MC TUTOR
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): MC TUTOR
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 16.7K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 16:59:46
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
75d39c7c1cc89bb383ed04258bbcf4c1ee6d745a03930ecba05831477c9dfe19
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD | MC TUTOR | PRG | High Voltage Complete C64 Collection | 10 | 4 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
> DETECTED: COMMODORE BASIC PROGRAM (LOAD ADDRESS $0801)
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00003BD0: 33 20 32 35 32 22 00 F4 43 B6 08 99 22 4C 44 41 |3 252"..C..."LDA|
00003BE0: 20 23 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 36 | #0 16|
00003BF0: 39 20 30 22 00 14 44 B8 08 99 22 53 54 41 20 32 |9 0"..D..."STA 2|
00003C00: 35 33 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 33 33 20 |53 133 |
00003C10: 32 35 33 22 00 33 44 BA 08 99 22 4C 44 41 20 23 |253".3D..."LDA #|
00003C20: 36 34 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 36 39 20 |64 169 |
00003C30: 36 34 22 00 53 44 BC 08 99 22 53 54 41 20 32 35 |64".SD..."STA 25|
00003C40: 34 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 33 33 20 32 |4 133 2|
00003C50: 35 34 22 00 74 44 BE 08 99 22 5A 5A 5A 5A 20 4C |54".tD..."ZZZZ L|
00003C60: 44 41 20 28 32 35 31 29 2C 59 20 20 31 37 37 20 |DA (251),Y 177 |
00003C70: 32 35 31 22 00 95 44 C0 08 99 22 53 54 41 20 28 |251"..D..."STA (|
00003C80: 32 35 33 29 2C 59 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 34 35 |253),Y 145|
00003C90: 20 32 35 33 22 00 B1 44 C2 08 99 22 49 4E 59 20 | 253"..D..."INY |
00003CA0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 30 30 | 200|
00003CB0: 22 00 D1 44 C4 08 99 22 42 4E 45 20 5A 5A 5A 5A |"..D..."BNE ZZZZ|
00003CC0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 30 38 20 32 34 39 | 208 249|
00003CD0: 22 00 F1 44 C6 08 99 22 49 4E 43 20 32 35 32 20 |"..D..."INC 252 |
00003CE0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 33 30 20 32 35 32 | 230 252|
00003CF0: 22 00 11 45 C8 08 99 22 49 4E 43 20 32 35 34 20 |"..E..."INC 254 |
00003D00: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 33 30 20 32 35 34 | 230 254|
00003D10: 22 00 31 45 CA 08 99 22 4C 44 58 20 32 35 32 20 |".1E..."LDX 252 |
00003D20: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 36 36 20 32 35 32 | 166 252|
00003D30: 22 00 50 45 CC 08 99 22 43 50 58 20 23 36 34 20 |".PE..."CPX #64 |
00003D40: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 32 34 20 36 33 22 | 224 63"|
00003D50: 00 70 45 CE 08 99 22 42 4E 45 20 5A 5A 5A 5A 20 |.pE..."BNE ZZZZ |
00003D60: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 30 38 20 32 33 39 22 | 208 239"|
00003D70: 00 8B 45 D0 08 99 22 52 54 53 20 20 20 20 20 20 |..E..."RTS |
00003D80: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 39 36 22 00 A2 45 E3 08 | 96"..E..|
00003D90: 99 3A 99 22 2D 50 52 45 53 53 20 41 20 4B 45 59 |.:."-PRESS A KEY|
00003DA0: 2D 22 00 BD 45 E4 08 97 31 39 38 2C 30 3A 92 31 |-"..E...198,0:.1|
00003DB0: 39 38 2C 31 3A A1 41 24 3A 99 22 93 22 00 E0 45 |98,1:.A$:."."..E|
00003DC0: FC 08 99 22 48 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 54 48 45 20 |..."HERE IS THE |
00003DD0: 42 41 53 49 43 20 4C 4F 41 44 45 52 2E 22 3A 99 |BASIC LOADER.":.|
00003DE0: 00 0F 46 06 09 99 22 31 30 20 46 4F 52 50 3D 34 |..F..."10 FORP=4|
00003DF0: 39 31 35 32 54 4F 34 39 31 38 36 3A 52 45 41 44 |9152TO49186:READ|
00003E00: 41 3A 50 4F 4B 45 50 2C 41 3A 4E 45 58 54 22 00 |A:POKEP,A:NEXT".|
00003E10: 3F 46 10 09 99 3A 99 22 32 30 44 41 54 41 31 36 |?F...:."20DATA16|
00003E20: 39 2C 30 2C 31 33 33 2C 32 35 31 2C 31 36 38 2C |9,0,133,251,168,|
