TUTORIAL
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): TUTORIAL
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 12.6K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-10-19 22:49:15
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
973d83160b2017cadd3478ccab4bf1840b5ee4416a9a7f12df22ab6ad5ec2d64
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOLD DISK SEP85 | TUTORIAL | PRG | Radd Maxx | 14 | 0 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
> DETECTED: COMMODORE BASIC PROGRAM (LOAD ADDRESS $0801)
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00002D40: 46 20 54 48 45 20 44 45 46 49 4E 49 54 49 4F 4E |F THE DEFINITION|
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00002D60: D2 45 4D 45 4D 42 45 52 20 54 48 41 54 20 57 48 |.EMEMBER THAT WH|
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00002DA0: 52 45 53 53 20 4F 46 20 49 54 27 53 20 50 41 52 |RESS OF IT'S PAR|
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00002DE0: 99 22 20 D4 48 49 53 20 49 53 20 4A 55 53 54 20 |." .HIS IS JUST |
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00002E00: 48 45 20 46 49 52 53 54 00 32 36 7A 01 99 22 20 |HE FIRST.26z.." |
00002E10: 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 41 52 |NUMBER IN THE AR|
00002E20: 52 41 59 2E 20 D7 45 20 43 41 4E 20 47 45 54 20 |RAY. .E CAN GET |
00002E30: 41 54 00 5F 36 7B 01 99 22 20 53 41 59 2C 20 54 |AT._6{.." SAY, T|
00002E40: 48 45 20 46 49 46 54 48 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 2C |HE FIFTH NUMBER,|
00002E50: 20 42 59 20 44 4F 49 4E 47 20 54 48 49 53 2D 00 | BY DOING THIS-.|
00002E60: 66 36 7C 01 99 22 00 7E 36 7D 01 99 22 20 20 20 |f6|..".~6}.." |
00002E70: 20 54 45 4E 20 20 38 20 20 2B 20 20 20 40 00 85 | TEN 8 + @..|
00002E80: 36 7E 01 99 22 00 AD 36 7F 01 99 22 20 20 40 20 |6~.."..6..." @ |
00002E90: 20 4F 46 20 43 4F 55 52 53 45 20 52 45 54 55 52 | OF COURSE RETUR|
00002EA0: 4E 53 20 54 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 00 B6 36 |NS THE NUMBER..6|
00002EB0: 80 01 89 34 31 33 00 BF 36 81 01 8D 34 32 30 00 |...413..6...420.|
00002EC0: EA 36 82 01 99 22 20 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 41 54 |.6..." STORED AT|
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00002EE0: 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 43 4B 2E 00 F1 36 83 01 99 |THE STACK...6...|
00002EF0: 22 00 1A 37 84 01 99 22 20 C9 46 20 59 4F 55 20 |"..7..." .F YOU |
00002F00: 41 52 45 20 44 45 41 4C 49 4E 47 20 57 49 54 48 |ARE DEALING WITH|
00002F10: 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 00 42 37 85 01 99 | CHARACTER.B7...|
00002F20: 22 20 44 41 54 41 20 59 4F 55 27 4C 4C 20 4E 45 |" DATA YOU'LL NE|
00002F30: 45 44 20 41 43 43 45 53 53 20 44 41 54 41 20 4F |ED ACCESS DATA O|
00002F40: 4E 45 00 6C 37 86 01 99 22 20 42 59 54 45 20 41 |NE.l7..." BYTE A|
00002F50: 54 20 41 20 54 49 4D 45 2E 20 C6 4F 52 20 54 48 |T A TIME. .OR TH|
00002F60: 49 53 20 C6 CF D2 D4 C8 20 48 41 53 00 88 37 87 |IS ..... HAS..7.|
00002F70: 01 99 22 20 54 48 45 20 46 4F 4C 4C 4F 57 49 4E |.." THE FOLLOWIN|
00002F80: 47 20 57 4F 52 44 53 2C 00 8F 37 88 01 99 22 00 |G WORDS,..7...".|
00002F90: B5 37 89 01 99 22 20 20 20 43 2C 20 20 20 20 20 |.7..." C, |
00002FA0: 20 20 20 20 41 4C 4C 4F 54 20 4F 4E 45 20 42 59 | ALLOT ONE BY|
