 57 49 54 48 20 54 48 45 20 D2 C1 CD 20 55 |D WITH THE ... U| 00000590: 4E 44 45 52 20 54 48 45 0D C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 41 |NDER THE...... A| 000005A0: 4E 44 20 CB C5 D2 CE C1 CC 20 D2 CF CD 53 2E 0D |ND ...... ...S..| 000005B0: 0D 20 20 20 20 CE 4F 54 49 43 45 20 54 48 41 54 |. .OTICE THAT| 000005C0: 20 54 48 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 D2 C1 CD 0D 27 55 | THERE IS ....'U| 000005D0: 4E 44 45 52 4E 45 41 54 48 27 20 54 48 45 20 54 |NDERNEATH' THE T| 000005E0: 48 52 45 45 20 D2 CF CD 20 41 52 45 41 53 2E 20 |HREE ... AREAS. | 000005F0: 20 C9 46 0D 59 4F 55 20 54 52 59 20 54 4F 20 D0 | .F.YOU TRY TO .| 00000600: CF CB C5 20 41 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 49 4E 54 |... A NUMBER INT| 00000610: 4F 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 0D 4F 52 20 CB C5 D2 CE C1 |O ......OR .....| 00000620: CC 20 D2 CF CD 2C 20 54 48 41 54 20 4E 55 4D 42 |. ..., THAT NUMB| 00000630: 45 52 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 46 41 4C 4C 0D 54 48 52 |ER WILL FALL.THR| 00000640: 4F 55 47 48 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 D2 C1 CD 20 |OUGH TO THE ... | 00000650: 42 45 4C 4F 57 20 49 54 2C 20 4C 45 41 56 49 4E |BELOW IT, LEAVIN| 00000660: 47 0D 54 48 45 20 D2 CF CD 20 55 4E 43 48 41 4E |G.THE ... UNCHAN| 00000670: 47 45 44 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 4F 20 52 45 41 |GED... .O REA| 00000680: 44 20 41 20 56 41 4C 55 45 20 D0 CF CB C5 44 20 |D A VALUE ....D | 00000690: 49 4E 54 4F 20 54 48 45 0D D2 C1 CD 20 55 4E 44 |INTO THE.... UND| 000006A0: 45 52 20 54 48 45 20 D2 CF CD 2C 20 59 4F 55 20 |ER THE ..., YOU | 000006B0: 48 41 56 45 20 54 4F 20 22 54 55 52 4E 0D 4F 46 |HAVE TO "TURN.OF| 000006C0: 46 22 20 54 48 45 20 D2 CF CD 2E 20 20 D7 49 54 |F" THE .... .IT| 000006D0: 48 4F 55 54 20 54 55 52 4E 49 4E 47 20 4F 46 46 |HOUT TURNING OFF| 000006E0: 0D 54 48 45 20 D2 CF CD 2C 20 59 4F 55 20 43 41 |.THE ..., YOU CA| 000006F0: 4E 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 D0 C5 C5 CB 20 4F 55 54 20 |N ONLY .... OUT | 00000700: 54 48 45 0D D2 CF CD 20 56 41 4C 55 45 53 2C 20 |THE.... VALUES, | 00000710: CE CF D4 20 54 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 49 |... THE NUMBER I| 00000720: 4E 20 54 48 45 20 D2 C1 CD 0D 42 45 4E 45 41 54 |N THE ....BENEAT| 00000730: 48 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 CF 4E 45 20 4F 46 20 54 |H... .NE OF T| 00000740: 48 45 20 47 52 45 41 54 20 54 48 49 4E 47 53 20 |HE GREAT THINGS | 00000750: 41 42 4F 55 54 0D 54 48 49 53 20 53 45 54 55 50 |ABOUT.THIS SETUP| 00000760: 20 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 D6 C9 C3 | IS THAT THE ...| 00000770: 2D C9 C9 20 52 45 41 44 53 0D 54 48 45 20 D2 C1 |-.. READS.THE ..| 00000780: CD 2C 20 4E 4F 54 20 54 48 45 20 D2 CF CD 21 20 |., NOT THE ...! | 00000790: 20 D9 4F 55 20 43 41 4E 20 50 55 54 0D 53 50 52 | .OU CAN PUT.SPR| 000007A0: 49 54 45 20 44 41 54 41 2C 20 41 20 42 49 54 4D |ITE DATA, A BITM| 000007B0: 41 50 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 4F 52 0D 52 45 44 |AP SCREEN OR.RED| 000007C0: 45 46 49 4E 45 44 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 |EFINED CHARACTER| 000007D0: 53 20 49 4E 20 54 48 49 53 20 D2 C1 CD 2E 0D 20 |S IN THIS ..... | 000007E0: 20 20 20 C9 4E 20 4F 52 44 45 52 20 46 4F 52 20 | .N ORDER FOR | 000007F0: 4F 55 52 20 4C 49 4E 45 2D 4C 4F 43 4B 49 4E 47 |OUR LINE-LOCKING| 00000800: 0D 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 54 4F 20 57 4F 52 4B |.ROUTINE TO WORK| 00000810: 20 57 45 20 4E 45 45 44 20 54 4F 20 42 45 20 41 | WE NEED TO BE A| 00000820: 42 4C 45 20 54 4F 0D 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 54 48 |BLE TO.CHANGE TH| 00000830: 45 20 D2 CF CD 20 4F 50 45 52 41 54 49 4E 47 20 |E ... OPERATING | 00000840: 53 59 53 54 45 4D 2E 20 20 C2 59 0D D0 CF CB C5 |SYSTEM. .Y.....