00003E30: 31 36 39 2C 33 32 2C 31 33 33 2C 32 35 32 22 00 |169,32,133,252".|
00003E40: 6F 46 1A 09 99 3A 99 22 33 30 44 41 54 41 31 36 |oF...:."30DATA16|
00003E50: 39 2C 30 2C 31 33 33 2C 32 35 33 2C 31 36 39 2C |9,0,133,253,169,|
00003E60: 36 34 2C 31 33 33 2C 32 35 34 2C 31 37 37 22 00 |64,133,254,177".|
00003E70: 9E 46 24 09 99 3A 99 22 34 30 44 41 54 41 32 35 |.F$..:."40DATA25|
00003E80: 31 2C 31 34 35 2C 32 35 33 2C 32 30 30 2C 32 30 |1,145,253,200,20|
00003E90: 38 2C 32 34 39 2C 32 33 30 2C 32 35 32 22 00 CF |8,249,230,252"..|
00003EA0: 46 2E 09 99 3A 99 22 35 30 44 41 54 41 32 33 30 |F...:."50DATA230|
00003EB0: 2C 32 35 34 2C 31 36 36 2C 32 35 32 2C 32 32 34 |,254,166,252,224|
00003EC0: 2C 36 34 2C 32 30 38 2C 32 33 39 2C 39 36 22 00 |,64,208,239,96".|
00003ED0: FE 46 30 09 99 3A 99 22 59 4F 55 20 43 41 4E 20 |.F0..:."YOU CAN |
00003EE0: 54 45 53 54 20 54 48 49 53 20 42 59 20 50 4F 4B |TEST THIS BY POK|
00003EF0: 49 4E 47 20 53 4F 4D 45 20 44 41 54 41 22 00 2A |ING SOME DATA".*|
00003F00: 47 32 09 99 22 54 4F 20 38 31 39 32 2D 31 36 33 |G2.."TO 8192-163|
00003F10: 38 33 20 28 44 4F 20 49 54 20 49 4E 20 42 41 53 |83 (DO IT IN BAS|
00003F20: 49 43 20 54 4F 20 53 45 45 22 00 54 47 34 09 99 |IC TO SEE".TG4..|
00003F30: 22 48 4F 57 20 4C 4F 4E 47 20 49 54 20 54 41 4B |"HOW LONG IT TAK|
00003F40: 45 53 21 29 2C 20 54 48 45 4E 20 52 55 4E 20 54 |ES!), THEN RUN T|
00003F50: 48 45 20 22 00 7A 47 36 09 99 22 4C 4F 41 44 45 |HE ".zG6.."LOADE|
00003F60: 52 2C 20 53 59 53 34 39 31 35 32 20 26 20 50 45 |R, SYS49152 & PE|
00003F70: 45 4B 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 22 00 9B 47 38 09 99 |EK MEMORY"..G8..|
00003F80: 22 4C 4F 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 41 54 20 31 36 |"LOCATIONS AT 16|
00003F90: 33 38 34 2D 32 34 35 37 36 2E 22 00 A5 47 39 09 |384-24576."..G9.|
00003FA0: 8D 39 30 30 30 00 D4 47 3A 09 99 22 54 48 45 20 |.9000..G:.."THE |
00003FB0: 4C 41 53 54 20 4C 49 53 54 49 4E 47 20 49 53 20 |LAST LISTING IS |
00003FC0: 54 48 45 20 53 4F 52 54 20 4F 46 20 52 4F 55 54 |THE SORT OF ROUT|
00003FD0: 49 4E 45 22 00 FF 47 3B 09 99 22 54 48 41 54 20 |INE"..G;.."THAT |
00003FE0: 49 53 20 55 53 45 44 20 49 4E 20 43 4F 4D 4D 45 |IS USED IN COMME|
00003FF0: 52 43 49 41 4C 20 50 52 47 53 20 54 4F 20 22 00 |RCIAL PRGS TO ".|
00004000: 2E 48 3C 09 99 22 54 52 41 4E 53 46 45 52 20 4D |.H<.."TRANSFER M|
00004010: 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 54 4F 20 41 20 42 49 54 4D 41 |EMORY TO A BITMA|
00004020: 50 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 2C 20 54 46 52 22 00 5D |P SCREEN, TFR".]|
00004030: 48 3E 09 99 22 53 50 52 49 54 45 20 44 41 54 41 |H>.."SPRITE DATA|
00004040: 20 46 4F 52 20 46 41 53 54 20 41 4E 49 4D 41 54 | FOR FAST ANIMAT|
00004050: 49 4F 4E 53 2C 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 22 00 8C 48 |IONS, CHANGE"..H|
00004060: 40 09 99 22 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 20 53 45 |@.."CHARACTER SE|
00004070: 54 53 20 4D 49 44 2D 53 54 52 45 41 4D 2C 20 41 |TS MID-STREAM, A|
00004080: 4E 44 20 41 4E 59 54 48 49 4E 47 22 00 BB 48 42 |ND ANYTHING"..HB|
00004090: 09 99 22 45 4C 53 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 4E 45 45 |.."ELSE THAT NEE|
000040A0: 44 53 20 46 41 53 54 20 44 41 54 41 20 54 52 41 |DS FAST DATA TRA|
000040B0: 4E 53 46 45 52 45 4E 43 45 2E 22 00 EC 48 44 09 |NSFERENCE."..HD.|
000040C0: 99 3A 99 22 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 |.:."............|
000040D0: B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 |................|
000040E0: B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 22 00 1B 49 46 |..........."..IF|
000040F0: 09 99 3A 99 22 4F 4B 20 54 48 41 54 27 53 20 49 |..:."OK THAT'S I|