00002FB0: 54 45 20 49 4E 00 D9 37 8A 01 99 22 20 20 20 20 |TE IN..7..." |
00002FC0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 48 45 20 44 49 | THE DI|
00002FD0: 43 54 49 4F 4E 41 52 59 2E 00 E0 37 8B 01 99 22 |CTIONARY...7..."|
00002FE0: 00 09 38 8C 01 99 22 20 20 20 43 40 20 20 20 20 |..8..." C@ |
00002FF0: 20 20 20 20 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 20 4F 4E 45 20 | RETURN ONE |
00003000: 42 59 54 45 20 46 52 4F 4D 00 33 38 8D 01 99 22 |BYTE FROM.38..."|
00003010: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 44 | AD|
00003020: 44 52 45 53 53 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 |DRESS ON THE STA|
00003030: 43 4B 2E 00 3A 38 8E 01 99 22 00 64 38 8F 01 99 |CK..:8...".d8...|
00003040: 22 20 20 20 43 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 |" C! S|
00003050: 54 4F 52 45 20 4F 4E 45 20 42 59 54 45 20 41 54 |TORE ONE BYTE AT|
00003060: 20 54 48 45 00 8E 38 90 01 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 | THE..8..." |
00003070: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 | ADDRESS|
00003080: 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 43 4B 2E 00 95 | ON THE STACK...|
00003090: 38 91 01 99 22 00 BE 38 92 01 99 22 20 20 D4 48 |8..."..8..." .H|
000030A0: 45 52 45 20 41 52 45 20 53 54 49 4C 4C 20 4D 41 |ERE ARE STILL MA|
000030B0: 4E 59 20 4D 4F 52 45 20 55 53 45 46 55 4C 00 EA |NY MORE USEFUL..|
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000030D0: 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 57 45 20 48 41 56 45 4E 27 |S THAT WE HAVEN'|
000030E0: 54 20 43 4F 56 45 52 45 44 2E 00 16 39 94 01 99 |T COVERED...9...|
000030F0: 22 20 C1 20 43 4F 4D 50 4C 45 54 45 20 4C 49 53 |" . COMPLETE LIS|
00003100: 54 20 49 53 20 41 56 41 49 4C 41 42 4C 45 20 4F |T IS AVAILABLE O|
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00003120: 45 20 38 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 C7 CF CC C4 A0 |E 8 OF THE .....|
00003130: C4 C9 D3 CB 2E 00 3C 39 96 01 99 22 00 43 39 97 |......<9...".C9.|
00003140: 01 99 22 00 6A 39 98 01 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 |..".j9..." |
00003150: 12 5E 20 50 52 45 56 20 50 47 20 20 5F 20 C7 CF |.^ PREV PG _ ..|
00003160: CC C4 A0 C4 C9 D3 CB 92 22 3B 00 7D 39 99 01 A1 |........";.}9...|
00003170: 41 24 3A 8B 41 24 B2 22 22 A7 34 30 39 00 94 39 |A$:.A$."".409..9|
00003180: 9A 01 8B 41 24 B2 22 5E 22 A7 50 47 B2 50 47 AB |...A$."^".PG.PG.|
00003190: 31 3A 89 39 00 A4 39 9B 01 8B 41 24 B2 22 5F 22 |1:.9..9...A$."_"|
000031A0: A7 34 32 33 00 AD 39 9C 01 89 34 30 39 00 B4 39 |.423..9...409..9|
000031B0: 9D 01 99 22 00 E5 39 9E 01 99 22 20 20 12 53 50 |..."..9..." .SP|
000031C0: 41 43 45 20 4E 58 54 20 50 47 20 20 5E 20 50 52 |ACE NXT PG ^ PR|
000031D0: 45 56 20 50 47 20 20 5F 20 C7 CF CC C4 A0 C4 C9 |EV PG _ .......|
000031E0: D3 CB 92 22 3B 00 F8 39 9F 01 A1 41 24 3A 8B 41 |...";..9...A$:.A|
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00003240: 5D 3A A4 01 99 22 93 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |]:...". |
00003250: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 12 C6 CF D2 D4 C8 00 64 3A | .......d:|
00003260: A5 01 99 22 00 6A 3A A6 01 8E 00 7A 3A A7 01 99 |...".j:....z:...|
00003270: 22 93 22 3A 9E 34 39 31 35 32 00 00 00 |".":.49152... |
........#.... (C)1985 GOLD DISK INC.)...
