T.SPEED BASIC
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): T.SPEED BASIC
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 4.5K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 18:12:10
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
83902670f75ecab9e2016ee3e450ca6cdcaf715ffa969db76cad0b3dffbf9a28
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOADSTAR 65 S 1 | T.SPEED BASIC | PRG | Sailor, Ganheden | 6 | 8 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
00000000: 00 80 5E 55 3A 5A 45 52 4F 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 |..^U:ZERO. | 00000010: 20 C2 D9 D4 C5 D3 3A 20 D3 D0 C5 C5 C4 C9 CE C7 | .....: ........| 00000020: 20 D5 D0 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 | .. ....... | 00000030: 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 59 20 CD 41 55 52 49 43 45 | BY .AURICE| 00000040: 20 CA 4F 4E 45 53 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C9 46 20 59 | .ONES.. .F Y| 00000050: 4F 55 20 52 45 41 44 20 4D 59 20 43 4F 4C 55 4D |OU READ MY COLUM| 00000060: 4E 53 20 4F 4E 20 4D 4F 44 45 4C 49 4E 47 0D 4F |NS ON MODELING.O| 00000070: 4E 20 23 35 36 2C 20 23 35 37 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 |N #56, #57, AND | 00000080: 23 36 30 2C 20 59 4F 55 20 41 52 45 20 41 57 41 |#60, YOU ARE AWA| 00000090: 52 45 0D 54 48 41 54 20 C9 20 41 4D 20 49 4E 54 |RE.THAT . AM INT| 000000A0: 45 52 45 53 54 45 44 20 49 4E 20 45 46 46 49 43 |ERESTED IN EFFIC| 000000B0: 49 45 4E 54 0D C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 2E 20 20 CD 59 20 |IENT....... .Y | 000000C0: 49 44 45 41 20 49 4E 20 54 48 4F 53 45 20 43 4F |IDEA IN THOSE CO| 000000D0: 4C 55 4D 4E 53 20 57 41 53 0D 54 4F 20 50 52 4F |LUMNS WAS.TO PRO| 000000E0: 4D 4F 54 45 20 45 46 46 49 43 49 45 4E 54 20 4D |MOTE EFFICIENT M| 000000F0: 4F 44 45 4C 49 4E 47 2C 20 54 4F 20 4B 45 45 50 |ODELING, TO KEEP| 00000100: 0D 54 48 45 20 43 4F 44 45 20 53 48 4F 52 54 2C |.THE CODE SHORT,| 00000110: 20 41 4E 44 20 54 4F 20 53 41 56 45 20 54 49 4D | AND TO SAVE TIM| 00000120: 45 20 44 4F 49 4E 47 0D 57 4F 52 4B 20 57 48 49 |E DOING.WORK WHI| 00000130: 4C 45 20 54 48 45 20 55 53 45 52 20 52 45 41 44 |LE THE USER READ| 00000140: 53 20 4F 50 45 4E 49 4E 47 0D 53 43 52 45 45 4E |S OPENING.SCREEN| 00000150: 53 20 41 4E 44 20 54 48 45 20 4C 49 4B 45 2E 20 |S AND THE LIKE. | 00000160: 20 C3 4F 4E 53 49 44 45 52 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 0D | .ONSIDERATIONS.| 00000170: 4F 46 20 57 48 41 54 20 54 49 4D 45 20 49 4E 54 |OF WHAT TIME INT| 00000180: 45 52 56 41 4C 53 20 57 45 52 45 20 4E 45 45 44 |ERVALS WERE NEED| 00000190: 45 44 20 46 4F 52 0D 45 41 43 48 20 54 41 53 4B |ED FOR.EACH TASK| 000001A0: 20 4C 45 44 20 4D 45 20 54 4F 20 43 4F 4E 53 49 | LED ME TO CONSI| 000001B0: 44 45 52 20 51 55 45 53 54 49 4F 4E 53 0D 4F 46 |DER QUESTIONS.OF| 000001C0: 20 45 46 46 49 43 49 45 4E 43 59 20 57 48 49 43 | EFFICIENCY WHIC| 000001D0: 48 20 44 45 50 45 4E 44 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 |H DEPEND ON THE | 000001E0: 57 41 59 0D 54 48 45 20 4D 41 43 48 49 4E 45 20 |WAY.THE MACHINE | 000001F0: 57 4F 52 4B 53 2E 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 |WORKS...... .| 00000200: 48 45 52 45 20 48 41 53 20 42 45 45 4E 20 43 4F |HERE HAS BEEN CO| 00000210: 4E 53 49 44 45 52 41 42 4C 45 0D 41 54 54 45 4E |NSIDERABLE.ATTEN| 00000220: 54 49 4F 4E 20 54 4F 20 54 48 49 53 20 53 4F 52 |TION TO THIS SOR| 00000230: 54 20 4F 46 20 54 48 49 4E 47 20 49 4E 20 54 48 |T OF THING IN TH| 00000240: 45 0D 4C 49 54 45 52 41 54 55 52 45 20 41 42 4F |E.LITERATURE ABO| 00000250: 55 54 20 54 48 45 20 36 34 2C 20 42 55 54 20 54 |UT THE 64, BUT T| 00000260: 48 45 0D 4C 49 54 45 52 41 54 55 52 45 20 49 53 |HE.LITERATURE IS| 00000270: 20 52 49 44 44 4C 45 44 20 