00004100: 54 2E 20 41 53 20 59 4F 55 20 43 41 4E 20 53 45 |T. AS YOU CAN SE|
00004110: 45 20 54 48 45 52 45 20 49 53 22 00 49 49 48 09 |E THERE IS".IIH.|
00004120: 99 22 41 20 4C 4F 54 20 54 4F 20 41 42 53 4F 52 |."A LOT TO ABSOR|
00004130: 42 20 42 55 54 20 49 46 20 59 4F 55 20 53 54 49 |B BUT IF YOU STI|
00004140: 43 4B 20 41 54 20 49 54 22 00 71 49 4A 09 99 22 |CK AT IT".qIJ.."|
00004150: 59 4F 55 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 46 49 4E 44 20 49 54 |YOU WILL FIND IT|
00004160: 20 49 53 20 41 4C 4C 20 4C 4F 47 49 43 41 4C 2E | IS ALL LOGICAL.|
00004170: 22 00 A1 49 4C 09 99 3A 99 22 52 45 4D 45 4D 42 |"..IL..:."REMEMB|
00004180: 45 52 2C 20 46 4F 52 20 45 56 45 52 59 20 43 4F |ER, FOR EVERY CO|
00004190: 4D 4D 45 52 43 49 41 4C 20 50 52 47 20 59 4F 55 |MMERCIAL PRG YOU|
000041A0: 22 00 CD 49 4E 09 99 22 53 45 45 20 4F 4E 20 54 |"..IN.."SEE ON T|
000041B0: 48 45 20 53 48 45 4C 56 45 53 20 54 48 45 52 45 |HE SHELVES THERE|
000041C0: 20 49 53 20 41 54 20 4C 45 41 53 54 22 00 FC 49 | IS AT LEAST"..I|
000041D0: 50 09 99 22 4F 4E 45 20 4D 41 43 48 49 4E 45 20 |P.."ONE MACHINE |
000041E0: 43 4F 44 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 45 52 20 |CODE PROGRAMMER |
000041F0: 49 4E 56 4F 4C 56 45 44 20 53 4F 22 00 2A 4A 52 |INVOLVED SO".*JR|
00004200: 09 99 22 49 54 27 53 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 41 20 4D |.."IT'S ONLY A M|
00004210: 41 54 54 45 52 20 4F 46 20 53 54 55 44 59 2C 50 |ATTER OF STUDY,P|
00004220: 52 41 43 54 49 43 45 20 26 22 00 3B 4A 54 09 99 |RACTICE &".;JT..|
00004230: 22 50 41 54 49 45 4E 43 45 2E 22 00 4B 4A 56 09 |"PATIENCE.".KJV.|
00004240: 8D 39 30 30 30 3A 89 31 35 30 30 00 51 4A 27 23 |.9000:.1500.QJ'#|
00004250: 80 00 76 4A 28 23 99 3A 20 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 |..vJ(#.: ." |
00004260: 20 20 20 20 20 20 2D 50 52 45 53 53 20 41 4E 59 | -PRESS ANY|
00004270: 20 4B 45 59 2D 22 00 8C 4A 32 23 97 31 39 38 2C | KEY-"..J2#.198,|
00004280: 30 3A 92 31 39 38 2C 31 3A A1 41 24 00 97 4A 3C |0:.198,1:.A$..J<|
00004290: 23 99 22 93 22 3A 8E 00 00 00 |#.".":.... |
..%....".":.53280,11:.53281,11:.646,0.N.
..." INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE CODE".W
...." ............................".
.....:."THIS TUTORIAL IS NOT MEANT TO BE
A".K.(.."COMPLETE COURSE IN MACHINE COD
E "...*.."PROGRAMMING."...2..:."RATHER,
IT IS MEANT TO BE A SHORT".6.<.."INTRODU
CTION TO THE METHODS USED, TO".C.>.."POS
SIBLY HELP 'DEMYSTIFY' THE SUBJECT"...@.
."FOR THOSE WHO WISH TO STUDY FURTHER.".
..B..:."YOU PROBABLY WILL NOT UNDERSTAND
ALL"...C.."THE CONCEPTS AT FIRST. READ
IT THROUGH"...D.."A FEW TIMES AND TAKE N
OTES."...H..9000.>.D.."WHY PROGRAMME IN
MACHINE CODE?".D.E.."...................
..........."...F..:."BASIC AND OTHER LAN
GUAGES ARE EASILY"...H.."ACCESSIBLE AND
GENERALLY USE COMMANDS"...J.."THAT ARE I
N 'PLAIN ENGLISH'"...L..:."HOWEVER WHEN
THE COMPUTER RUNS A BASIC".6.N.."PRG IT
SPENDS A LOT OF TIME ".A.P.."INTERPRETIN
G THE COMMANDS BEFORE IT".W.R.."OPERATES
THEM."...T..:."MACHINE CODE BYPASSES TH
IS NEED AND".P.V.."'SPEAKS' TO THE COMPU
TER IN IT'S OWN"...X.."LANGUAGE."......:
."THIS MEANS THAT THINGS GET DONE MUCH "
......"FASTER.".)....9000.R...."FOR INST
ANCE EVEN THE SIMPLEST OF"....."COMMERC
IAL GAMES HAVE A LOT GOING ON,". ...."AN
D ALL AT THE SAME TIME.".P....:."FOR EXA
MPLE THERE MAY BE A MUSIC TRACK"......"S
OUND EFFECTS, SPRITES ZAPPING AROUND,".+
...."BACKGROUND GRAPHICS CHANGING ETC ET
C.".Z....:."IF THIS WERE TO BE DONE IN B
ASIC THEN"......"THE RESULT WOULD BE VER
Y SLOW INDEED."... ..:."ALSO MACHINE COD
E PRGS TAKE UP A LOT".Y...."LESS MEMORY
THAN BASIC PRGS."......9000...H.."HOW DO
PROGRAMMERS WRITE MACHINE CODE ?".A.J..