| 00000850: 49 4E 47 20 54 48 45 20 56 41 4C 55 45 53 20 4F |ING THE VALUES O| 00000860: 46 20 45 41 43 48 20 42 59 54 45 20 4F 46 0D 54 |F EACH BYTE OF.T| 00000870: 48 45 20 D2 CF CD 20 49 4E 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 |HE ... INTO THE | 00000880: D2 C1 CD 20 42 45 4E 45 41 54 48 20 49 54 20 54 |... BENEATH IT T| 00000890: 48 45 4E 0D 54 55 52 4E 49 4E 47 20 4F 46 46 20 |HEN.TURNING OFF | 000008A0: 54 48 45 20 D2 CF CD 20 41 42 4F 56 45 20 57 45 |THE ... ABOVE WE| 000008B0: 20 57 49 4C 4C 0D 48 41 56 45 20 41 20 57 4F 52 | WILL.HAVE A WOR| 000008C0: 4B 49 4E 47 20 43 4F 50 59 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 |KING COPY OF THE| 000008D0: 20 D2 CF CD 20 53 59 53 54 45 4D 0D 54 48 41 54 | ... SYSTEM.THAT| 000008E0: 20 57 45 20 43 41 4E 20 4D 4F 44 49 46 59 2E 20 | WE CAN MODIFY. | 000008F0: 20 D4 48 45 4E 20 57 45 20 4E 45 45 44 20 54 4F | .HEN WE NEED TO| 00000900: 0D 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 54 48 45 20 D2 CF CD 20 |.CHANGE THE ... | 00000910: 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 53 43 52 |ROUTINE THAT SCR| 00000920: 4F 4C 4C 53 20 41 0D 54 45 58 54 20 53 43 52 45 |OLLS A.TEXT SCRE| 00000930: 45 4E 20 55 50 20 41 20 4C 49 4E 45 2E 0D 0D 20 |EN UP A LINE... | 00000940: 20 20 20 C9 46 20 57 45 20 57 45 52 45 20 54 4F | .F WE WERE TO| 00000950: 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 41 4C 4C 20 4F 46 20 54 48 4F | .... ALL OF THO| 00000960: 53 45 0D 42 59 54 45 53 20 4F 4E 45 20 41 54 20 |SE.BYTES ONE AT | 00000970: 41 20 54 49 4D 45 20 49 4E 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 2C |A TIME IN .....,| 00000980: 20 49 54 0D 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 54 41 4B 45 20 41 | IT.WOULD TAKE A| 00000990: 42 4F 55 54 20 41 20 4D 49 4E 55 54 45 2C 20 42 |BOUT A MINUTE, B| 000009A0: 55 54 20 54 48 45 52 45 0D 49 53 20 41 4E 20 CD |UT THERE.IS AN .| 000009B0: CC 20 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 |. ROUTINE IN THE| 000009C0: 20 D2 CF CD 20 54 48 41 54 20 44 4F 45 53 0D 49 | ... THAT DOES.I| 000009D0: 54 20 41 54 20 CD CC 20 53 50 45 45 44 53 20 2D |T AT .. SPEEDS -| 000009E0: 2D 20 50 52 41 43 54 49 43 41 4C 4C 59 0D 49 4E |- PRACTICALLY.IN| 000009F0: 53 54 41 4E 54 41 4E 45 4F 55 53 4C 59 2E 0D 0D |STANTANEOUSLY...| 00000A00: 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 49 53 20 49 53 20 54 48 45 |. .HIS IS THE| 00000A10: 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 43 4F 44 45 20 46 4F 52 0D | ..... CODE FOR.| 00000A20: 43 4F 50 59 49 4E 47 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 D2 CF |COPYING ..... ..| 00000A30: CD 20 49 4E 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 D2 C1 CD 0D 55 |. INTO THE ....U| 00000A40: 4E 44 45 52 4E 45 41 54 48 20 49 54 2E 0D 0D 31 |NDERNEATH IT...1| 00000A50: 30 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 38 38 2C 30 20 3A 20 D0 CF |0 .... 88,0 : ..| 00000A60: CB C5 20 38 39 2C 31 39 31 20 3A D2 C5 CD 20 D4 |.. 89,191 :... .| 00000A70: C1 D2 C7 C5 D4 0D 31 31 20 D2 C5 CD 20 CC 4F C2 |......11 ... .O.| 00000A80: 59 54 45 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 C8 49 42 59 54 |YTE .IBYT| 00000A90: 45 0D 31 32 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 39 30 2C 30 20 3A |E.12 .... 90,0 :| 00000AA0: 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 39 31 2C 31 39 31 20 3A D2 C5 | .... 91,191 :..| 00000AB0: CD 20 D3 CF D5 D2 C3 C5 0D 31 33 20 D2 C5 CD 20 |. .......13 ... | 00000AC0: CC 4F 42 59 54 45 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 C8 49 |.OBYTE .I| 00000AD0: 42 59 54 45 0D 31 34 20 D2 C5 CD 0D 31 35 20 D0 |BYTE.14 ....15 .