TIPS
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): TIPS
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 4.6K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-10-19 22:49:26
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
8725ef426c5ca3069eeec97365cb8a679c2b50aaf0f7f41f9934b02a88fd75af
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOLD DISK 4 | TIPS | PRG | Radd Maxx | 19 | 4 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
> DETECTED: COMMODORE BASIC PROGRAM (LOAD ADDRESS $0801)
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00000E60: 00 99 22 12 D4 C8 C5 A0 D3 CF CC D5 D4 C9 CF CE |..".............|
00000E70: 21 92 22 00 A2 16 74 00 99 3A 99 22 D7 45 27 56 |!."...t..:.".E'V|
00000E80: 45 20 53 45 45 4E 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 |E SEEN THAT THE |
00000E90: 45 52 52 4F 52 20 43 41 55 53 49 4E 47 20 4F 55 |ERROR CAUSING OU|
00000EA0: 52 22 00 D0 16 75 00 99 22 50 52 4F 42 4C 45 4D |R"...u.."PROBLEM|
00000EB0: 20 49 53 20 53 4D 41 4C 4C 2C 20 41 42 4F 55 54 | IS SMALL, ABOUT|
00000EC0: 20 2E 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 34 20 49 4E 22 | .0000000004 IN"|
00000ED0: 00 FF 16 76 00 99 22 54 48 49 53 20 43 41 53 45 |...v.."THIS CASE|
00000EE0: 2E 20 20 C5 52 52 4F 52 53 20 43 4F 55 4C 44 20 |. .RRORS COULD |
00000EF0: 41 44 44 20 55 50 20 49 4E 20 4D 4F 52 45 22 00 |ADD UP IN MORE".|
00000F00: 2E 17 77 00 99 22 53 4F 50 48 49 53 54 49 43 41 |..w.."SOPHISTICA|
00000F10: 54 45 44 20 41 4E 44 20 4C 45 4E 47 54 48 59 20 |TED AND LENGTHY |
00000F20: 43 41 4C 43 55 4C 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 2E 22 00 59 |CALCULATIONS.".Y|
00000F30: 17 78 00 99 22 D4 48 45 52 45 46 4F 52 45 20 49 |.x..".HEREFORE I|
00000F40: 46 20 57 45 20 41 44 44 20 2E 30 30 30 30 30 30 |F WE ADD .000000|
00000F50: 31 20 54 4F 20 41 4E 59 22 00 86 17 79 00 99 22 |1 TO ANY"...y.."|
00000F60: C9 CE D4 28 29 20 43 41 4C 43 55 4C 41 54 49 4F |...() CALCULATIO|
00000F70: 4E 53 20 57 45 20 53 48 4F 55 4C 44 20 43 4C 45 |NS WE SHOULD CLE|
00000F80: 41 52 20 55 50 22 00 A9 17 7A 00 99 22 54 48 45 |AR UP"...z.."THE|
00000F90: 20 50 52 4F 42 4C 45 4D 2E 20 20 CC 45 54 27 53 | PROBLEM. .ET'S|
00000FA0: 20 54 52 59 20 49 54 2E 22 00 D0 17 7B 00 99 3A | TRY IT."...{..:|
00000FB0: 99 22 D7 48 41 54 27 53 20 C9 CE D4 28 33 2E 31 |.".HAT'S ...(3.1|
00000FC0: 2D 30 2E 31 2B 2E 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 29 3F 22 |-0.1+.0000001)?"|
00000FD0: 00 F4 17 7C 00 99 3A 99 22 12 D0 52 45 53 53 20 |...|..:."..RESS |
00000FE0: 41 20 4B 45 59 20 54 4F 20 46 49 4E 44 20 4F 55 |A KEY TO FIND OU|
00000FF0: 54 2E 92 22 00 09 18 7D 00 A1 51 57 24 3A 8B 51 |T.."...}..QW$:.Q|
00001000: 57 24 B2 22 22 A7 31 32 35 00 44 18 7E 00 99 3A |W$."".125.D.~..:|
00001010: 99 22 C9 CE D4 28 33 2E 31 2D 30 2E 31 2B 2E 30 |."...(3.1-0.1+.0|
00001020: 30 30 30 30 30 31 29 20 3D 20 22 3B B5 28 33 2E |000001) = ";.(3.|