".......................................
".Q.L..:."GENERALLY MACHINE CODE PROGRAM
MERS USE"...N.."AN 'ASSEMBLER'."...P..:.
"AN ASSEMBLER IS A UTILITY THAT ALLOWS".
..R.."THE PROGRAMMER TO ENTER IN HIS COD
E IN"...T.."THE EASIEST POSSIBLE MANNER
BY DOING".0.V.."A LOT OF THE HARD WORK."
.Z....:."THERE HAVE BEEN A FEW ASSEMBLER
S"......"WRITTEN FOR THE 64. THE 6510+ A
SSEMBLER"......"ON THIS DISK IS VERY GOO
D. READ THE DOC"......"FILE FOR INSTRUCT
IONS & LOAD SOME OF "......"THE SAMPLE S
OURCE FILES TO ANALYSE THEM.";.6....NT"H
AS FULL INSTRUCTIONS.".@....9000.K...."S
IMPLE ROUTINES CAN ALSO BE WRITTEN".....
."WITHOUT AN ASSEMBLER AND POKED INTO"..
...."MEMORY USING A 'BASIC LOADER'".....
.:."WE WILL NOW INVESTIGATE THIS METHOD"
......"SO AS TO GIVE YOU AN IDEA OF".-..
.."MACHINE CODE PROGRAMMING.".7....9000.
_.,.."LET'S TAKE A SIMPLE COMMAND I.E.".
....."CHANGING THE BORDER COLOUR TO GREE
N"...2..:."IN BASIC YOU WOULD DO THIS BY
ENTERING".N.4.."POKE 53280,5"...6..:."I
N ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE THIS WOULD BE-"...8.
.:."LDA #5"...:.."STA 53280".'.<.."RTS".
O.@..:."LDA,STA, AND RTS ARE 'OPCODES'".
..B..:."THEY ARE LIKE THE COMMANDS THAT
YOU USE"...D.."IN BASIC."...J..9000.A...
."LDA MEANS LOAD THE ACCUMULATOR"......:
."STA MEANS STORE THE ACCUMULATOR"......
:."RTS MEANS RETURN FROM SUBROUTINE".4..
..:."SO OUR SHORT PRG SAYS-".A....:."LOA
D THE ACCUMULATOR WITH NUMBER 5,"......"
STORE THE VALUE IN THE ACCUMULATOR AT"..
...."MEM 53280, THEN RETURN FROM THE ROU
TINE"......:."IN FACT THERE ARE MANY OPC
ODES THAT"......"CAN BE USED, THESE ARE
JUST 3 SIMPLE".'...."EXAMPLES.".U....:."
NOW WE WILL SEE HOW TO CONVERT THESE".X.
..."COMMANDS INTO DATA NUMBERS."......90
00......"EACH OPCODE IS REPRESENTED BY A
".B...."SPECIFIC NUMBER."......:."FOR I
NSTANCE LDA IS REPRESENTED, IN"......"TH
IS CASE BY THE NUMBER 169".A....:."(IN F
ACT THE NUMBER FOR LDA WILL VARY".P...."
ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTION. IN THIS CASE"
......"THE FUNCTION IS TO LOAD A SPECIFI
C".H...."NUMBER.THIS IS CALLED 'THE 'IMM
EDIATE'"......"MODE AND IS 169)......:."
THE NUMBER FOR STA IN THIS CASE IS 141".
:...."AND THE NUMBER FOR RTS IS ALWAYS 9
6".D....:."SO OUR CODE NOW LOOKS LIKE TH
IS-".S....:."169 5"......"141 53280"....
.."96"......9000.B.X.."NOW THE ONLY DIFF
ICULTY IS THAT IN"...B.."MACHINE CODE YO
U CANNOT USE ANY NUMBER"...D.."HIGHER TH
AN 255.".5.F.."SO 53280 MUST BE CONVERTE
D TO WHAT IS".\.L.."CALLED HIGHBYTE/LOWB
YTE FORMAT."...V..:."TO DO THIS FIRST DI
VIDE THE NUMBER "...X.."BY 256- 53280/
256=208".J.Z..:."208 IS THEN OUR HIGHBYT
E"...|..:."THE REMAINDER IS 32 (53280-20
8*256=32"...~..:."32 IS OUR LOWBYTE".D..
..:."THIS IS ENTERED LIKE THIS(LOWBYTE 1
ST)".X....:."141 32 208".}....:."THE COM
PUTER READS THIS AS-"......"'STORE AT 53
280'"......9000......"OUR ORIGINAL PRG W
AS-".L....:."LDA #5"......"STA 53280"...