| 00000AE0: CF CB C5 20 37 38 31 2C 33 33 20 3A 20 D0 CF CB |... 781,33 : ...| 00000AF0: C5 20 37 38 32 2C 30 0D 31 36 20 D2 C5 CD 20 CE |. 782,0.16 ... .| 00000B00: 55 4D 42 45 52 20 4F 46 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 54 |UMBER OF BYTES T| 00000B10: 4F 20 22 CD CF D6 C5 22 0D 31 37 20 D3 D9 D3 20 |O "....".17 ... | 00000B20: 34 31 39 36 34 20 3A D2 C5 CD 20 D3 D4 C1 D2 D4 |41964 :... .....| 00000B30: 20 CF D5 D2 20 C3 CF D0 D9 C9 CE C7 0D 0D 20 20 | ... ......... | 00000B40: 20 20 D7 45 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 43 4F 50 59 20 4D | .E WILL COPY M| 00000B50: 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 42 59 20 D0 CF CB C5 49 4E 47 |EMORY BY ....ING| 00000B60: 0D 54 48 45 20 CC CF 2F C8 C9 20 42 59 54 45 20 |.THE ../.. BYTE | 00000B70: 46 4F 52 4D 41 54 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 C5 CE |FORMAT OF THE ..| 00000B80: C4 20 4F 46 0D 54 48 45 20 53 4F 55 52 43 45 20 |. OF.THE SOURCE | 00000B90: 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 20 49 4E 20 38 38 20 41 4E |ADDRESS IN 88 AN| 00000BA0: 44 20 38 39 2C 20 41 4E 44 0D 54 48 45 4E 20 D0 |D 89, AND.THEN .| 00000BB0: CF CB C5 49 4E 47 20 54 48 45 20 CC CF 2F C8 C9 |...ING THE ../..| 00000BC0: 20 42 59 54 45 20 46 4F 52 4D 41 54 20 4F 46 0D | BYTE FORMAT OF.| 00000BD0: 54 48 45 20 C5 CE C4 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 54 |THE ... OF THE T| 00000BE0: 41 52 47 45 54 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 20 49 4E |ARGET ADDRESS IN| 00000BF0: 20 39 30 0D 41 4E 44 20 39 31 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 | 90.AND 91... | 00000C00: 20 D4 48 45 20 52 45 41 53 4F 4E 20 46 4F 52 20 | .HE REASON FOR | 00000C10: D0 CF CB C5 49 4E 47 20 54 48 45 20 C5 CE C4 20 |....ING THE ... | 00000C20: 4F 46 0D 54 48 45 20 41 52 45 41 20 54 4F 20 42 |OF.THE AREA TO B| 00000C30: 45 20 4D 4F 56 45 44 20 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 |E MOVED IS THAT | 00000C40: 54 48 49 53 20 D2 CF CD 0D 43 4F 50 59 20 52 4F |THIS ....COPY RO| 00000C50: 55 54 49 4E 45 20 41 43 54 55 41 4C 4C 59 20 43 |UTINE ACTUALLY C| 00000C60: 4F 50 49 45 53 0D 42 41 43 4B 57 41 52 44 53 21 |OPIES.BACKWARDS!| 00000C70: 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 |.. .HE NUMBER| 00000C80: 20 4F 46 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 57 | OF BYTES THAT W| 00000C90: 45 20 57 41 4E 54 0D 54 4F 20 43 4F 50 59 20 49 |E WANT.TO COPY I| 00000CA0: 53 20 D0 CF CB C5 44 20 49 4E 54 4F 20 54 48 45 |S ....D INTO THE| 00000CB0: 20 D8 20 41 4E 44 20 D9 0D 52 45 47 49 53 54 45 | . AND ..REGISTE| 00000CC0: 52 53 20 28 4C 49 4E 45 20 31 35 29 2E 20 20 CE |RS (LINE 15). .| 00000CD0: 4F 54 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 D8 0D 52 |OTE THAT THE ..R| 00000CE0: 45 47 49 53 54 45 52 20 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E 53 |EGISTER CONTAINS| 00000CF0: 20 54 48 45 20 48 49 47 48 20 42 59 54 45 20 2B | THE HIGH BYTE +| 00000D00: 20 31 2E 0D D4 48 45 20 52 45 41 53 4F 4E 20 49 | 1...HE REASON I| 00000D10: 53 20 43 4F 4D 50 4C 49 43 41 54 45 44 20 53 4F |S COMPLICATED SO| 00000D20: 20 4C 45 54 27 53 0D 4E 4F 54 20 57 4F 52 52 59 | LET'S.NOT WORRY| 00000D30: 20 41 42 4F 55 54 20 49 54 2E 20 20 CA 55 53 54 | ABOUT IT. .UST| 00000D40: 20 52 45 4D 45 4D 42 45 52 0D 54 48 41 54 20 54 | REMEMBER.THAT T| 00000D50: 48 45 20 D2 CF CD 53 20 41 52 45 20 45 41 43 48 |HE ...S ARE EACH| 00000D60: 20 33 32 20 50 41 47 45 53 20 4C 4F 4E 47 0D 53 | 32 PAGES LONG.S| 00000D70: 4F 20 59 4F 55 20 4E 45 45 44 20 54 4F 20 D0 CF |O YOU NEED TO ..