00001030: 31 AB 30 2E 31 AA 2E 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 29 3A |1.0.1..0000001):|
00001040: 8D 31 34 34 00 5A 18 7F 00 99 3A 99 22 12 C9 54 |.144.Z....:."..T|
00001050: 20 57 4F 52 4B 45 44 21 92 22 00 8A 18 80 00 99 | WORKED!."......|
00001060: 3A 99 22 D9 4F 55 20 43 41 4E 20 50 4C 41 59 20 |:.".OU CAN PLAY |
00001070: 57 49 54 48 20 44 49 46 46 45 52 45 4E 54 20 4E |WITH DIFFERENT N|
00001080: 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 54 4F 22 00 B5 18 81 00 99 |UMBERS TO"......|
00001090: 22 49 4E 43 4C 55 44 45 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 |"INCLUDE IN THE |
000010A0: C9 CE D4 28 29 20 46 55 4E 43 54 49 4F 4E 2E 20 |...() FUNCTION. |
000010B0: CA 55 53 54 22 00 E4 18 82 00 99 22 52 45 4D 45 |.UST"......"REME|
000010C0: 4D 42 45 52 20 54 48 45 20 4C 4F 57 45 52 20 4C |MBER THE LOWER L|
000010D0: 49 4D 49 54 20 4F 46 20 2E 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 |IMIT OF .0000000|
000010E0: 30 30 34 22 00 F8 18 83 00 8D 38 3A 8B 20 49 4E |004"......8:. IN|
000010F0: 24 B2 22 5E 22 A7 39 32 00 0C 19 84 00 8B 20 49 |$."^".92...... I|
00001100: 4E 24 B2 22 5F 22 20 A7 20 31 34 35 00 15 19 85 |N$."_" . 145....|
00001110: 00 99 20 41 24 00 32 19 86 00 99 22 12 D4 48 41 |.. A$.2...."..HA|
00001120: 54 27 53 20 41 4C 4C 20 46 4F 52 20 4E 4F 57 2E |T'S ALL FOR NOW.|
00001130: 92 22 00 58 19 87 00 99 22 11 11 11 11 D5 53 45 |.".X....".....SE|
00001140: 20 12 5F 92 20 46 4F 52 20 C7 4F 4C 44 20 C4 49 | ._. FOR .OLD .I|
00001150: 53 4B 20 CD 45 4E 55 22 00 6E 19 88 00 81 49 4D |SK .ENU".n....IM|
00001160: B2 31 A4 31 31 3A A1 49 4E 24 3A 82 49 4D 00 91 |.1.11:.IN$:.IM..|
00001170: 19 89 00 99 20 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 |.... "..........|
00001180: 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 22 |..............."|
00001190: 3B 00 C9 19 8A 00 99 20 22 12 5E 92 20 50 52 45 |;...... ".^. PRE|
000011A0: 56 20 50 41 47 45 20 20 12 53 50 41 43 45 92 20 |V PAGE .SPACE. |
000011B0: 46 49 52 53 54 20 50 41 47 45 20 12 5F 92 20 C7 |FIRST PAGE ._. .|
000011C0: C4 20 4D 45 4E 55 91 91 22 00 DF 19 8B 00 A1 20 |. MENU.."...... |
000011D0: 49 4E 24 3A 8B 49 4E 24 B2 22 22 A7 31 33 39 00 |IN$:.IN$."".139.|
000011E0: 09 1A 8C 00 8B 20 49 4E 24 B3 B1 22 5E 22 20 AF |..... IN$.."^" .|
000011F0: 20 49 4E 24 B3 B1 22 5F 22 20 AF 20 49 4E 24 B3 | IN$.."_" . IN$.|
00001200: B1 22 20 22 20 A7 31 33 39 00 1A 1A 8D 00 8B 20 |." " .139...... |
00001210: 49 4E 24 B2 22 20 22 A7 31 35 00 2E 1A 8E 00 8B |IN$." ".15......|
00001220: 20 49 4E 24 B2 22 5F 22 20 A7 20 31 34 35 00 42 | IN$."_" . 145.B|
00001230: 1A 8F 00 8B 20 49 4E 24 B2 22 5E 22 20 A7 20 31 |.... IN$."^" . 1|
00001240: 31 34 00 53 1A 90 00 81 49 B2 31 A4 38 30 30 3A |14.S....I.1.800:|
00001250: 82 3A 8E 00 69 1A 91 00 99 C7 28 39 29 3A 99 22 |.:..i.....(9):."|
00001260: 93 22 3A 9E 34 39 31 35 32 00 00 00 |.":.49152... |
....... (C) 1985 GOLD DISK INC.$.....?..