..A.... TUTORIAL: FORTH 3.G.....C...."."
:.53272,23:.53281,1.P....53280,6.Y...PG.
1......PG.11,40,63,86,109,132,155,178,20
1,224,247,270,293,316,339.R....(PG.15).3
62,385,408......". .FORTH
......"......".*...." THIS IS THE LAST
OF THREE TUTORIALS.W...." ON FORTH. WE W
ILL LOOK AT THE FOLLOW-.L...." ING CONCE
PTS,.S....".Z...."......" A) THE PARTS
OF A FORTH DEFINITION......."......"....
.." B) HOW FORTH EXECUTES DEFINITIONS..
....."......"......" C) DISK I/O AND B
LOCK BUFFERS.......".#....".D...." D) C
HARACTER STRING I/O..K....".R....".E....
" E) ARRAYS..L. .."...!.." SINCE THESE
ARE ADVANCED TOPICS, IT..."..".J.#.."
.SPACE NXT PG _ GOLD DISK.";...$..
A$:.A$."".36...%..A$." ".PG.PG.1:.9...&.
.A$."_".423...'..36...(..420.B.).." WOUL
D BE A GOOD IDEA FOR YOU TO REVIEW.O.*..
" THE PREVIOUS TUTORIALS. ALSO, SINCE A.
..+.." COMPLETE TREATMENT OF FORTH IS BE
YOND.I.,.." THE SCOPE OF THESE TUTORIALS
WE RECC-...-.." OMEND THE BOOK, STARTIN
G FORTH BY LEO......" BRODIE. ..
.............#./..".*.0..".F.1.." THE FO
RTH DICTIONARY.B.2.." ..................
.....3.." ALL VARIABLES, CONSTANTS, AN
D WORDS...4.." DEFINED USING THE COLON A
RE GIVEN AN...5.." ENTRY IN THE FORTH DI
CTIONARY. EACH OF...6.." THESE ENTRIES H
AS THE FOLLOWING FORM,...7..".<.8.."
.NAME FIELD".[.9.." .
LINK FIELD".~.:.." .CODE POINTER
FIELD". .;.." .PARAMETER FIELD"
...<.."...=.."...>..413...?..420.R.@.."
NAME FIELD...A.." .............B.." THIS
FIELD GIVES THE NAME OF THE VAR-.?.C.."
IABLE, CONSTANT, ETC. ONE BYTE IS USED.
L.D.." TO STORE THE LENGTH OF THE NAME W
HILE...E.." AS MANY BYTES AS NEEDED ARE
USED TO.E.F.." STORE IT'S ASCII REPRESE
NTATION. THE...G.." NAME FIELD IS OF CO
URSE HOW FORTH DIF-...H.." FERENTIATES B
ETWEEN DEFINITIONS..".I..".4.J.." LINK F
IELD.F.K.." ...........T.L.." THIS TWO B
YTE LINK IS THE MEMORY ADDR-...M.." ESS
OF THE NAME FIELD FOR THE PREVIOUS.P.N..
" ENTRY IN THE DICTIONARY. BECAUSE A DE-
...O.." FINITION CAN BE ANY LENGTH, THIS
LINK.+.P.." IS NEEDED TO SPEED UP DICTI
ONARY SEAR-.X.Q.." CHES. THE VERY FIRST
DICTIONARY ENTRY...R.." WILL HAVE IT'S L
INK SET TO ZERO. THIS...S.." MARKS THE E
ND OF THE DICTIONARY....T.."...U..413.F.
V..420...W.." CODE POINTER FIELD...X.."