57 49 54 48 20 48 41 | RIDDLED WITH HA| 00000280: 4C 46 2D 54 52 55 54 48 53 0D 41 4E 44 20 46 55 |LF-TRUTHS.AND FU| 00000290: 4C 4C 2D 42 4C 4F 57 4E 20 46 41 4C 53 45 48 4F |LL-BLOWN FALSEHO| 000002A0: 4F 44 53 2E 20 20 C1 53 20 4C 41 54 45 20 41 53 |ODS. .S LATE AS| 000002B0: 0D 54 48 45 20 53 55 4D 4D 45 52 20 4F 46 20 27 |.THE SUMMER OF '| 000002C0: 38 38 2C 20 41 4E 20 45 44 49 54 4F 52 20 4F 46 |88, AN EDITOR OF| 000002D0: 20 41 0D 50 52 49 4E 54 20 4D 41 47 41 5A 49 4E | A.PRINT MAGAZIN| 000002E0: 45 20 52 45 50 4F 52 54 45 44 20 41 20 42 55 47 |E REPORTED A BUG| 000002F0: 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 0D 36 34 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 | IN THE.64. .HE| 00000300: 20 22 42 55 47 22 20 57 41 53 20 53 49 4D 50 4C | "BUG" WAS SIMPL| 00000310: 59 20 48 49 53 0D 49 47 4E 4F 52 41 4E 43 45 20 |Y HIS.IGNORANCE | 00000320: 4F 46 20 53 4F 4D 45 20 56 45 52 59 20 46 55 4E |OF SOME VERY FUN| 00000330: 44 41 4D 45 4E 54 41 4C 0D 50 52 49 4E 43 49 50 |DAMENTAL.PRINCIP| 00000340: 4C 45 53 20 4F 46 20 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 49 4E 47 |LES OF COMPUTING| 00000350: 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 CE 4F 57 20 4C 45 54 20 4D |... .OW LET M| 00000360: 45 20 53 41 59 20 54 48 41 54 20 C9 20 41 4D 20 |E SAY THAT . AM | 00000370: CE CF D4 20 41 4E 0D 45 58 50 45 52 54 3B 20 C9 |... AN.EXPERT; .| 00000380: 20 41 4D 20 41 20 53 54 55 44 45 4E 54 2E 20 20 | AM A STUDENT. | 00000390: D7 48 41 54 20 C9 20 44 49 44 0D 57 41 53 20 53 |.HAT . DID.WAS S| 000003A0: 54 55 44 59 20 54 48 45 20 51 55 45 53 54 49 4F |TUDY THE QUESTIO| 000003B0: 4E 20 41 4E 44 20 43 4F 4E 44 55 43 54 20 41 0D |N AND CONDUCT A.| 000003C0: CC CF D4 20 4F 46 20 45 58 50 45 52 49 4D 45 4E |... OF EXPERIMEN| 000003D0: 54 53 2E 20 20 C9 20 45 58 41 4D 49 4E 45 44 20 |TS. . EXAMINED | 000003E0: 41 20 CC CF D4 0D 4F 46 20 43 4F 44 45 20 41 4E |A ....OF CODE AN| 000003F0: 44 20 52 45 41 44 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 54 48 45 20 |D READ FROM THE | 00000400: D7 45 53 54 20 41 4E 44 0D CC 45 45 4D 4F 4E 20 |.EST AND..EEMON | 00000410: 42 4F 4F 4B 53 2C 20 54 48 49 4E 47 53 20 59 4F |BOOKS, THINGS YO| 00000420: 55 20 54 4F 4F 20 43 41 4E 20 44 4F 2E 0D 0D 0D |U TOO CAN DO....| 00000430: 20 20 20 20 C9 20 42 45 47 41 4E 20 4D 59 20 49 | . BEGAN MY I| 00000440: 4E 56 45 53 54 49 47 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 42 59 0D |NVESTIGATION BY.| 00000450: 44 45 53 49 47 4E 49 4E 47 20 41 20 53 48 4F 52 |DESIGNING A SHOR| 00000460: 54 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 54 4F 20 54 45 53 |T PROGRAM TO TES| 00000470: 54 20 54 48 45 0D 56 41 4C 49 44 49 54 59 20 4F |T THE.VALIDITY O| 00000480: 46 20 53 55 43 48 20 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 |F SUCH STATEMENT| 00000490: 53 20 41 53 0D 22 CD 55 4C 54 49 50 4C 59 20 49 |S AS.".ULTIPLY I| 000004A0: 53 20 46 41 53 54 45 52 20 54 48 41 4E 20 44 49 |S FASTER THAN DI| 000004B0: 56 49 44 45 22 20 41 4E 44 0D 22 D6 41 52 49 41 |VIDE" AND.".ARIA| 000004C0: 42 4C 45 53 20 41 52 45 20 46 41 53 54 45 52 20 |BLES ARE FASTER | 000004D0: 54 48 41 4E 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 2E 22 0D 0D |THAN NUMBERS."..| 000004E0: 20 20 20 20 C1 20 46 55 4E 4E 59 20 54 48 49 4E | . FUNNY THIN| 000004F0: 47 20 48 41 50 50 45 4E 45 44 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 |G HAPPENED ON TH| 00000500: 45 20 57 41 59 0D 54 4F 20 45 4E 4C 49 47 48 54 |E WAY.TO ENLIGHT| 00000510: 45 4E 4D 45 4E 54 2E 20 20 C9 54 20 41 50 50 45 |ENMENT. .T APPE| 00000520: 41 52 53 20 54 48 41 54 0D 53 4F 4D 45 20 4F 46 |ARS THAT.SOME OF| 00000530: 20 54 48 45 53 45 20 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 | THESE STATEMENT| 00000540: 53 20 41 52 45 20 57 52 4F 4E 47 0D 41 4E 44 20 |S ARE WRONG.AND | 00000550: 4F 54 48 45 52 53 20 4E 45 45 44 20 51 55 41 4C |OTHERS NEED QUAL| 00000560: 49 46 49 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 2E 20 20 C1 53 0D |IFICATIONS. .S.