| 00000D80: CB C5 20 54 48 45 20 D8 20 52 45 47 49 53 54 45 |.. THE . REGISTE| 00000D90: 52 0D 57 49 54 48 20 33 33 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 |R.WITH 33... | 00000DA0: D4 48 45 20 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 54 4F 20 43 |.HE ROUTINE TO C| 00000DB0: 4F 50 59 20 54 48 45 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 49 |OPY THE MEMORY I| 00000DC0: 53 0D 41 54 20 34 31 39 36 34 20 41 4E 44 20 49 |S.AT 41964 AND I| 00000DD0: 53 20 43 41 4C 4C 45 44 20 49 4E 20 4C 49 4E 45 |S CALLED IN LINE| 00000DE0: 20 31 37 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 CE 4F 57 20 57 45 | 17... .OW WE| 00000DF0: 20 44 4F 20 54 48 45 20 53 41 4D 45 20 46 4F 52 | DO THE SAME FOR| 00000E00: 20 CB C5 D2 CE C1 CC 20 D2 CF CD 2E 0D 0D 32 30 | ...... ......20| 00000E10: 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 38 38 2C 30 20 3A D0 CF CB C5 | .... 88,0 :....| 00000E20: 20 38 39 2C 32 35 35 3A D2 C5 CD 20 D4 C1 D2 C7 | 89,255:... ....| 00000E30: C5 D4 0D 32 31 20 D2 C5 CD 20 20 CC 4F 42 59 54 |...21 ... .OBYT| 00000E40: 45 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 C8 49 42 59 54 45 0D 32 |E .IBYTE.2| 00000E50: 32 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 39 30 2C 30 20 3A D0 CF CB |2 .... 90,0 :...| 00000E60: C5 20 39 31 2C 32 35 35 3A D2 C5 CD 20 D3 CF D5 |. 91,255:... ...| 00000E70: D2 C3 C5 0D 32 33 20 D2 C5 CD 20 20 CC 4F 42 59 |....23 ... .OBY| 00000E80: 54 45 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 C8 49 42 59 54 45 0D |TE .IBYTE.| 00000E90: 32 34 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 37 38 31 2C 33 33 20 3A |24 .... 781,33 :| 00000EA0: 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 37 38 32 2C 30 0D 32 35 20 D2 | .... 782,0.25 .| 00000EB0: C5 CD 20 CE 55 4D 42 45 52 20 4F 46 20 42 59 54 |.. .UMBER OF BYT| 00000EC0: 45 53 20 54 4F 20 22 CD CF D6 C5 22 0D 32 36 20 |ES TO "....".26 | 00000ED0: D3 D9 D3 20 34 31 39 36 34 20 3A 20 D2 C5 CD 20 |... 41964 : ... | 00000EE0: D3 D4 C1 D2 D4 20 CF D5 D2 20 C3 CF D0 D9 C9 CE |..... ... ......| 00000EF0: C7 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 |... .HERE IS | 00000F00: 4F 4E 45 20 42 59 54 45 20 49 4E 20 4F 55 52 20 |ONE BYTE IN OUR | 00000F10: 4E 45 57 2C 0D 4D 4F 44 49 46 49 41 42 4C 45 20 |NEW,.MODIFIABLE | 00000F20: D2 CF CD 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 45 4C 4C 53 20 48 |... THAT TELLS H| 00000F30: 4F 57 20 4D 41 4E 59 0D 4C 49 4E 45 53 20 41 54 |OW MANY.LINES AT| 00000F40: 20 54 48 45 20 54 4F 50 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 | THE TOP OF THE | 00000F50: 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 57 49 4C 4C 0D 42 45 20 4B |SCREEN WILL.BE K| 00000F60: 45 50 54 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 53 43 52 4F 4C 4C 49 |EPT FROM SCROLLI| 00000F70: 4E 47 2E 20 20 D4 48 41 54 20 42 59 54 45 20 49 |NG. .HAT BYTE I| 00000F80: 53 0D 4C 4F 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 35 39 36 33 39 |S.LOCATION 59639| 00000F90: 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 54 48 49 4E |. .HE ONLY THIN| 00000FA0: 47 20 54 4F 0D 52 45 4D 45 4D 42 45 52 20 49 53 |G TO.REMEMBER IS| 00000FB0: 20 54 48 41 54 20 59 4F 55 20 53 48 4F 55 4C 44 | THAT YOU SHOULD| 00000FC0: 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 4F 4E 45 0D CC C5 D3 D3 20 54 | .... ONE..... T| 00000FD0: 48 41 4E 20 54 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 4F |HAN THE NUMBER O| 00000FE0: 46 20 4C 49 4E 45 53 20 59 4F 55 0D 57 41 4E 54 |F LINES YOU.WANT| 00000FF0: 20 4C 4F 43 4B 45 44 2E 20 20 D4 4F 20 4C 4F 43 | LOCKED. .O LOC| 00001000: 4B 20 54 48 45 20 54 4F 50 20 54 48 52 45 45 0D |K THE TOP THREE.| 00001010: 4C 49 4E 45 53 2C 20 D0 CF CB C5 35 39 36 33 39 |LINES, ....59639| 00001020: 2C 32 2E 0D 0D 33 30 20 D2 C5 CD 20 D3 C5 D4 20 |,2...30 ... ... | 00001030: CE D5 CD C2 C5 D2 20 CF C6 20 CC C9 CE C5 D3 20 |...... .. ..... | 00001040: D4 CF 20 C2 C5 0D 33 32 20 D2 C5 CD 20 CB C5 D0 |.. ...32 ... ...