...................&.Y.." THIS FIELD CON
TAINS A POINTER TO THE.T.Z.." CODE THAT
GETS EXECUTED FIRST WHENEVER...[.." A WO
RD IN THE DICTIONARY IS EXECUTED....\.."
SINCE A WORD CAN BE A CONSTANT, VARIA-.
Z.].." BLE OR COLON DEFINITION, EACH TY
PE...^.." MUST HAVE IT'S OWN PARTICULAR
CODE..1._.." FOR EXAMPLE, THE CODE FOR A
CONSTANT.].`.." WILL PLACE THE VALUE OF
THE CONSTANT...A.." ON THE STACK. HERE
IS A SUMMARY -...B.."...C.." TYPE
CODE ACTION.W.D.." ....
..............E.." A) CONSTANT - PUT
S THE VALUE ON THE...F.."
STACK..K.G.." B) VARIABLE - PUTS THE ADD
RESS OF THE.W.H.." VARIABL
E ON THE STACK....I.." C) COLON - EXE
CUTES REST OF THE.O.J.." DEFIN. W
ORDS IN THE DEFINITION..V.K.."...L..413.
..M..420...N.." PARAMETER FIELD...O.." .
...............D.P.." THIS IS THE LAST F
IELD IN A DICTIONARY.O.Q.." ENTRY. IN TH
E CASE OF A VARIABLE OR...R.." CONSTANT
DEFINITION, THIS FIELD WILL.H.S.." BE T
WO BYTES LONG AND WILL HOLD THE...T.."
VALUE OF THE CONSTANT OR VARIABLE....U..
" THINGS ARE A LITTLE MORE COMPLICATED.K
.V.." FOR A COLON DEFINITION. IN THIS CA
SE,.Y.W.." THE LENGTH OF THE PARAMETER F
IELD WILL...X.." DEPEND ON THE NUMBER OF
WORDS USED IN.T.Y.." THE DEFINITION. LE
T'S LOOK AT AN EXAM-...Z.." PLE. SUPPOSE
WE TYPE IN THIS -...{.."...|..".3.}.."
: DOUBLE DUP + ; .RETURN.^.~.
." : TRIPLE DUP DOUBLE + ; .RETURN.E
..."......" THE DICTIONARY ENTRY FOR T
RIPLE......" WOULD LOOK LIKE THIS,......
"......413.C....420......" N F .
6 'T'......" A I . 'R' 'I'.....
." M E . 'P' 'L'./...." E L .
'E'.>...." D ..\...."
LINK FIELD.Z...." CODE FIE
LD......"......" P F . ADDRESS OF D
UP......" A I ..U...." R E . ADDR
ESS OF DOUBLE......" A L ......." M
D . ADDRESS OF +......" ..6...
." . ADDRESS OF EXIT.=....".J.
..." THE LINK FIELD POINTS TO WHAT WAS T
HE......" THE LAST ENTRY (I.E. TO DOUBL
E ). OF.E...." COURSE, FOR FORTH TO PUT
THE ADDRESSES......" OF DUP, +, ETC. IN
THE PARAMETER FIELD.!...." IT HAD TO SEA
RCH FOR THEM IN THE DICT-.*....413.3....
420._...." IONARY. NOW THAT TRIPLE H
AS BEEN......" DEFINED WE CAN EXECUTE IT
BY TYPING......" IT'S NAME AND HITTING
RETURN. FORTH......" SEARCHES THE DICTI
ONARY FOR TRIPLE... .." AND UPON FINDI
NG IT STARTS EXECUTING.<...." THE CODE P
OINTED TO BY THE CODE FIELD..C....".Q...
." IMAGINE THAT EXECUTION IS PROCEEDIN
G......" AND THE WORD DOUBLE IS ABOUT TO
BEGIN.L...." EXECUTING. REMEMBER THAT I
T HAS A SIM-......" ILAR DICTIONARY ENTR
Y TO TRIPLE. IN.#...." PARTICULAR, IT HA
S AN IDENTICAL CODE.Q...." POINTER FIELD
(SINCE IT TOO IS A COLON.|...." DEFINIT
ION). WHAT THIS CODE DOES IS......" THE
FOLLOWING: IT FIRST PUTS THE VALUE.X....