| 00000570: 49 53 20 55 53 55 41 4C 20 49 4E 20 4C 49 46 45 |IS USUAL IN LIFE| 00000580: 2C 20 54 48 45 20 51 55 45 53 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 |, THE QUESTIONS | 00000590: 41 52 45 0D 4E 4F 54 20 41 53 20 45 41 53 49 4C |ARE.NOT AS EASIL| 000005A0: 59 20 41 4E 53 57 45 52 45 44 20 41 53 20 57 45 |Y ANSWERED AS WE| 000005B0: 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 0D 4C 49 4B 45 2E 0D 0D 20 20 | WOULD.LIKE... | 000005C0: 20 20 C9 4E 20 4F 52 44 45 52 20 54 4F 20 48 41 | .N ORDER TO HA| 000005D0: 56 45 20 41 4E 59 20 43 48 41 4E 43 45 20 4F 46 |VE ANY CHANCE OF| 000005E0: 0D 55 4E 44 45 52 53 54 41 4E 44 49 4E 47 2C 20 |.UNDERSTANDING, | 000005F0: 57 45 20 4D 55 53 54 20 45 58 41 4D 49 4E 45 20 |WE MUST EXAMINE | 00000600: 54 48 45 0D 44 45 54 41 49 4C 53 20 4F 46 20 48 |THE.DETAILS OF H| 00000610: 4F 57 20 41 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 50 52 4F 47 52 |OW A ..... PROGR| 00000620: 41 4D 20 49 53 0D 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 41 4E 44 |AM IS.STORED AND| 00000630: 20 45 58 45 43 55 54 45 44 20 42 59 20 54 48 45 | EXECUTED BY THE| 00000640: 20 36 34 2E 0D 20 20 20 20 CF 4E 20 50 4F 57 45 | 64.. .N POWE| 00000650: 52 2D 55 50 20 54 48 45 20 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 45 |R-UP THE COMPUTE| 00000660: 52 20 52 45 53 45 52 56 45 53 0D 4D 45 4D 4F 52 |R RESERVES.MEMOR| 00000670: 59 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 32 30 34 38 20 54 48 52 4F |Y FROM 2048 THRO| 00000680: 55 47 48 20 34 30 39 35 39 20 46 4F 52 0D C2 C1 |UGH 40959 FOR...| 00000690: D3 C9 C3 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 20 43 4F 44 45 20 49 |.... .HE CODE I| 000006A0: 53 20 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 46 49 52 53 54 2C 0D |S STORED FIRST,.| 000006B0: 53 54 41 52 54 49 4E 47 20 41 54 20 32 30 34 39 |STARTING AT 2049| 000006C0: 20 41 4E 44 20 43 4F 4E 54 49 4E 55 49 4E 47 20 | AND CONTINUING | 000006D0: 41 53 20 46 41 52 0D 41 53 20 4E 45 45 44 45 44 |AS FAR.AS NEEDED| 000006E0: 2E 20 20 D7 48 45 4E 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 |. .HEN THE PROG| 000006F0: 52 41 4D 20 49 53 20 D2 D5 CE 2C 0D 54 48 45 20 |RAM IS ...,.THE | 00000700: 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 45 52 20 52 45 41 44 53 20 54 |COMPUTER READS T| 00000710: 48 45 20 46 49 52 53 54 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 4F 46 |HE FIRST LINE OF| 00000720: 0D 43 4F 44 45 20 41 4E 44 20 41 43 54 53 20 4F |.CODE AND ACTS O| 00000730: 4E 20 49 54 2E 20 20 C9 46 20 54 48 45 20 43 4F |N IT. .F THE CO| 00000740: 44 45 0D 43 41 55 53 45 53 20 41 20 53 49 4D 50 |DE.CAUSES A SIMP| 00000750: 4C 45 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 20 54 4F 20 42 |LE VARIABLE TO B| 00000760: 45 20 53 54 4F 52 45 44 2C 0D 54 48 45 20 49 4E |E STORED,.THE IN| 00000770: 46 4F 52 4D 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 49 53 20 53 54 4F |FORMATION IS STO| 00000780: 52 45 44 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 46 49 52 53 54 |RED IN THE FIRST| 00000790: 0D 53 45 56 45 4E 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 46 4F 4C |.SEVEN BYTES FOL| 000007A0: 4C 4F 57 49 4E 47 20 54 48 45 20 45 4E 44 20 4F |LOWING THE END O| 000007B0: 46 20 54 48 45 0D 43 4F 44 45 2E 20 20 C1 53 20 |F THE.CODE. .S | 000007C0: 45 41 43 48 20 4E 45 57 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 49 53 |EACH NEW LINE IS| 000007D0: 20 45 58 45 43 55 54 45 44 2C 0D 41 44 44 49 54 | EXECUTED,.ADDIT| 000007E0: 49 4F 4E 41 4C 20 53 49 4D 50 4C 45 20 56 41 52 |IONAL SIMPLE VAR| 000007F0: 49 41 42 4C 45 53 20 41 52 45 20 53 54 4F 52 45 |IABLES ARE STORE| 00000800: 44 0D C9 CE 20 D4 C8 C5 20 CF D2 C4 C5 D2 20 D4 |D... ... ..... .