| 00001050: D4 20 C6 D2 CF CD 20 D3 C3 D2 CF CC CC C9 CE C7 |. .... .........| 00001060: 0D 33 34 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 35 39 36 33 39 2C 32 |.34 .... 59639,2| 00001070: 20 3A D2 C5 CD 20 32 2B 31 20 CC C9 CE C5 D3 20 | :... 2+1 ..... | 00001080: CB C5 D0 D4 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 CE 4F 57 20 57 45 |...... .OW WE| 00001090: 20 48 41 56 45 20 54 4F 20 54 45 4C 4C 20 54 48 | HAVE TO TELL TH| 000010A0: 45 20 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 45 52 0D 57 48 49 43 48 |E COMPUTER.WHICH| 000010B0: 20 56 45 52 53 49 4F 4E 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 | VERSION OF THE | 000010C0: D2 CF CD 53 20 54 4F 20 55 53 45 20 41 4E 44 0D |...S TO USE AND.| 000010D0: 54 48 49 53 20 49 53 20 44 4F 4E 45 20 42 59 20 |THIS IS DONE BY | 000010E0: D0 CF CB C5 49 4E 47 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 0D 4C |....ING MEMORY.L| 000010F0: 4F 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 31 2E 0D 0D 34 30 20 D2 |OCATION 1...40 .| 00001100: C5 CD 20 D4 D5 D2 CE 20 CF C6 C6 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 |.. .... ... ....| 00001110: C3 20 C1 CE C4 20 CB C5 D2 CE C1 CC 20 D2 CF CD |. ... ...... ...| 00001120: 0D 34 31 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 31 2C 35 33 0D 34 32 |.41 .... 1,53.42| 00001130: 20 D2 C5 CD 20 D4 D5 D2 CE 20 C2 C1 C3 CB 20 CF | ... .... .... .| 00001140: CE 2C 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 31 2C 35 35 0D 0D 20 20 |., .... 1,55.. | 00001150: 20 20 D7 48 45 4E 20 57 45 20 54 55 52 4E 20 4F | .HEN WE TURN O| 00001160: 46 46 20 54 48 45 20 CB C5 D2 CE C1 CC 20 D2 CF |FF THE ...... ..| 00001170: CD 2C 0D 54 48 45 20 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 45 52 20 |.,.THE COMPUTER | 00001180: 41 55 54 4F 4D 41 54 49 43 4C 59 20 54 55 52 4E |AUTOMATICLY TURN| 00001190: 53 20 4F 46 46 0D C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 D2 CF CD 2E |S OFF...... ....| 000011A0: 20 20 D4 4F 20 54 55 52 4E 20 54 48 45 20 D2 CF | .O TURN THE ..| 000011B0: CD 53 20 42 41 43 4B 20 4F 4E 2C 0D D0 CF CB C5 |.S BACK ON,.....| 000011C0: 20 31 2C 35 35 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 | 1,55... .HE | 000011D0: 45 58 50 4C 41 4E 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 4D 41 59 20 |EXPLANATION MAY | 000011E0: 53 45 45 4D 20 4C 4F 4E 47 20 41 4E 44 0D 43 4F |SEEM LONG AND.CO| 000011F0: 4D 50 4C 49 43 41 54 45 44 20 42 55 54 20 54 48 |MPLICATED BUT TH| 00001200: 45 20 43 4F 44 45 20 49 53 4E 27 54 2E 20 20 D9 |E CODE ISN'T. .| 00001210: 4F 55 0D 43 41 4E 20 50 55 54 20 49 54 20 4F 4E |OU.CAN PUT IT ON| 00001220: 20 4A 55 53 54 20 41 20 46 45 57 20 4C 49 4E 45 | JUST A FEW LINE| 00001230: 53 20 41 4E 44 20 49 54 0D 53 55 52 45 20 57 49 |S AND IT.SURE WI| 00001240: 4C 4C 20 53 41 56 45 20 59 4F 55 20 48 45 41 44 |LL SAVE YOU HEAD| 00001250: 41 43 48 45 53 20 57 48 45 4E 20 59 4F 55 0D 57 |ACHES WHEN YOU.W| 00001260: 41 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 53 43 52 4F 4C 4C 20 41 20 |ANT TO SCROLL A | 00001270: 42 55 4E 43 48 20 4F 46 20 49 54 45 4D 53 20 4F |BUNCH OF ITEMS O| 00001280: 4E 0D 54 48 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 42 55 54 |N.THE SCREEN BUT| 00001290: 20 44 4F 4E 27 54 20 57 41 4E 54 20 59 4F 55 52 | DON'T WANT YOUR| 000012A0: 20 4C 4F 47 4F 0D 4F 52 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 | LOGO.OR SCREEN | 000012B0: 50 52 4F 4D 50 54 53 20 54 4F 20 42 45 20 53 43 |PROMPTS TO BE SC| 000012C0: 52 4F 4C 4C 45 44 20 4F 46 46 0D 54 4F 4F 2E 0D |ROLLED OFF.TOO..