B.."RTS"...D..:."NOW, CONVERTED TO MACHI
NE CODE DATA WE".).F.."NOW HAVE-".8.H..:
."169 5".J.J.."141 32 208".T.L.."96"...P
..:."ALL WE HAVE TO DO IS POKE THIS DATA
TO"...R.."MEMORY.THIS BASIC LOADER WILL
DO IT-"...Z..:."10 FORP=49152TO49157:RE
AD A:POKEP,A:NEXT"......"20 DATA 169,5,1
41,32,208,96"......:."(COPY THIS DOWN &
TRY IT LATER)".8....9000.G. .."ONCE THIS
BASIC LOADER IS ENTERED & RUN"...".."AL
L YOU DO IS TYPE IN SYS49152 (RTN)"...$.
.:."THIS TELLS THE COMPUTER TO EXECUTE".
..&.."THE ROUTINE AT MEM 49152."...(..:.
"IF YOU HAVE DONE EVERYTHING CORRECTLY".
>.*.."THEN THE BORDER SHOULD CHANGE TO G
REEN.".O.4..:.".........................
.............."...>..:."OF COURSE,IN A S
HORT ROUTINE LIKE THIS".L.@.."THE DIFFER
ENCE IN SPEED IS NOT REALLY"...B.."NOTIC
EABLE, BUT IN LONGER PRGS THERE IS"...D.
."NO COMPARISON.".!.H..9000:.1000.O...."
THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE IS ANOTHER SHORT".
X...."ROUTINE THAT SHOWS THE USE OF THE"
......"X REGISTER AS A 'COUNTER' AND ALS
O".N...."INTRODUCES THE 'BRANCH' INSTRUC
TION."......:."THE NUMERICAL DATA CAN BE
LOADED INTO".,...."MEMORY WITH A BASIC
LOADER IF YOU WISH.".[....:."THE CODE AS
IT WOULD BE WRITTEN BY AN"......"ASSEMB
LER IS ON THE LEFT AND THE"......"RESULT
ING NUMERICAL CODE ON THE RIGHT."......:
."NOTE THAT AN ASSEMBLER ALLOWS 'LABELS'
"......"FOR JUMPS AND ALSO ALLEVIATES TH
E NEED".>...."TO CONVERT NUMBERS TO LOWB
YTE/HIGHBYTE.".O....:."YOU CAN USE LABEL
S LIKE 'LOOP' ETC THAT"......"DEFINE THE
FUNCTION OR AS I HAVE DONE".A...."USE X
XXX OR YYYY OR WHATEVER.".K....9000.....
."THIS ROUTINE POKES LETTER 'A' (1) INTO
".*...."SCREEN MEMORY 1024-1263(6 LINES
OF 'A')":..I...."LDX #0 162 0
".H...."LDA #1 169 1"......"X
XXX STA,X 1024 157 0 4"......"INX
232".G...."CPX #241 2
24 241"... .."BNE XXXX 208 248"
.. ".."RTS 96":..D (..646,
3:."LDX #0 ";:.646,0:."LOADS THE X REGIS
TER WITH #0".R *.."THE X REGISTER IS USE
D AS AN INDEX (IE".. ..."A COUNTER) AS W
E WILL SOON SEE.":... 0..646,3:."LDA #1
";:.646,0:."LOADS THE ACCUMULATOR WITH #
1,"..!1.."(THE SCREEN CODE NUMBER FOR LE
TTER 'A'":..G!2..646,3:."STA,X 1024 ";:.
646,0:."THIS IS THE ABSOLUTE,X".V!4.."VE
RSION OF STA. THE ACCUMULATOR WILL "..
!6.."STORE ITS #1 AT MEMORY 1024(THE SCR
EEN)".S!8.."PLUS THE VALUE OF X (IE 1024
,1025,1026"..!9.."ETC TO 1263 (WHEN X=24
1)..":.." -PRESS
A KEY-".;";..198,0:.198,1:.AJ$:.".".X"L.
."HERE IT IS AGAIN...":..W"N.."LDX #0
162 0".."P.."LDA #1
169 1".."R.."XXXX STA,X 1024 157 0 4".
T"T.."INX 232".."V.."CPX #
241 224 241"..#X.."BNE XXXX
208 248".2#Z.."RTS 9
6".A#`..:."XXXX IS A 'LABEL' WHICH IS US
ED BY AN"..#B.."ASSEMBLER TO DEFINE BRAN
CHES AND JUMPS.".N#D..:.646,3:."INX ";:.
646,0:."INCREASES THE VALUE OF THE X "..
#F.."REGISTER BY 1"..$H..646,3:."CPX #24
1 ";:.646,0:."COMPARE THE VALUE IN THE.7
$J.."REGISTER TO #241.".R$L..646,3:."BNE
XXXX";:.646,0:."IF X DOES NOT = 241 THE
N". $N.."BRANCH TO LABEL XXXX.(IE BRANCH
IF NOT"..$P.."EQUAL.)"..$R..646,3:."RTS
";:.646,0:."OTHERWISE FINISH."..%V.."
-PRESS A KEY-".(%X
..198,0:.198,1:.AJ$:.".".A%..."TO SUMMAR
ISE...":..`%..."LDX #0 162 0"
.%..."LDA #1 169 1". %..."XX
XX STA,X 1024 157 0 4"..%..."INX
232"..%..."CPX #241 22
4 241"..%..."BNE XXXX 208 248".