| 00000810: C8 C5 D9 20 C1 D2 C5 20 C5 CE C3 CF D5 CE D4 C5 |... ... ........| 00000820: D2 C5 C4 2E 0D D4 48 45 53 45 20 4E 45 57 20 56 |......HESE NEW V| 00000830: 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 4E 4F |ARIABLES WILL NO| 00000840: 54 20 4F 56 45 52 57 52 49 54 45 0D 54 48 45 20 |T OVERWRITE.THE | 00000850: 50 52 45 56 49 4F 55 53 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C |PREVIOUS VARIABL| 00000860: 45 2C 20 42 55 54 20 45 41 43 48 20 57 49 4C 4C |E, BUT EACH WILL| 00000870: 0D 55 53 45 20 54 48 45 20 4E 45 58 54 20 53 45 |.USE THE NEXT SE| 00000880: 56 45 4E 20 42 59 54 45 53 2E 20 20 C9 4E 20 46 |VEN BYTES. .N F| 00000890: 41 43 54 2C 0D 4F 4E 43 45 20 41 20 56 41 52 49 |ACT,.ONCE A VARI| 000008A0: 41 42 4C 45 20 49 53 20 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 49 |ABLE IS STORED I| 000008B0: 54 20 57 49 4C 4C 0D 52 45 4D 41 49 4E 20 54 48 |T WILL.REMAIN TH| 000008C0: 45 52 45 20 46 4F 52 20 54 48 45 20 52 45 53 54 |ERE FOR THE REST| 000008D0: 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 52 55 4E 0D 55 4E 4C 45 | OF THE RUN.UNLE| 000008E0: 53 53 20 41 20 C3 CC D2 20 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 |SS A ... STATEME| 000008F0: 4E 54 20 49 53 20 49 53 53 55 45 44 2E 0D 0D 20 |NT IS ISSUED... | 00000900: 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 54 45 52 4D 20 22 53 49 4D | .HE TERM "SIM| 00000910: 50 4C 45 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 20 22 20 49 |PLE VARIABLE " I| 00000920: 53 0D 55 53 45 44 20 48 45 52 45 20 54 4F 20 4D |S.USED HERE TO M| 00000930: 45 41 4E 20 41 4E 59 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 |EAN ANY VARIABLE| 00000940: 2C 20 53 54 52 49 4E 47 0D 4F 52 20 4E 55 4D 45 |, STRING.OR NUME| 00000950: 52 49 43 2C 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 49 53 20 4E 4F |RIC, WHICH IS NO| 00000960: 54 20 53 55 42 53 43 52 49 50 54 45 44 2E 0D C2 |T SUBSCRIPTED...| 00000970: 4F 54 48 20 54 48 45 20 4E 41 4D 45 20 41 4E 44 |OTH THE NAME AND| 00000980: 20 54 48 45 20 56 41 4C 55 45 20 4F 46 20 4E 55 | THE VALUE OF NU| 00000990: 4D 45 52 49 43 0D 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 20 |MERIC.VARIABLES | 000009A0: 41 52 45 20 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 49 4E 20 54 48 |ARE STORED IN TH| 000009B0: 45 20 53 45 56 45 4E 0D 42 59 54 45 53 2E 20 20 |E SEVEN.BYTES. | 000009C0: D3 54 52 49 4E 47 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 |.TRING VARIABLES| 000009D0: 20 41 52 45 20 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 49 4E 0D 54 | ARE STORED IN.T| 000009E0: 48 45 20 53 41 4D 45 20 41 52 45 41 20 42 55 54 |HE SAME AREA BUT| 000009F0: 20 49 4E 20 41 20 44 49 46 46 45 52 45 4E 54 20 | IN A DIFFERENT | 00000A00: 57 41 59 2C 0D 57 48 49 43 48 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 |WAY,.WHICH WILL | 00000A10: 42 45 20 44 49 53 43 55 53 53 45 44 20 4E 45 58 |BE DISCUSSED NEX| 00000A20: 54 20 4D 4F 4E 54 48 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C5 41 |T MONTH... .A| 00000A30: 43 48 20 54 49 4D 45 20 41 20 4E 45 57 20 41 52 |CH TIME A NEW AR| 00000A40: 52 41 59 20 49 53 20 4E 45 45 44 45 44 2C 0D 49 |RAY IS NEEDED,.I| 00000A50: 54 20 49 53 20 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 53 54 41 52 |T IS STORED STAR| 00000A60: 54 49 4E 47 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 4E 45 58 54 |TING IN THE NEXT| 00000A70: 0D 53 50 41 43 45 20 41 46 54 45 52 20 54 48 45 |.SPACE AFTER THE| 00000A80: 20 4D 4F 53 54 20 52 45 43 45 4E 54 20 56 41 52 | MOST RECENT VAR| 00000A90: 49 41 42 4C 45 2E 0D C6 52 4F 4D 20 54 48 49 53 |IABLE...ROM THIS| 00000AA0: 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 20 4F 4E 2C 20 45 41 43 48 20 | POINT ON, EACH | 00000AB0: 54 49 4D 45 20 41 20 4E 45 57 0D 56 41 52 49 41 |TIME A NEW.VARIA| 00000AC0: 42 4C 45 20 49 53 20 4E 45 45 44 45 44 2C 20 C1 |BLE IS NEEDED, .