" OF THE INTERPRETER POINTER ON THE RET-
......" URN STACK (THIS STACK IS SIMILAR
TO.1...." THE STACK USED BY WORDS LIKE
DUP, SWAP._...." ETC.). THE INTERPRETER
POINTER IS USED......" TO POINT TO THE P
ART OF THE PARAMETER......" FIELD THAT W
ILL BE EXECUTED NEXT. IN.B....413.K....
420......" THIS CASE IT WAS POINTING TO
THE LOC-.&...." ATION CONTAINING THE ADD
RESS OF +. THE.T...." NEXT THING THAT HA
PPENS IS THE ADDRESS......" OF THE PARAM
ETER FIELD OF DOUBLE IS......" STORED
IN THE INTERPRETER POINTER. NOW......" E
ACH OF THE WORDS IN DOUBLE IS EXEC-...
..." UTED IN TURN UNTIL EXIT IS REACHE
D..8...." EXIT IS A PREDEFINED WORD WHI
CH TAKES.F...." THE ADDRESS ON TOP OF TH
E RETURN STACK......" A PUTS IT BACK IN
THE INTERPRETER......" POINTER. WE ARE N
OW BACK EXECUTING THE......" WORDS IN T
RIPLE. THE INTERPRETER......" POINTER W
ILL BE SET TO POINT TO EXIT.A...." AND
+ WILL BEGIN EXECUTING. WHEN WE.N.A.."
EXIT FROM TRIPLE WE GO BACK TO WHAT..
.B.." IS CALLED THE INTERPRETER, WHICH I
S.G.C.." THE PART OF FORTH THAT ACTS ON
WHAT WE...D.." TYPE IN AT THE KEYBOARD..
..E..".. F.." AFTER THIS LENGTHY BIT OF
THEORY WE.C G.." MOVE ON TO MORE PRACTIC
AL MATTERS..L H..413.U I..420.\ J..".P K
.." INPUT/OUTPUT.. L.." .............. M
.." IN THIS SECTION WE'LL LOOK AT HOW.Y
N.." FORTH DOES I/O TO AND FROM THE TERM
-..!O.." INAL AND DISK. SOME OF WHAT YOU
WILL.3!P.." SEE HAS BEEN COVERED IN PRE
VIOUS FORTH.^!Q.." TUTORIALS BUT WILL BE
INCLUDED HERE.W!R.." FOR COMPLETENESS..
~!S.."..!T.." BLOCK BUFFERS..!U.." .....
.........U!V.." FORTH MAINTAINS 3 BUFFE
RS IN MEMORY,.."W.." EACH CAPABLE OF HOL
DING 1024 BYTES..."X..".3"Y.." YOU MAY R
ECALL THAT TO GET A LISTING.]"Z.." OF A
FORTH SCREEN YOU WOULD ENTER,.D"..."..".
.." SCREEN# LIST .RETURN.."...".."...
" THE CONTENTS OF THE SCREEN ARE TRANS-.
."...413.I"...420.."..." FERRED FROM DIS
K INTO ONE OF THESE. #..." BUFFERS. THIS
BUFFER IS THEN LABELLED.M#..." WITH THE
GIVEN SCREEN NUMBER AND IT'S.Z#..." CON
TENTS DISPLAYED. IF YOU THEN WANT-..#...
" ED TO LIST THIS SCREEN FORTH WOULD.P#
..." NOT HAVE TO LOAD IT IN AGAIN. IF WE
..#..." EDIT OR LIST ANOTHER TWO SCREENS
THEY.*$..." WILL LOAD INTO THE REMAININ
G BUFFERS..V$..." NOW ALL THE BUFFERS AR
E IN USE. WHAT..$..." IF WE NOW WANT TO
USE A SCREEN THAT..$..." ISN'T IN MEMORY
? THE BUFFER THAT WAS.Z$..." REFERENCED
LEAST RECENTLY WILL BE OV-..%..." ERWRIT
TEN. OF.COURSE THE OVERWRITTEN.4%..." SC
REEN IS STILL SAFELY STORED ON DISK..B%.