.&..."RTS 96".2&...:."LOAD
X WITH 0".Q&B.."LOAD ACCUMULATOR WITH 1
"..&D.."STORE CONTENTS OF ACCUMULATOR AT
MEMORY"..&F.."1024 PLUS THE VALUE OF X.
".E&H.."INCREASE THE VALUE OF X BY 1"..&
J.."IS X = 241 ? (IE 240 A'S POKED.)"..'
L.."IF NOT BRANCH BACK TO MAIN ROUTINE."
.2'N.."IF SO THEN FINISH."._'P..:."AS YO
U CAN SEE THE PRG FLOW IS VERY"..'R.."SI
MILAR TO THAT OF AN EASY BASIC PRG."..'X
..9000.D'..."LET'S LOOK AT THAT BRANCH I
NSTRUCTION."..'..."(BNE XXXX OR NUMERIC
ALLY 208 248.)"..(...:."WHEN NOT USING A
N ASSEMBLER YOU MUST".H(..."WORK OUT THE
BRANCHES YOURSELF. THE".W(..."MAX. DIST
ANCE OF A BRANCH IS 128 BYTES."..(...:."
WHEN BRANCHING BACK COUNT DOWN FROM 255"
.O( .."(INCLUSIVE). SO CHECK THIS OUT-".
.("..:."XXXX STA X,1024 157 0 4"..)$..
"INX 232".0)&.."CPX #241
224 241".Q)(.."BNE 248
208 248"..))..:."COUNTING THE BYTES BAC
KWARDS FROM 248"..)*.."TO 157 GOES 255,2
54,253,252,251,250,249"..),.."THEN 248.S
O 248 IS OUR BRANCH DISTANCE."..)...9000
..*F.."FORWARD BRANCHES ARE NON-INCLUSIV
E.".'*R.."FOR EXAMPLE:".F*T..:."BEQ YYYY
240 2".E*V.."BNE 249 208
249".*X.."YYYY RTS 96"..*Z..:."
FORWARD BRANCHES CAN BE 0-127".N*\.."BAC
KWARD BRANCHES CAN BE 255-128"..*D..:."T
HE ADVANTAGES OF AN ASSEMBLER BECOME".,+
F.."IMMEDIATELY OBVIOUS. LABELS CAN BE U
SED".[+H.."FOR BRANCHES AND NUMBERS DO N
OT NEED TO"..+J.."BE CONVERTED TO LOWBYT
E/HIGHBYTE."..+L..:."HOWEVER STARTING OF
F BY WRITING SHORT"..+N.."ROUTINES WITH
A BASIC LOADER AND DOING"..,P.."YOUR OWN
CALCULATIONS IS A GOOD WAY TO".7,R.."GE
T AN INSIGHT OF HOW M/C WORKS.".A,T..900
0.K,X.."TO TRY OUT THE PRECEEDING ROUTIN
E "..,..."WRITE A BASIC LOADER LIKE THIS
-".C,...:."10 FORP=49152TO49164:READA:PO
KEP,A:NEXT"..,...:."20 DATA 162,0,169,1,
157,0,4,232,224,241"..-...:."30 DATA 208
,248,96".?-...:."RUN THE PROGRAMME THEN
TYPE SYS49152 ".G-..."(RETURN). IF YOU H
AVE ENTERED IT"..-..."CORRECTLY YOU SHOU
LD GET 6 LINES OF A'S"..-..."ON SCREEN".
.- ..9000.E-..."FURTHER INFO".Y-..."....
........"......:."MACHINE CODE PRGS CAN
BE LOADED IN".1...."ANYWHERE WHERE THER
E IS FREE MEMORY".B....:."A COMMON PLACE
IS MEM 49152-53247 WHICH"......"IS SET
ASIDE FOR USERS MACHINE CODE". .B.."PROG
RAMMES.".N.H..:.:."ALL OUR EXAMPLES HAVE
USED DECIMAL"...J.."NOTATION. MANY MACH
INE CODE PROGRAMMERS".,/L.."WILL WRITE I
N HEXADECIMAL (C000 =49152)".]/N..:."MOS
T BOOKS ON MACHINE CODE WILL EXPLAIN"../
P.."HEXIDECIMAL IF YOU WISH TO STUDY UP
ON"../R.."ON THIS"../T..9000:.2000../...
"WHAT NEXT ?".P/..."..........."../..."O
NCE YOU UNDERSTAND THE ROUTINES IN ".'0.
.."THIS TUTORIAL YOU CAN EXPERIMENT BY".
Q0..."MAKING SLIGHT ADJUSTMENTS IN THEM.
"..0...:."TRY USING SOME OF THE ROUTINES
IN A "..0..."BASIC PRG (JUST MAKE A S
YS CALL IN".W0..."BASIC, JUST LIKE ANY O
THER COMMAND.)"..1..."MIXTURES OF BASIC
& MC ARE CALLED ".)1..."HYBRID PRGS AND
ARE VERY COMMON.".Y1...:."I AM NOT GOING
TO LIST ALL THE OPCODES"..1..."HERE (TH
ERE ARE 200 OR SO). YOU WILL "..1..."E
VENTUALLY HAVE TO GET A BOOK ON M/C".S1.
.."IF YOU ARE TO PROGRESS."..1..."THIS T
UTORIAL WILL HELP YOU TO GET".+2..."STAR
TED, TO CONTINUE YOU WILL HAVE TO ".K2..