| 00000AD0: CC CC 20 41 52 52 41 59 53 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 42 |.. ARRAYS WILL B| 00000AE0: 45 0D 4D 4F 56 45 44 20 55 50 20 53 45 56 45 4E |E.MOVED UP SEVEN| 00000AF0: 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 54 4F 20 4D 41 4B 45 20 52 | BYTES TO MAKE R| 00000B00: 4F 4F 4D 20 46 4F 52 0D 54 48 45 20 4E 45 57 20 |OOM FOR.THE NEW | 00000B10: 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 2E 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 |VARIABLE.... | 00000B20: D4 48 49 53 20 46 41 43 54 20 48 41 53 20 43 4F |.HIS FACT HAS CO| 00000B30: 4E 53 45 51 55 45 4E 43 45 53 20 57 48 49 43 48 |NSEQUENCES WHICH| 00000B40: 0D 53 45 45 4D 20 54 4F 20 48 41 56 45 20 52 45 |.SEEM TO HAVE RE| 00000B50: 43 45 49 56 45 44 20 4C 49 54 54 4C 45 0D 41 54 |CEIVED LITTLE.AT| 00000B60: 54 45 4E 54 49 4F 4E 2E 20 20 C9 54 20 49 53 20 |TENTION. .T IS | 00000B70: 54 48 45 20 55 53 55 41 4C 20 50 52 41 43 54 49 |THE USUAL PRACTI| 00000B80: 43 45 0D 54 4F 20 C4 C9 CD 20 41 52 52 41 59 53 |CE.TO ... ARRAYS| 00000B90: 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 42 45 47 49 4E 4E 49 4E | IN THE BEGINNIN| 00000BA0: 47 20 4F 46 0D 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 53 20 41 4E |G OF.PROGRAMS AN| 00000BB0: 44 20 49 4E 54 52 4F 44 55 43 45 20 56 41 52 49 |D INTRODUCE VARI| 00000BC0: 41 42 4C 45 53 20 4F 4E 4C 59 0D 57 48 45 4E 20 |ABLES ONLY.WHEN | 00000BD0: 4E 45 45 44 45 44 2E 20 20 C9 4E 20 4D 55 43 48 |NEEDED. .N MUCH| 00000BE0: 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 43 4F 44 45 20 C9 0D 45 | OF THE CODE ..E| 00000BF0: 58 41 4D 49 4E 45 44 20 54 48 45 20 41 52 52 41 |XAMINED THE ARRA| 00000C00: 59 53 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 42 45 20 4D 4F 56 45 |YS WOULD BE MOVE| 00000C10: 44 0D 4F 56 45 52 20 46 49 46 54 59 20 54 49 4D |D.OVER FIFTY TIM| 00000C20: 45 53 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C4 C9 CD 20 53 54 41 |ES... ... STA| 00000C30: 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 53 20 43 41 55 53 45 20 56 41 |TEMENTS CAUSE VA| 00000C40: 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 20 54 4F 0D 42 45 20 53 54 |RIABLES TO.BE ST| 00000C50: 4F 52 45 44 2C 20 57 48 45 54 48 45 52 20 54 48 |ORED, WHETHER TH| 00000C60: 45 59 20 42 45 20 53 49 4D 50 4C 45 0D 56 41 52 |EY BE SIMPLE.VAR| 00000C70: 49 41 42 4C 45 53 20 4F 52 20 41 52 52 41 59 20 |IABLES OR ARRAY | 00000C80: 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 2E 20 20 D7 45 0D 53 |VARIABLES. .E.S| 00000C90: 48 41 4C 4C 20 53 45 45 20 48 4F 57 20 57 45 20 |HALL SEE HOW WE | 00000CA0: 43 41 4E 20 55 53 45 20 54 48 49 53 20 46 41 43 |CAN USE THIS FAC| 00000CB0: 54 20 54 4F 0D 4D 41 4B 45 20 4F 55 52 20 50 52 |T TO.MAKE OUR PR| 00000CC0: 4F 47 52 41 4D 53 20 4D 4F 52 45 20 45 46 46 49 |OGRAMS MORE EFFI| 00000CD0: 43 49 45 4E 54 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 CD 55 43 48 |CIENT... .UCH| 00000CE0: 20 4D 4F 52 45 20 44 49 53 43 55 53 53 49 4F 4E | MORE DISCUSSION| 00000CF0: 20 57 49 4C 4C 0D 45 56 45 4E 54 55 41 4C 4C 59 | WILL.EVENTUALLY| 00000D00: 20 42 45 20 4E 45 45 44 45 44 20 41 53 20 54 48 | BE NEEDED AS TH| 00000D10: 45 20 53 54 55 44 59 0D 55 4E 46 4F 4C 44 53 2C |E STUDY.UNFOLDS,| 00000D20: 20 42 55 54 20 57 45 20 41 52 45 20 4E 4F 57 20 | BUT WE ARE NOW | 00000D30: 52 45 41 44 59 20 54 4F 20 52 55 4E 0D 54 48 45 |READY TO RUN.THE| 00000D40: 20 44 45 4D 4F 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 54 48 45 20 D2 | DEMO FROM THE .