| 000012D0: 0D C9 CD D0 CF D2 D4 C1 CE D4 21 21 20 20 C6 41 |..........!! .A| 000012E0: 53 54 CC 4F 41 44 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 |ST.OAD CARTRIDGE| 000012F0: 53 20 52 45 4C 59 0D 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 D2 CF |S RELY.ON THE ..| 00001300: CD 53 20 53 54 41 59 49 4E 47 20 55 4E 43 48 41 |.S STAYING UNCHA| 00001310: 4E 47 45 44 20 53 4F 20 59 4F 55 0D 53 48 4F 55 |NGED SO YOU.SHOU| 00001320: 4C 44 20 44 49 53 41 42 4C 45 20 C6 41 53 54 CC |LD DISABLE .AST.| 00001330: 4F 41 44 20 42 45 46 4F 52 45 0D 4C 4F 43 4B 49 |OAD BEFORE.LOCKI| 00001340: 4E 47 20 41 20 4C 49 4E 45 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 52 |NG A LINE. .HER| 00001350: 45 20 41 52 45 20 46 4F 55 52 20 D0 CF CB C5 53 |E ARE FOUR ....S| 00001360: 0D 54 48 41 54 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 44 4F 20 54 48 |.THAT WILL DO TH| 00001370: 49 53 20 53 4F 20 59 4F 55 20 53 48 4F 55 4C 44 |IS SO YOU SHOULD| 00001380: 20 48 41 56 45 0D 54 48 45 53 45 20 4C 49 4E 45 | HAVE.THESE LINE| 00001390: 53 20 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 42 45 47 49 4E 4E 49 |S AT THE BEGINNI| 000013A0: 4E 47 20 4F 46 20 59 4F 55 52 0D 52 4F 55 54 49 |NG OF YOUR.ROUTI| 000013B0: 4E 45 2E 0D 0D 35 20 D0 CF CB C5 37 37 30 2C 31 |NE...5 ....770,1| 000013C0: 33 31 3A D0 CF CB C5 37 37 31 2C 31 36 34 0D 36 |31:....771,164.6| 000013D0: 20 D0 CF CB C5 38 31 36 2C 31 36 35 3A D0 CF CB | ....816,165:...| 000013E0: C5 38 31 37 2C 32 34 34 0D 20 20 20 20 D7 45 20 |.817,244. .E | 000013F0: 48 41 56 45 4E 27 54 20 54 45 53 54 45 44 20 54 |HAVEN'T TESTED T| 00001400: 48 49 53 20 57 49 54 48 20 4F 54 48 45 52 0D 54 |HIS WITH OTHER.T| 00001410: 59 50 45 53 20 4F 46 20 46 41 53 54 2D 4C 4F 41 |YPES OF FAST-LOA| 00001420: 44 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 53 20 42 55 54 |D CARTRIDGES BUT| 00001430: 0D 54 48 45 59 20 50 52 4F 42 41 42 4C 59 20 57 |.THEY PROBABLY W| 00001440: 49 4C 4C 20 4E 45 45 44 20 54 4F 20 42 45 0D 44 |ILL NEED TO BE.D| 00001450: 49 53 41 42 4C 45 44 20 41 4C 53 4F 2E 0D 0D 20 |ISABLED ALSO... | 00001460: 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 49 44 45 41 20 4F 46 20 4D | .HE IDEA OF M| 00001470: 4F 44 49 46 59 49 4E 47 20 54 48 45 20 D2 CF CD |ODIFYING THE ...| 00001480: 53 20 49 53 0D 41 20 56 45 52 59 20 50 4F 57 45 |S IS.A VERY POWE| 00001490: 52 46 55 4C 20 4F 4E 45 20 41 4E 44 20 43 41 4E |RFUL ONE AND CAN| 000014A0: 20 42 45 20 55 53 45 44 0D 46 4F 52 20 41 53 20 | BE USED.FOR AS | 000014B0: 4D 41 4E 59 20 54 48 49 4E 47 53 20 41 53 20 59 |MANY THINGS AS Y| 000014C0: 4F 55 20 43 41 4E 0D 49 4D 41 47 49 4E 45 2E 20 |OU CAN.IMAGINE. | 000014D0: 20 D9 4F 55 20 43 41 4E 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 | .OU CAN CHANGE | 000014E0: 54 48 45 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 0D 43 4F 4D 4D 41 4E |THE ......COMMAN| 000014F0: 44 53 20 42 4F 54 48 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 57 |DS BOTH IN THE W| 00001500: 41 59 20 54 48 45 59 20 4C 4F 4F 4B 20 4F 4E 0D |AY THEY LOOK ON.| 00001510: 54 48 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 41 4E 44 20 54 |THE SCREEN AND T| 00001520: 48 45 20 57 41 59 20 54 48 45 59 20 57 4F 52 4B |HE WAY THEY WORK| 00001530: 2E 0D D9 4F 55 20 41 52 45 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 4C |...OU ARE ONLY L| 00001540: 49 4D 49 54 45 44 20 42 59 20 59 4F 55 52 0D 45 |IMITED BY YOUR.E| 00001550: 58 50 45 52 54 49 53 45 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 20 42 |XPERTISE. .HE B| 00001560: 45 53 54 20 54 48 49 4E 47 20 41 42 4F 55 54 20 |EST THING ABOUT | 00001570: 49 54 0D 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 4E 4F 20 4D 41 |IT.IS THAT NO MA| 00001580: 54 54 45 52 20 48 4F 57 20 4D 55 43 48 20 59 4F |TTER HOW MUCH YO| 00001590: 55 20 47 41 52 42 4C 45 0D C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 4F |U GARBLE...... O| 000015A0: 52 20 54 48 45 20 CB C5 D2 CE C1 CC 20 59 4F 55 |R THE ...... YOU| 000015B0: 20 43 41 4E 20 41 4C 57 41 59 53 0D 47 45 54 20 | CAN ALWAYS.GET | 000015C0: 42 41 43 4B 20 54 4F 20 4E 4F 52 4D 41 4C 20 57 |BACK TO NORMAL W| 000015D0: 49 54 48 20 41 20 53 49 4E 47 4C 45 20 D0 CF CB |ITH A SINGLE ...