.." IF HOWEVER THIS SCREEN HAD BEEN EDIT
ED..%..." IT WOULD BE SAVED TO DISK BEFO
RE BEING..%..." OVERWRITTEN...%...".X%..
." TO MAKE SURE THAT ALL EDITED SCREENS
..&..." ARE WRITTEN TO DISK YOU MUST USE
,..&..."..&...413..&...420.1&..." FLUSH
.RETURN.8&...".C&..." IF ON THE OTHER
HAND YOU DON'T WANT..&..." ANY OF THE SC
REENS UPDATED USE,..&..."..&..." EMPTY
-BUFFERS .RETURN..&..."..&..." WHICH MAK
ES ALL BUFFERS AVAILABLE. IF..'..." YOU
WANT TO BRING A SCREEN INTO MEMORY.@'...
" BUT DON'T WANT TO PRINT IT OUT OR EDIT
.['..." IT THEN USE ONE OF,.B'...".Z'...
" SCREEN# BLOCK..'..." SCREEN# BUF
FER..'...".H'..." BLOCK COPIES THE CONT
ENTS OF THE GIV-..'..." EN SCREEN FROM D
ISK INTO AN AVAILABLE.#(..." BUFFER AND
LABELS THIS BUFFER WITH THE.P(..." SCREE
N NUMBER. BUFFER ASSIGNS ONE OF.~(..."
THESE BLOCK BUFFERS WITHOUT READING IN..
(..." ANYTHING FROM DISK. BOTH OF THESE
..(...413..(...420..(..." WORDS LEAVE T
HE ADDRESS OF THE FIRST..)..." BYTE IN T
HE BLOCK ON TOP OF THE STACK,.=)..." ALL
OWING US TO STORE DATA THERE..D)...".L).
.." 999 100 BUFFER 1023 + ! UPDATE.S).
.."..)..." THIS SEQUENCE STORES THE NUMB
ER 999 IN.O)..." THE LAST TWO BYTES OF
THE BUFFER THAT..)..." WAS ASSIGNED TO S
CREEN 100. UPDATE.)*..." IS A WORD THA
T FLAGS THE MOST RECENTLY.W*..." REFEREN
CED BUFFER AS HAVING BEEN MODI-..*..." F
IED. NOW IF WE DO A FLUSH, OUR DATA..*..
." WILL BE SAVED ON DISK...*...".D*..."
CHARACTER STRING I/O..*..." ............
..........+..." MANY PROGRAMMING APPLIC
ATIONS REQUIRE.<+ .." THE INPUTTING OR O
UTPUTTING OF STRINGS.F+!.." OF CHARACTER
DATA. IN FORTH WE CAN..+".." READ INPUT
FROM THE KEYBOARD USING ONE..+#.." OF T
HE FOLLOWING,..+$..413..+%..420.F+&.."..
+'.." KEY WHEN EXECUTED, THIS WORD P
UTS..,(.." THE ASCII VALUE OF TH
E FIRST.M,).." KEY TYPED ON TOP
OF THE STACK..T,*.."..,+.." EXPECT GIVE
N AN ADDRESS AND A COUNT..,,.."
N ON THE STACK, WHEN EXECUTED,.Z,-.."
WAITS FOR N CHARACTERS (OR A..-...
" CARRIAGE RETURN) AND PLACES.2-
/.." THE CHARACTERS SENT IN MEMO
RY.`-0.." STARTING AT THE GIVEN
ADDRESS..T-1.." E.G..{-2.."..-3.
." 100 BLOCK 80 EXPECT FLUSH..-4..
".V-5.." THIS SEQUENCE STORES 80 CHARACT
ERS IN..-6.." SCREEN 100...-7.."...8.."
THE COMPLEMENTS TO THESE COMMANDS ARE.%
.9..".Q.:.." EMIT SENDS TO THE SCREEN
THE CHAR-.Z.;..413.C.<..420...=.."
ACTER GIVEN BY THE ASCII VALUE...>.."