.. INTEGER FUNCTION TIP.E.....W.... G(14
):.G(8).Z...D0.13.4096:D4.D0.1024:Q$.G(3
4)...... 15......IM.1.11:.IN$:.IM.....D0
.13.4096:D4.D0.1024.V.... ".............
............";...... ".^. PREV PAGE .SP
ACE. NEXT PAGE ._. GD MENU..".#.... IN$
:.IN$."".12.L.... IN$.."^" . IN$.." " .
IN$.."_" .12.R.....J.... D0.32,0:. D0.33
,0. ...A$."... ALL ABOUT THE INT()
FUNCTION ."...... A$.R...."THE INT(
) FUNCTION IS DESIGNED TO"......"CALCULA
TE THE NEXT LOWEST INTEGER OF".#...."THE
VARIABLE IN THE BRACKETS.".R....:."FOR
POSITIVE EXPRESSIONS THE FRACTION".E....
"IS CHOPPED."......" INT(4.3)
=4"......:."FOR NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS WIT
H A".X...."FRACTION THE VALUE IS LOWERED
TO THE"......"NEXT LOWEST INTEGER."....
..:." INT(-4.3)=-5".C....:."N
OW ALL THIS SEEMS PRETTY STRAIGHT-".M...
."FORWARD DOESN'T IT? BUT IT ISN'T!"...
..."SOMETIMES THE INT() FUNCTION DOESN'T
".D...."WORK RIGHT AND WE'RE GOING TO CH
ECK".U. .."THAT OUT."...!..IM.1.11:.IN$:
.IM...".. ".........................";.D
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. GD MENU..".Y.$.. IN$:.IN$."".36.W.%..
IN$.." " . IN$.."_" .36...&.. IN$."_" .
145...'.. A$.B.(.."BUT FIRST, LET'S TALK
ABOUT SOME OTHER"...).."STUFF. THERE A
RE CERTAIN FUNCTIONS"...*.."THAT WILL AU
TOMATICALLY INTEGER.".A.+..:.".POKE X,Y.
PUTS INT(Y) INTO MEMORY".Y.,.."LOCATION
INT(X)."...-..:.".PRINT SPC(X). WILL MO
VE THE CURSOR OVER"......"INT(X) SPACES.
".Q./..:.".CHR$(X). CONVERTS THE COMMODO
RE ASCII"...0.."CODE OF INT(X) INTO THE
CHARACTER"...1.."EQUIVALENT.".@.2..:.".S
YS X. TRANSFERS CONTROL OF THE COMPUTER"
.O.3.."TO A MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAM AT
MEMORY"...4.."LOCATION INT(X)."...5..:."
THERE ARE OTHERS."...6.. 8:. IN$."" . 54
.K.7.. IN$."^" . 15...8.. IN$."_" . 145.
..9.. A$...:.."THE INTEGER FUNCTION CAN
BE USED FOR".?.;.."A NUMBER OF PURPOSES
BESIDES MERELY".F.<.."FINDING THE INTEGE
R VALUE.":.144...=..:." - FIND THE DECI
MAL VALUE"...>.." X-INT(X)":.1
44.M.?..:." - DETERMINE ODD OR EVEN"...
@.." EVEN IF X/2=INT(X/2)":.144...A
..:." - DETERMINE IF MULTIPLE OF Y".C.B
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.:." - NEXT LOWEST POWER OF 10"...D.."
10^(INT(LOG(X)/LOG(10)))"...E..:."