| 000015E0: C5 0D 4F 52 20 42 59 20 50 4F 57 45 52 49 4E 47 |..OR BY POWERING| 000015F0: 20 44 4F 57 4E 2E 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C9 27 56 | DOWN.... .'V| 00001600: 45 20 57 52 49 54 54 45 4E 20 41 20 4C 49 54 54 |E WRITTEN A LITT| 00001610: 4C 45 20 44 45 4D 4F 20 54 48 41 54 0D 53 48 4F |LE DEMO THAT.SHO| 00001620: 57 53 20 59 4F 55 20 48 4F 57 20 41 20 50 52 4F |WS YOU HOW A PRO| 00001630: 47 52 41 4D 20 43 41 4E 20 55 53 45 20 54 48 49 |GRAM CAN USE THI| 00001640: 53 0D 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 2E 20 20 CA 55 53 54 |S.ROUTINE. .UST| 00001650: 20 43 48 4F 4F 53 45 20 22 D2 55 4E 20 C9 54 22 | CHOOSE ".UN .T"| 00001660: 20 46 52 4F 4D 0D 54 48 45 20 4D 45 4E 55 2E 0D | FROM.THE MENU..| 00001670: 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2A 2A 2A 2A 20 C5 4E |. **** .N| 00001680: 44 20 4F 46 20 D4 45 58 54 20 2A 2A 2A 2A 0D |D OF .EXT ****. |
..^U:ZERO.. BYTES: Q & D LINE LOCK
ER.. BY JIM ROW.. THIS MO
NTH WE WILL BE DISCUSSING.A QUICK AND DI
RTY (Q & D) METHOD OF.KEEPING THE TOP SI
X LINES OF THE.SCREEN FROM SCROLLING OFF
THE SCREEN..THIS METHOD IS PROBABLY THE
EASIEST.WAY TO "LOCK" LINES ON YOUR SCR
EEN.BECAUSE THE ML ROUTINES TO DO IT.ALR
EADY EXIST IN YOUR COMPUTER..IT IS ESPEC
IALLY USEFUL TO BASIC.PROGRAMMERS SINCE
IT REQUIRES NO ML.PROGRAMMING OR SUBROUT
INES..... FIRST, LET ME EXPLAIN ABOUT
"RAM.UNDER ROM", A TERM YOU HAVE PROBAB
LY.SEEN, BUT MIGHT NOT UNDERSTAND...
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MEMORY:.. 1) RA
NDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM). 2) READ ONLY
MEMORY (ROM).. RAM CAN BE CHANGED BU
T ROM.CANNOT... RAM CAN STORE INFORMA
TION, LIKE.YOUR BASIC PROGRAM, A SCREEN
OR.BORDER COLOR, OR VARIABLES. ROM IS.I
NFORMATION BURNED INTO A MICROCHIP,.LIKE
THE 64'S OPERATING SYSTEM, WHICH.IS THE
ML PROGRAM THAT RUNS YOUR.COMPUTER...
HERE IS A PARTIAL MEMORY MAP OF.YOUR C
64.. :------:.
: I/O :. :--------: :
------:---------:. : BASIC : : C
HAR : KERNAL :. : ROM : : ROM
: ROM :.--------------------------
-----------. : RAM : RAM : RAM :
RAM :.------------------------------
-------. ^ ^ ^ ^
^. $A000 $C000 $D000 $E000 $F
FFF.(40960)(49152) (53248) (57344) (6553
5).. FOR LINE LOCKER WE WILL ONLY BE.
CONCERNED WITH THE RAM UNDER THE.BASIC A
ND KERNAL ROMS... NOTICE THAT THERE I
S RAM.'UNDERNEATH' THE THREE ROM AREAS.
IF.YOU TRY TO POKE A NUMBER INTO BASIC.
OR KERNAL ROM, THAT NUMBER WILL FALL.THR
OUGH TO THE RAM BELOW IT, LEAVING.THE RO
M UNCHANGED... TO READ A VALUE POKED
INTO THE.RAM UNDER THE ROM, YOU HAVE TO
"TURN.OFF" THE ROM. WITHOUT TURNING OFF
.THE ROM, YOU CAN ONLY PEEK OUT THE.ROM
VALUES, NOT THE NUMBER IN THE RAM.BENEAT
H... ONE OF THE GREAT THINGS ABOUT.TH
IS SETUP IS THAT THE VIC-II READS.THE RA
M, NOT THE ROM! YOU CAN PUT.SPRITE DATA
, A BITMAP SCREEN OR.REDEFINED CHARACTER
S IN THIS RAM.. IN ORDER FOR OUR LINE
-LOCKING.ROUTINE TO WORK WE NEED TO BE A
BLE TO.CHANGE THE ROM OPERATING SYSTEM.
BY.POKEING THE VALUES OF EACH BYTE OF.T
HE ROM INTO THE RAM BENEATH IT THEN.TURN
ING OFF THE ROM ABOVE WE WILL.HAVE A WOR
KING COPY OF THE ROM SYSTEM.THAT WE CAN
MODIFY. THEN WE NEED TO.CHANGE THE ROM
ROUTINE THAT SCROLLS A.TEXT SCREEN UP A
LINE... IF WE WERE TO POKE ALL OF THO
SE.BYTES ONE AT A TIME IN BASIC, IT.WOUL
D TAKE ABOUT A MINUTE, BUT THERE.IS AN M
L ROUTINE IN THE ROM THAT DOES.IT AT ML
SPEEDS -- PRACTICALLY.INSTANTANEOUSLY...