| 00000D50: D5 CE 20 C9 D4 20 4F 50 54 49 4F 4E 2E 0D 0D 20 |.. .. OPTION... | 00000D60: 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 D2 D5 CE 20 C9 D4 20 4F 50 | .HE ... .. OP| 00000D70: 54 49 4F 4E 20 49 53 20 41 20 51 55 49 43 4B 20 |TION IS A QUICK | 00000D80: 41 4E 44 0D 44 49 52 54 59 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 |AND.DIRTY PROGRA| 00000D90: 4D 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 41 4C 4C |M WHICH WILL ALL| 00000DA0: 4F 57 20 59 4F 55 20 54 4F 0D 52 45 41 44 20 53 |OW YOU TO.READ S| 00000DB0: 4F 4D 45 20 49 4E 46 4F 52 4D 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 |OME INFORMATION | 00000DC0: 53 43 52 45 45 4E 53 20 41 4E 44 20 52 55 4E 0D |SCREENS AND RUN.| 00000DD0: 54 57 4F 20 44 45 4D 4F 53 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 20 |TWO DEMOS. .HE | 00000DE0: 44 45 4D 4F 53 20 41 52 45 20 44 45 53 43 52 49 |DEMOS ARE DESCRI| 00000DF0: 42 45 44 20 42 59 0D 54 48 45 20 49 4E 46 4F 52 |BED BY.THE INFOR| 00000E00: 4D 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 53 2E 20 |MATION SCREENS. | 00000E10: 20 D0 4C 45 41 53 45 20 52 45 41 44 0D 54 48 45 | .LEASE READ.THE| 00000E20: 53 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 53 20 43 41 52 45 46 |SE SCREENS CAREF| 00000E30: 55 4C 4C 59 20 41 4E 44 20 52 55 4E 20 54 48 45 |ULLY AND RUN THE| 00000E40: 0D 44 45 4D 4F 53 20 4D 4F 52 45 20 54 48 41 4E |.DEMOS MORE THAN| 00000E50: 20 4F 4E 43 45 20 49 46 20 59 4F 55 20 4E 45 45 | ONCE IF YOU NEE| 00000E60: 44 20 54 4F 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C9 20 42 45 4C |D TO... . BEL| 00000E70: 49 45 56 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 46 4F |IEVE THAT THE FO| 00000E80: 4C 4C 4F 57 49 4E 47 0D 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E |LLOWING.STATEMEN| 00000E90: 54 53 20 41 52 45 20 46 55 4C 4C 59 20 50 52 4F |TS ARE FULLY PRO| 00000EA0: 56 45 44 20 42 59 20 54 48 45 0D 44 45 4D 4F 53 |VED BY THE.DEMOS| 00000EB0: 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 31 2E 20 D4 48 45 20 4E 55 4D |... 1. .HE NUM| 00000EC0: 42 45 52 20 4F 46 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 |BER OF VARIABLES| 00000ED0: 20 55 53 45 44 0D 57 49 4C 4C 20 48 41 56 45 20 | USED.WILL HAVE | 00000EE0: 41 20 53 49 47 4E 49 46 49 43 41 4E 54 20 45 46 |A SIGNIFICANT EF| 00000EF0: 46 45 43 54 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 0D 53 50 45 45 |FECT ON THE.SPEE| 00000F00: 44 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D |D OF THE PROGRAM| 00000F10: 2E 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 20 20 20 32 2E 20 C9 46 20 41 |...... 2. .F A| 00000F20: 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E | PROGRAM CONTAIN| 00000F30: 53 20 4C 41 52 47 45 0D 41 52 52 41 59 53 20 28 |S LARGE.ARRAYS (| 00000F40: 4F 52 20 4D 41 4E 59 20 53 4D 41 4C 4C 45 52 20 |OR MANY SMALLER | 00000F50: 41 52 52 41 59 53 20 4F 52 20 53 4F 4D 45 0D 43 |ARRAYS OR SOME.C| 00000F60: 4F 4D 42 49 4E 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F 46 20 54 48 |OMBINATION OF TH| 00000F70: 45 53 45 29 2C 20 54 48 45 20 53 50 45 45 44 20 |ESE), THE SPEED | 00000F80: 4F 46 0D 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 57 |OF.THE PROGRAM W| 00000F90: 49 4C 4C 20 42 45 20 53 49 47 4E 49 46 49 43 41 |ILL BE SIGNIFICA| 00000FA0: 4E 54 4C 59 0D 41 46 46 45 43 54 45 44 20 42 59 |NTLY.AFFECTED BY| 00000FB0: 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 20 57 48 49 43 48 | VARIABLES WHICH| 00000FC0: 20 41 52 45 0D 49 4E 54 52 4F 44 55 43 45 44 20 | ARE.INTRODUCED | 00000FD0: C1 C6 D4 C5 D2 20 54 48 45 20 41 52 52 41 59 53 |..... THE ARRAYS| 00000FE0: 20 41 52 45 20 49 4E 0D 50 4C 41 43 45 2E 0D 0D | ARE IN.PLACE...