ON TOP OF STACK....?.."...@.." TY
PE SENDS N CHARACTERS STARTING AT../A.
." THE GIVEN ADDRESS TO THE SCREE
N.$/B.." E.G..+/C..".F/D.." : LIS
TSCREEN BLOCK.G/E.." 32
0 DO../F.." DUP I 32 *
+../G.." 32 TYPE.H/H.."
LOOP DROP ;.O/I.."../J.." F
OR INSTANCE, 9 LISTSCREEN .RETURN.)0K.
." WOULD DISPLAY THE CONTENTS OF SCREEN
9.W0L.." THIS WORD IS IDENTICAL TO LIST
EXCEPT..0M.." THAT NO LINE NUMBERS ARE
DISPLAYED. IF..0N.." YOU DON'T UNDERSTAN
D ALL THE WORDS IN..0O.." THIS DEFINITIO
N YOU SHOULD REVIEW THE..1P.." PREVIOUS
FORTH TUTORIALS...1Q.."..1R..413..1S..4
20.@1T.." SOME MISCELLANEOUS FORTH IDEAS
.F1U.." ...............................T
1V.." ARRAYS..1W.." ........1X.." YOU'RE
PROBABLY ALL FAMILIAR WITH ARR-..1Y.."
AYS IN BASIC. WE CAN DEFINE ARRAYS IN..2
Z.." FORTH AS WELL. THERE ARE TWO WAYS T
O..2[.." DO THIS,. 2\..".@2].." VARIABL
E TEN 8 ALLOT.G2^..".U2_.." WE'VE SE
EN THE WORD VARIABLE BEFORE.. 2`.." HER
E, IT CREATES A DICTIONARY ENTRY.M2A.."
NAMED TEN . IT ALSO LEAVES ROOM FOR 2..2
B.." BYTES IN IT'S PARAMETER FIELD. 8 AL
LOT.(3C.." EXTENDS THE PARAMETER FIELD B
Y 8 MORE.U3D.." BYTES, LEAVING US WITH A
TOTAL OF 10..3E.." BYTES TO STORE EITH
ER 5 NUMBERS OR 10..3F.." CHARACTERS.( E
ACH CHARACTER TAKES UP..3G.." ONE BYTE,
WHILE EACH NUMBER NEEDS TWO)..3H.."..3I.
.413..3J..420."4K.." IF WE WISH TO INITI
ALIZE THE ARRAY AT.K4L.." THE TIME WE CR
EATE IT WE CAN USE,.R4M..".X4N.." CREATE
TEN 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ,.4O.."..4P.." C
REATE MAKES A DICTIONARY ENTRY AS.V4Q.."
WELL BUT DOES NOT ALLOCATE ANY SPACE...
4R.." THIS IS DONE BY , WHICH TAKES A.
,5S.." A NUMBER OFF THE STACK AND ADDS I
T ON.Q5T.." TO THE END OF THE DEFINITION
..X5U.."..5V.." REMEMBER THAT WHEN WE EX
ECUTE A WORD..5W.." LIKE TEN THE ADD
RESS OF IT'S PAR-..5X.." AMETER FIELD IS
LEFT ON THE STACK...6Y.." THIS IS JUST
THE ADDRESS OF THE FIRST.26Z.." NUMBER I
N THE ARRAY. WE CAN GET AT._6{.." SAY, T
HE FIFTH NUMBER, BY DOING THIS-.F6|..".~
6}.." TEN 8 + @..6~.."..6.." @
OF COURSE RETURNS THE NUMBER..6...413..
6...420..6..." STORED AT THE ADDRESS ON
THE STACK...6..."..7..." IF YOU ARE DEAL
ING WITH CHARACTER.B7..." DATA YOU'LL NE
ED ACCESS DATA ONE.L7..." BYTE AT A TIME
. FOR THIS FORTH HAS..7..." THE FOLLOWIN
G WORDS,..7..."..7..." C, ALLO
T ONE BYTE IN.Y7..." THE DI
CTIONARY...7..."..8..." C@ RET
URN ONE BYTE FROM.38..." AD
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