. THIS IS THE BASIC CODE FOR.COPYING
BASIC ROM INTO THE RAM.UNDERNEATH IT...1
0 POKE 88,0 : POKE 89,191 :REM TARGET.11
REM LOBYTE HIBYTE.12 POKE 90,0 :
POKE 91,191 :REM SOURCE.13 REM LOBYTE
HIBYTE.14 REM.15 POKE 781,33 : POK
E 782,0.16 REM NUMBER OF BYTES TO "MOVE"
.17 SYS 41964 :REM START OUR COPYING..
WE WILL COPY MEMORY BY POKEING.THE LO/
HI BYTE FORMAT OF THE END OF.THE SOURCE
ADDRESS IN 88 AND 89, AND.THEN POKEING T
HE LO/HI BYTE FORMAT OF.THE END OF THE T
ARGET ADDRESS IN 90.AND 91... THE REA
SON FOR POKEING THE END OF.THE AREA TO B
E MOVED IS THAT THIS ROM.COPY ROUTINE AC
TUALLY COPIES.BACKWARDS!.. THE NUMBER
OF BYTES THAT WE WANT.TO COPY IS POKED
INTO THE X AND Y.REGISTERS (LINE 15). N
OTE THAT THE X.REGISTER CONTAINS THE HIG
H BYTE + 1..THE REASON IS COMPLICATED SO
LET'S.NOT WORRY ABOUT IT. JUST REMEMBE
R.THAT THE ROMS ARE EACH 32 PAGES LONG.S
O YOU NEED TO POKE THE X REGISTER.WITH 3
3... THE ROUTINE TO COPY THE MEMORY I
S.AT 41964 AND IS CALLED IN LINE 17...
NOW WE DO THE SAME FOR KERNAL ROM...20
POKE 88,0 :POKE 89,255:REM TARGET.21 RE
M LOBYTE HIBYTE.22 POKE 90,0 :POK
E 91,255:REM SOURCE.23 REM LOBYTE
HIBYTE.24 POKE 781,33 : POKE 782,0.25 R
EM NUMBER OF BYTES TO "MOVE".26 SYS 4196
4 : REM START OUR COPYING.. THERE IS
ONE BYTE IN OUR NEW,.MODIFIABLE ROM THAT
TELLS HOW MANY.LINES AT THE TOP OF THE
SCREEN WILL.BE KEPT FROM SCROLLING. THA
T BYTE IS.LOCATION 59639. THE ONLY THIN
G TO.REMEMBER IS THAT YOU SHOULD POKE ON
E.LESS THAN THE NUMBER OF LINES YOU.WANT
LOCKED. TO LOCK THE TOP THREE.LINES, P
OKE59639,2...30 REM SET NUMBER OF LINES
TO BE.32 REM KEPT FROM SCROLLING.34 POKE
59639,2 :REM 2+1 LINES KEPT.. NOW WE
HAVE TO TELL THE COMPUTER.WHICH VERSION
OF THE ROMS TO USE AND.THIS IS DONE BY
POKEING MEMORY.LOCATION 1...40 REM TURN
OFF BASIC AND KERNAL ROM.41 POKE 1,53.42
REM TURN BACK ON, POKE 1,55.. WHEN W
E TURN OFF THE KERNAL ROM,.THE COMPUTER
AUTOMATICLY TURNS OFF.BASIC ROM. TO TUR
N THE ROMS BACK ON,.POKE 1,55... THE
EXPLANATION MAY SEEM LONG AND.COMPLICATE
D BUT THE CODE ISN'T. YOU.CAN PUT IT ON
JUST A FEW LINES AND IT.SURE WILL SAVE
YOU HEADACHES WHEN YOU.WANT TO SCROLL A
BUNCH OF ITEMS ON.THE SCREEN BUT DON'T W
ANT YOUR LOGO.OR SCREEN PROMPTS TO BE SC
ROLLED OFF.TOO...IMPORTANT!! FASTLOAD C
ARTRIDGES RELY.ON THE ROMS STAYING UNCHA
NGED SO YOU.SHOULD DISABLE FASTLOAD BEFO
RE.LOCKING A LINE. THERE ARE FOUR POKES
.THAT WILL DO THIS SO YOU SHOULD HAVE.TH
ESE LINES AT THE BEGINNING OF YOUR.ROUTI
NE...5 POKE770,131:POKE771,164.6 POKE816
,165:POKE817,244. WE HAVEN'T TESTED T
HIS WITH OTHER.TYPES OF FAST-LOAD CARTRI
DGES BUT.THEY PROBABLY WILL NEED TO BE.D
ISABLED ALSO... THE IDEA OF MODIFYING
THE ROMS IS.A VERY POWERFUL ONE AND CAN
BE USED.FOR AS MANY THINGS AS YOU CAN.I
MAGINE. YOU CAN CHANGE THE BASIC.COMMAN
DS BOTH IN THE WAY THEY LOOK ON.THE SCRE
EN AND THE WAY THEY WORK..YOU ARE ONLY L
IMITED BY YOUR.EXPERTISE. THE BEST THIN
G ABOUT IT.IS THAT NO MATTER HOW MUCH YO
U GARBLE.BASIC OR THE KERNAL YOU CAN ALW
AYS.GET BACK TO NORMAL WITH A SINGLE POK
E.OR BY POWERING DOWN.... I'VE WRITTE
N A LITTLE DEMO THAT.SHOWS YOU HOW A PRO
GRAM CAN USE THIS.ROUTINE. JUST CHOOSE
"RUN IT" FROM.THE MENU... **** EN
D OF TEXT ****.
> CLICK IMAGE PREVIEW FOR FULL MODAL