."HUNT DOWN TEXT BOOKS ETC".U2...9000.~2
..."THERE ARE A LOT OF GOOD C64 BOOKS"..
2..."AROUND. TRY YOUR LOCAL LIBRARY, THE
Y".X2..."CAN ORDER THEM IN FROM OTHER LI
BRARIES"..3..."IF NECESSARY. ALSO TRY EL
LISON HAWKER".03..."BOOKSHOP 6O LIVERPOO
L ST HOBART WHO".[3..."WILL SEND A CATAL
OGUE OF C64 BOOKS."..3...:.:."PETER BOOT
HMAN SYDNEY NSW AUSTRALIA"..3@..NT:PR
INT"ALSO PESTER ALL OF THE ABOVE FOR A".
X3J..NT"GOOD ASSEMBLER."..3T..:.:."PRESS
R TO READ AGAIN"..4V..:."PRESS Q TO QUI
T".(4X..198,0:.198,1:.A$.74Z..A$."R".10.
E4\..A$."Q"...O4^..1624.N4`.."IDEA OF 'H
OW IT WORKS'."..4H..:."MANY EXCELLENT PR
OGRAMMES HAVE BEEN".G4J.."WRITTEN IN BAS
IC, HOWEVER A MACHINE "..4L.."CODE PROGR
AMMER HAS A MUCH GREATER"..5N.."COMMAND
OF THE COMPUTER AND WILL ".H5P.."GENERAL
LY PRODUCE BETTER QUALITY PRGS.".Y5Q..:.
".......................................
". 5R..:.:." R TO READ AGAIN Q TO QUIT"
..5T..198,0:.198,1:.A$.D5V..A$."Q"...T5.
.. A$."R".10..5...1652..5O....6P.."THE N
EXT 2 ROUTINES ARE A BIT MORE".76Z.."COM
PLEX (& PROBABLY MORE USEFUL).".G6...:."
I WILL GIVE LITTLE EXPLANATION, IF YOU".
.6..."HAVE GOT THIS FAR THEN YOU ARE CAP
ABLE"..6..."OF ANALYSING THE LISTINGS YO
URSELF."..6...:."BOTH THESE ROUTINES USE
INDIRECT"..7..."INDEXED ADDRESSING. THI
S ENTAILS THE".C7..."STORING OF 2 BYTE A
DDRESSES AT A ZERO".N7..."PAGE LOCATION.
(ZERO PAGE=ANY MEMORY"..7..."ADDRESS LES
S THAN 256)"..7..."USUALLY ADDRESSES 251
/252 AND 253/254".S7..."ARE USED FOR THI
S."..8...:."DIFFERENT MODES OF LDA & STA
ARE USED".,8..."WHEN ADDRESSING ZERO PA
GE AND WHEN".V8..."USING INDIRECT INDEXE
D ADDRESSING.".`8...9000..8..."THIS ROUT
INE CHANGES SCREEN TEXT COLOUR"..8..."BY
POKING 8(ORANGE) TO 55296-56293."..8...
:."LDA #216 169 216"..8..."STA 25
2 133 252"..9..."LDA #0
169 0".69..."STA 251 133 251".Q
9..."TAY 168".N9..."LDA #8
169 8"..9..."ZZZZ STA (251),Y 14
5 251"..9..."INY 200".H9..."
BNE ZZZZ 208 251"..9..."INC 252
230 252"..:..."LDX 252 16
6 252".%:..."CPX #219 224 219".D:
..."BNE ZZZZ 208 243".D: .."XXXX
STA (251),Y 145 251".:".."INY
200"..:$.."CPY #232 192 232"..
:&.."BNE XXXX 208 249".W:(.."RTS
96"..;+..:."COPY THIS DOWN (
OR DUMP SCREEN TO".1;,.."PRINTER) & ANAL
YSE IT. -PRESS A KEY-".L;...198,0:.19
8,1:.A$:.".".X;/.."NOTE THAT IN THE PREC
EEDING ROUTINE-"..;0..:."BNE MEANS BRANC
H IF NOT EQUAL TO ZERO".U;1..:."INDIRECT
INDEXED ADDRESSING USES THE"..<2.."Y RE
GISTER.(ANOTHER 'INDEX' REGISTER)"./<3..
:."THE X REGISTER IS USED TO CHECK THE".
W<4.."HIGH BYTE AT 252 WHEN ROUTINE IS".
R<6.."NEARING COMPLETION.". <8..:."IF YO
U SPEND SOME TIME ANALYSING THE".M<:.."F
LOW OF THE CODE THEN ALL WILL BECOME"..<
<.."CLEAR. THEN YOU CAN TRY WRITING SOME
".$=>.."VARIATIONS. I.E. FILL SCREEN MEM
ORY".Q=@.."1024-2023 WITH A SPECIFIC CHA
RAACTER.".=B..:."NOTE THAT TO DO THE SA
ME THING USING"..=D.."BASIC WOULD BE A L
OT SLOWER."..=H..9000.Z=R.."HERE IS THE
BASIC LOADER FOR THE LAST"..>T.."ROUTINE
. TO SAVE TYPING YOU COULD "./>V.."PRESS
RUN/STOP, TYPE NEW (RTN) THEN".Z>X.."CU
RSOR UP & PRESS RETURN ON THE PRG"..>Z..