| 00000FF0: 20 20 20 33 2E 20 D4 48 45 20 4F 52 44 45 52 20 | 3. .HE ORDER | 00001000: 49 4E 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C |IN WHICH VARIABL| 00001010: 45 53 20 41 52 45 0D 49 4E 54 52 4F 44 55 43 45 |ES ARE.INTRODUCE| 00001020: 44 20 49 4E 20 52 45 53 50 45 43 54 20 54 4F 20 |D IN RESPECT TO | 00001030: 45 41 43 48 20 4F 54 48 45 52 0D 43 41 4E 20 42 |EACH OTHER.CAN B| 00001040: 45 20 53 49 47 4E 49 46 49 43 41 4E 54 2E 20 20 |E SIGNIFICANT. | 00001050: C9 46 20 54 48 45 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 |.F THE VARIABLES| 00001060: 0D 57 48 49 43 48 20 41 52 45 20 49 4E 54 52 4F |.WHICH ARE INTRO| 00001070: 44 55 43 45 44 20 4C 41 54 45 20 41 52 45 20 48 |DUCED LATE ARE H| 00001080: 45 41 56 49 4C 59 0D 55 53 45 44 2C 20 54 48 45 |EAVILY.USED, THE| 00001090: 20 53 50 45 45 44 20 4F 46 20 45 58 45 43 55 54 | SPEED OF EXECUT| 000010A0: 49 4F 4E 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 42 45 0D 53 4C 4F 57 |ION WILL BE.SLOW| 000010B0: 45 44 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C9 4E 20 50 41 52 54 |ED... .N PART| 000010C0: 20 C9 C9 20 4E 45 58 54 20 4D 4F 4E 54 48 2C 20 | .. NEXT MONTH, | 000010D0: C9 20 57 49 4C 4C 0D 44 49 53 43 55 53 53 20 53 |. WILL.DISCUSS S| 000010E0: 54 52 49 4E 47 20 53 54 4F 52 41 47 45 20 41 4E |TRING STORAGE AN| 000010F0: 44 20 53 55 47 47 45 53 54 20 41 0D 46 45 57 20 |D SUGGEST A.FEW | 00001100: 4D 4F 52 45 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 53 50 45 45 44 |MORE ..... SPEED| 00001110: 20 54 45 43 48 4E 49 51 55 45 53 2E 0D 0D C2 49 | TECHNIQUES....I| 00001120: 42 4C 49 4F 47 52 41 50 48 59 3A 0D 0D 20 20 20 |BLIOGRAPHY:.. | 00001130: 31 2E 20 D2 2E C3 2E 20 D7 45 53 54 2C 20 D0 D2 |1. .... .EST, ..| 00001140: CF C7 D2 C1 CD CD C9 CE C7 20 D4 C8 C5 0D 20 20 |......... .... | 00001150: 20 C3 CF CD CD CF C4 CF D2 C5 20 36 34 2C 20 C3 | ......... 64, .| 00001160: CF CD D0 D5 D4 C5 21 0D 20 20 20 D0 55 42 4C 49 |......!. .UBLI| 00001170: 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 2C 20 C9 CE C3 2E 2C 20 C7 |CATIONS, ...., .| 00001180: 52 45 45 4E 53 42 4F 52 4F 2C 0D 20 20 20 CE 2E |REENSBORO,. ..| 00001190: C3 2E 2C 20 31 39 38 35 0D 0D 20 20 20 32 2E 20 |.., 1985.. 2. | 000011A0: D3 48 45 4C 44 4F 4E 20 CC 45 45 4D 4F 4E 2C 20 |.HELDON .EEMON, | 000011B0: CD C1 D0 D0 C9 CE C7 20 D4 C8 C5 0D 20 20 20 C3 |....... .... .| 000011C0: CF CD CD CF C4 CF D2 C5 20 36 34 2C 20 C3 CF CD |........ 64, ...| 000011D0: D0 D5 D4 C5 21 0D 20 20 20 D0 55 42 4C 49 43 41 |....!. .UBLICA| 000011E0: 54 49 4F 4E 53 2C 20 C9 CE C3 2E 2C 20 C7 52 45 |TIONS, ...., .RE| 000011F0: 45 4E 53 42 4F 52 4F 2C 0D 20 20 20 CE 2E C3 2E |ENSBORO,. ....| 00001200: 2C 20 31 39 38 34 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |, 1984.. | 00001210: 20 2A 2A 2A 2A 20 C5 4E 44 20 4F 46 20 D4 45 58 | **** .ND OF .EX| 00001220: 54 20 2A 2A 2A 2A 0D |T ****. |
..^U:ZERO. BYTES: SPEEDING UP BASI C.. BY MAURICE JONES.. IF Y OU READ MY COLUMNS ON MODELING.ON #56, # 57, AND #60, YOU ARE AWARE.THAT I AM INT ERESTED IN EFFICIENT.BASIC. MY IDEA IN THOSE COLUMNS WAS.TO PROMOTE EFFICIENT M ODELING, TO KEEP.THE CODE SHORT, AND TO SAVE TIME DOING.WORK WHILE THE USER READ S OPENING.SCREENS AND THE LIKE. CONSIDE RATIONS.OF WHAT TIME INTERVALS WERE NEED ED FOR.EACH TASK LED ME TO CONSIDER QUES TIONS.OF EFFICIENCY WHICH DEPEND ON THE WAY.THE MACHINE WORKS...... THERE HAS BEEN CONSIDERABLE.ATTENTION TO THIS SOR T OF THING IN THE.LITERATURE ABOUT THE 6 4, BUT THE.LITERATURE IS RIDDLED WITH HA LF-TRUTHS.AND FULL-BLOWN FALSEHOODS. AS LATE AS.THE SUMMER OF '88, AN EDITOR OF A.PRINT MAGAZINE REPORTED A BUG IN THE. 64. THE "BUG" WAS SIMPLY HIS.IGNORANCE OF SOME VERY FUNDAMENTAL.PRINCIPLES OF C OMPUTING... NOW LET ME SAY THAT I AM NOT AN.EXPERT; I AM A