ETC..."...F.. 8:. IN$."" . 70.J.G.. IN
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.J..".THE PROBLEM!.".+.K..:."REAL NUMBER
S ARE HANDLED BY COMPUTERS".W.L.."BY USI
NG FLOATING POINTS. THIS IS A"...M.."ME
THOD OF STORING A VALUE IN BASE 2"...N..
"NOTATION. UNFORTUNATELY IT IS NOT AN".
..O.."EXACT METHOD. ERRORS USUALLY CROP
UP"...P.."IN THE 10TH SIGNIFICANT DIGIT
OR SO.".4.Q.."NOW THIS NORMALLY WOULDN'
T BOTHER US".C.R.."BUT UNDER CERTAIN CIR
CUMSTANCES IT CAN."...S..:."LET'S CALCUL
ATE ONE NUMBER = X,"...T.."AND ANOTHER N
UMBER = Y. FLOATING POINT"...U.."ERRORS
WILL MEAN THAT THE TWO NUMBERS"...V.."A
RE PROBABLY NOT EXACTLY DIFFERENT BY".!.
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OME IN?".^.Y.. 8:. IN$."" . 89.Q.Z.. IN$
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].."LET'S LOOK AT 3.1 AND .1.".X.^..:."W
HAT IS 3.1 - 0.1, INT(3.1-0.1)?"..._..:.
".PRESS ANY KEY TO FIND OUT.."...`..QW$:
.QW$."".96.1.A.." 3.1-0.1 = ";3.1.0.
1.S.B.."INT(3.1-0.1) = ";.(3.1.0.1).\.C.
.144...D..:."HERE'S WHY. 3.1 IS REALLY 3
.0999999996."...E.."(YOU CAN FIND THAT B
Y 3.1-3.0)".R.F.."0.1 APPEARS TO BE 0.1
."...G.."THEREFORE 3.1-.1 IS REALLY 2.99
99999996".!.H.."AND INT(2.9999999996)=2.
".=.I..:."SO INT(3.1-0.1)=2.".I.J..:."YO
UR NEXT QUESTION IS PROBABLY WHY"...K.."
DOES THE COMPUTER SAY IT EQUALS 3? WELL"
.G.L.."IN ORDER TO HIDE THIS TYPE OF ERR
OR THE"...M.."COMPUTER PRINTS OUT NUMBER
S ROUNDED OFF"...N.."TO 9 SIGNIFICANT DI
GITS.".,.O..8:. IN$."" . 111.?.P.. IN$."
^" . 73.S.Q.. IN$."_" . 145.\.R.. A$.S.S
..".THE SOLUTION!."...T..:."WE'VE SEEN T
HAT THE ERROR CAUSING OUR".P.U.."PROBLEM
IS SMALL, ABOUT .0000000004 IN"...V.."T
HIS CASE. ERRORS COULD ADD UP IN MORE".
..W.."SOPHISTICATED AND LENGTHY CALCULAT
IONS.".Y.X.."THEREFORE IF WE ADD .000000
1 TO ANY"...Y.."INT() CALCULATIONS WE SH
OULD CLEAR UP"...Z.."THE PROBLEM. LET'S
TRY IT.".P.{..:."WHAT'S INT(3.1-0.1+.00
00001)?"...|..:.".PRESS A KEY TO FIND OU
T.."...}..QW$:.QW$."".125.D.~..:."INT(3.
1-0.1+.0000001) = ";.(3.1.0.1..0000001):
.144.Z...:.".IT WORKED!."......:."YOU C
AN PLAY WITH DIFFERENT NUMBERS TO"......
"INCLUDE IN THE INT() FUNCTION. JUST"...
..."REMEMBER THE LOWER LIMIT OF .0000000
004"......8:. IN$."^".92...... IN$."_" .
145...... A$.2....".THAT'S ALL FOR NOW.
.".X...."....USE ._. FOR GOLD DISK MENU"
.N....IM.1.11:.IN$:.IM...... "..........
...............";.I.... ".^. PREV PAGE
.SPACE. FIRST PAGE ._. GD MENU.."......
IN$:.IN$."".139...... IN$.."^" . IN$.."_
" . IN$.." " .139...... IN$." ".15......
IN$."_" . 145.B.... IN$."^" . 114.S....
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