"LINES. (OH, YOU ALREADY THOUGHT OF "..>
\.."THAT, OKAY.)".J>^..:."10 FORP=49152T
O49183:READA:POKEP,A:NEXT"..?`..:."20 DA
TA 169,216,133,252,169,0,133,251,168,169
,8,145,251,200,208,251".G?B..:."30 DATA
230,252,166,252,224,219,208,243,145,251,
200,192,232,208,249,96"..?F..:."AS USUAL
,RUN THE PRG TO POKE THE DATA".C?H.."INT
O MEMORY THEN TYPE SYS49152 (RTN)."..?J.
."ALL CHARACTERS ON SCREEN WILL CHANGE T
O"..@L.."ORANGE."..@N..9000.:@P.."THE NE
XT (AND FINAL) LISTING IS ANOTHER".P@R..
"HANDY ROUTINE."..@T..:."THIS CODE WILL
TRANSFER 8192 PIECES OF"..@V.."DATA FROM
MEM 8192 TO MEM 16384 IN A"..@X.."FRACT
ION OF A SECOND. (BASIC WOULD TAKE"..AZ.
."MORE THAN 5 MINUTES TO DO THIS!)".,A..
.:."THIS ALSO USES INDIRECT INDEXED".WA.
.."ADDRESSING. AS YOU WILL SEE THE TWO".
.A..."ADDRESSES (8192 & 16384) ARE FIRST
"..A..."LOADED INTO ZERO PAGE 251/252 &
253/254".SA..."IN LOWBYTE HIGHBYTE FORMA
T."..B...:."TAY MEANS TRANSFER ACCUMULAT
OR TO Y"..B..."WHICH IS AN EASY WAY OF P
UTTING A ZERO".JB..."INTO THE Y REGISTER
.".XB...:."IF YOU LEARN HOW TO USE THIS
ROUTINE"..B..."THEN YOU CAN ADJUST THE P
ARAMETERS TO".TB..."TRANSFER LARGE HUNKS
OF MEMORY ANYWHERE"..B..."AT HIGH SPEED
."..B...9000..C..."TRANSFER 8192 PIECES
OF DATA FROM ".=C..."MEMORY 8192 TO 1638
4.":..[C..."LDA #0 169 0".{C..
."STA 251 133 251"..C..."TAY
168"..C..."LDA #32 1
69 32".VC..."STA 252 133 252"..
C..."LDA #0 169 0"..D..."STA 2
53 133 253".3D..."LDA #64
169 64".SD..."STA 254 133 2
54".TD..."ZZZZ LDA (251),Y 177 251"..D.
.."STA (253),Y 145 253"..DB.."INY
200".QDD.."BNE ZZZZ
208 249"..DF.."INC 252 230 252
"..EH.."INC 254 230 254".1EJ.."
LDX 252 166 252".PEL.."CPX #64
224 63".PEN.."BNE ZZZZ
208 239"..EP.."RTS 96"..E..
.:."-PRESS A KEY-"..E...198,0:.198,1:.A$
:."."..E..."HERE IS THE BASIC LOADER.":.
..F..."10 FORP=49152TO49186:READA:POKEP,
A:NEXT".?F...:."20DATA169,0,133,251,168,
169,32,133,252".OF...:."30DATA169,0,133,
253,169,64,133,254,177"..F$..:."40DATA25
1,145,253,200,208,249,230,252".OF...:."5
0DATA230,254,166,252,224,64,208,239,96".
.F0..:."YOU CAN TEST THIS BY POKING SOME
DATA".*G2.."TO 8192-16383 (DO IT IN BAS
IC TO SEE".TG4.."HOW LONG IT TAKES!), TH
EN RUN THE ".ZG6.."LOADER, SYS49152 & PE
EK MEMORY"..G8.."LOCATIONS AT 16384-2457
6."..G9..9000.TG:.."THE LAST LISTING IS
THE SORT OF ROUTINE"..G;.."THAT IS USED
IN COMMERCIAL PRGS TO "..H<.."TRANSFER M
EMORY TO A BITMAP SCREEN, TFR".]H>.."SPR
ITE DATA FOR FAST ANIMATIONS, CHANGE"..H
@.."CHARACTER SETS MID-STREAM, AND ANYTH
ING"..HB.."ELSE THAT NEEDS FAST DATA TRA
NSFERENCE."..HD..:."....................
..................."..IF..:."OK THAT'S I
T. AS YOU CAN SEE THERE IS".IIH.."A LOT
TO ABSORB BUT IF YOU STICK AT IT".QIJ.."
YOU WILL FIND IT IS ALL LOGICAL."..IL..:
."REMEMBER, FOR EVERY COMMERCIAL PRG YOU
".MIN.."SEE ON THE SHELVES THERE IS AT L
EAST"..IP.."ONE MACHINE CODE PROGRAMMER
INVOLVED SO".*JR.."IT'S ONLY A MATTER OF
STUDY,PRACTICE &".;JT.."PATIENCE.".KJV.
.9000:.1500.QJ'#..VJ(#.: ." -P
RESS ANY KEY-"..J2#.198,0:.198,1:.A$..J<
#.".":....
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