STUDENT. WHAT I D ID.WAS STUDY THE QUESTION AND CONDUCT A. LOT OF EXPERIMENTS. I EXAMINED A LOT.OF CODE AND READ FROM THE WEST AND.LEEMON BOOKS, THINGS YOU TOO CAN DO.... I BE GAN MY INVESTIGATION BY.DESIGNING A SHOR T PROGRAM TO TEST THE.VALIDITY OF SUCH S TATEMENTS AS."MULTIPLY IS FASTER THAN DI VIDE" AND."VARIABLES ARE FASTER THAN NUM BERS.".. A FUNNY THING HAPPENED ON TH E WAY.TO ENLIGHTENMENT. IT APPEARS THAT .SOME OF THESE STATEMENTS ARE WRONG.AND OTHERS NEED QUALIFICATIONS. AS.IS USUAL IN LIFE, THE QUESTIONS ARE.NOT AS EASIL Y ANSWERED AS WE WOULD.LIKE... IN ORD ER TO HAVE ANY CHANCE OF.UNDERSTANDING, WE MUST EXAMINE THE.DETAILS OF HOW A BAS IC PROGRAM IS.STORED AND EXECUTED BY THE 64.. ON POWER-UP THE COMPUTER RESERV ES.MEMORY FROM 2048 THROUGH 40959 FOR.BA SIC. THE CODE IS STORED FIRST,.STARTING AT 2049 AND CONTINUING AS FAR.AS NEEDED . WHEN THE PROGRAM IS RUN,.THE COMPUTER READS THE FIRST LINE OF.CODE AND ACTS O N IT. IF THE CODE.CAUSES A SIMPLE VARIA BLE TO BE STORED,.THE INFORMATION IS STO RED IN THE FIRST.SEVEN BYTES FOLLOWING T HE END OF THE.CODE. AS EACH NEW LINE IS EXECUTED,.ADDITIONAL SIMPLE VARIABLES A RE STORED.IN THE ORDER THEY ARE ENCOUNTE RED..THESE NEW VARIABLES WILL NOT OVERWR ITE.THE PREVIOUS VARIABLE, BUT EACH WILL .USE THE NEXT SEVEN BYTES. IN FACT,.ONC E A VARIABLE IS STORED IT WILL.REMAIN TH ERE FOR THE REST OF THE RUN.UNLESS A CLR STATEMENT IS ISSUED... THE TERM "SIM PLE VARIABLE " IS.USED HERE TO MEAN ANY VARIABLE, STRING.OR NUMERIC, WHICH IS NO T SUBSCRIPTED..BOTH THE NAME AND THE VAL UE OF NUMERIC.VARIABLES ARE STORED IN TH E SEVEN.BYTES. STRING VARIABLES ARE STO RED IN.THE SAME AREA BUT IN A DIFFERENT WAY,.WHICH WILL BE DISCUSSED NEXT MONTH. .. EACH TIME A NEW ARRAY IS NEEDED,.I T IS STORED STARTING IN THE NEXT.SPACE A FTER THE MOST RECENT VARIABLE..FROM THIS POINT ON, EACH TIME A NEW.VARIABLE IS N EEDED, ALL ARRAYS WILL BE.MOVED UP SEVEN BYTES TO MAKE ROOM FOR.THE NEW VARIABLE .... THIS FACT HAS CONSEQUENCES WHICH .SEEM TO HAVE RECEIVED LITTLE.ATTENTION. IT IS THE USUAL PRACTICE.TO DIM ARRAYS IN THE BEGINNING OF.PROGRAMS AND INTROD UCE VARIABLES ONLY.WHEN NEEDED. IN MUCH OF THE CODE I.EXAMINED THE ARRAYS WOULD BE MOVED.OVER FIFTY TIMES... DIM STA TEMENTS CAUSE VARIABLES TO.BE STORED, WH ETHER THEY BE SIMPLE.VARIABLES OR ARRAY VARIABLES. WE.SHALL SEE HOW WE CAN USE THIS FACT TO.MAKE OUR PROGRAMS MORE EFFI CIENT... MUCH MORE DISCUSSION WILL.EV ENTUALLY BE NEEDED AS THE STUDY.UNFOLDS, BUT WE ARE NOW READY TO RUN.THE DEMO FR OM THE RUN IT OPTION... THE RUN IT OP TION IS A QUICK AND.DIRTY PROGRAM WHICH WILL ALLOW YOU TO.READ SOME INFORMATION SCREENS AND RUN.TWO DEMOS. THE DEMOS AR E DESCRIBED BY.THE INFORMATION SCREENS. PLEASE READ.THESE SCREENS CAREFULLY AND RUN THE.DEMOS MORE THAN ONCE IF YOU NEE D TO... I BELIEVE THAT THE FOLLOWING. STATEMENTS ARE FULLY PROVED BY THE.DEMOS ... 1. THE NUMBER OF VARIABLES USED.WI LL HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE.SPEE D OF THE PROGRAM...... 2. IF A PROGRAM CONTAINS LARGE.ARRAYS (OR MANY SMALLER ARRAYS OR SOME.COMBINATION OF THESE), TH E SPEED OF.THE PROGRAM WILL BE SIGNIFICA NTLY.AFFECTED BY VARIABLES WHICH ARE.INT RODUCED AFTER THE ARRAYS ARE IN.PLACE... 3. THE ORDER IN WHICH VARIABLES ARE.I NTRODUCED IN RESPECT TO EACH OTHER.CAN B E SIGNIFICANT. IF THE VARIABLES.WHICH A RE INTRODUCED LATE ARE HEAVILY.USED, THE SPEED OF EXECUTION WILL BE.SLOWED... IN PART II NEXT MONTH, I WILL.DISCUSS S TRING STORAGE AND SUGGEST A.FEW MORE BAS IC SPEED TECHNIQUES...BIBLIOGRAPHY:.. 1. R.C. WEST, PROGRAMMING THE. COMMODO RE 64, COMPUTE!. PUBLICATIONS, INC., G REENSBORO,. N.C., 1985.. 2. SHELDON LEEMON, MAPPING THE. COMMODORE 64, COM PUTE!. PUBLICATIONS, INC., GREENSBORO, . N.C., 1984.. **** END OF TEX T ****.
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