BASIC 3
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): BASIC 3
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 17.5K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 19:47:20
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
9c202db028784c21fe82065c9fd8d1deeeb5a3b345869f9559b2164cba9d08b8
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| THE PHANTOM | BASIC 3 | PRG | Curtcool, Frank | 14 | 4 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
> DETECTED: COMMODORE BASIC PROGRAM (LOAD ADDRESS $0801)
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00003B00: 22 3A C7 CF D4 CF 20 31 30 30 22 3A 99 22 20 31 |":.... 100":." 1|
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00003F10: 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 53 48 4F 55 4C 44 20 42 45 20 |, AND SHOULD BE |
00003F20: 45 41 53 59 20 54 4F 20 52 45 41 44 20 4E 4F 57 |EASY TO READ NOW|
00003F30: 22 00 5F 47 89 01 99 22 54 48 41 54 20 59 4F 55 |"._G..."THAT YOU|
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00003F70: 4B 20 41 4E 44 20 CB 45 45 50 20 C3 4F 4D 50 55 |K AND .EEP .OMPU|
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00003F90: 01 99 3A 99 22 C1 4E 44 20 48 45 52 45 27 53 20 |..:.".ND HERE'S |
00003FA0: 54 48 49 53 20 4C 45 53 53 4F 4E 27 53 20 4C 49 |THIS LESSON'S LI|
00003FB0: 54 54 4C 45 20 51 55 49 5A 22 00 E6 47 8C 01 99 |TTLE QUIZ"..G...|
00003FC0: 22 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 4D 41 54 45 52 49 41 4C |"ON THE MATERIAL|
00003FD0: 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 54 55 54 4F 52 49 41 4C | OF THE TUTORIAL|
00003FE0: 2E 22 3A 99 3A 99 00 11 48 8D 01 99 22 D7 48 41 |.":.:...H...".HA|
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00004010: 99 00 37 48 8E 01 99 22 20 31 30 20 C1 24 20 3D |..7H..." 10 .$ =|
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000040C0: D8 20 3D 20 35 2F 33 3A 20 D8 25 20 3D 20 D8 22 |. = 5/3: .% = ."|
000040D0: 00 FB 48 92 01 99 22 20 32 30 20 C9 C6 20 D8 25 |..H..." 20 .. .%|
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00004100: 99 22 20 33 30 20 C9 C6 20 D8 25 20 3C 3D 20 31 |." 30 .. .% <= 1|
00004110: 20 D4 C8 C5 CE 20 D0 D2 C9 CE D4 20 22 51 24 22 | .... ..... "Q$"|
00004120: 31 22 51 24 3A 99 00 51 49 94 01 41 31 24 B2 22 |1"Q$:..QI..A1$."|
00004130: 31 22 3A 41 32 24 B2 41 31 24 3A 99 22 C1 4E 53 |1":A2$.A1$:.".NS|
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000042A0: 20 31 30 20 D0 CF CB C5 20 31 36 34 32 33 2C 37 | 10 .... 16423,7|
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00004300: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 48 41 54 27 53 20 | THAT'S |
00004310: 41 4C 4C 2C 20 46 4F 4C 4B 53 20 2E 2E 2E 22 3A |ALL, FOLKS ...":|
00004320: 89 20 34 31 37 00 38 4B A0 01 99 20 22 93 22 3A |. 417.8K... ".":|
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00004340: 53 50 AA 31 3A 99 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 |SP.1:.".........|
00004350: 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 |................|
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00004370: 43 4F 4E 54 49 4E 55 45 22 3B 00 91 4B A2 01 A1 |CONTINUE";..K...|
00004380: 4B 45 59 24 3A 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 22 A7 34 31 |KEY$:.KEY$."".41|
00004390: 38 00 A3 4B A3 01 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 5F 22 A7 |8..K...KEY$."_".|
000043A0: 34 31 36 00 BC 4B A4 01 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 5E |416..K...KEY$."^|
000043B0: 22 AF 53 50 B3 B2 32 A7 53 50 B2 31 00 D7 4B A5 |".SP..2.SP.1..K.|
000043C0: 01 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 5E 22 AF 53 50 B1 32 A7 |..KEY$."^".SP.2.|
000043D0: 53 50 B2 53 50 AB 32 00 F0 4B A6 01 99 22 93 22 |SP.SP.2..K..."."|
000043E0: 3B 3A 97 35 33 32 38 30 2C BB 28 31 29 AC 31 35 |;:.53280,.(1).15|
000043F0: 00 2B 4C A7 01 91 20 53 50 20 89 20 36 2C 32 31 |.+L... SP . 6,21|
00004400: 2C 33 39 2C 34 39 2C 36 36 2C 38 31 2C 39 35 2C |,39,49,66,81,95,|
00004410: 31 30 39 2C 31 33 30 2C 31 34 33 2C 31 35 36 2C |109,130,143,156,|
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00004490: 34 31 36 00 B2 4C AB 01 99 22 45 52 52 4F 52 2A |416..L..."ERROR*|
000044A0: 2A 2A 45 52 52 4F 52 2A 2A 2A 45 52 52 4F 52 22 |**ERROR***ERROR"|
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000044E0: 41 31 24 20 B0 20 41 4E 53 57 24 B2 41 32 24 A7 |A1$ . ANSW$.A2$.|
000044F0: 20 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 12 C3 | ." ..|
00004500: 4F 52 52 45 43 54 22 3A 8E 00 1C 4D AE 01 8B 41 |ORRECT":...M...A|
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00004530: 54 20 49 54 22 3B 3A 4E 55 B2 4E 55 AA 31 3A 8B |T IT";:NU.NU.1:.|
00004540: 4E 55 B3 34 A7 99 22 2E 2E D4 52 59 20 41 47 41 |NU.4.."...RY AGA|
00004550: 49 4E 22 3B 3A 89 34 32 39 00 81 4D B0 01 99 3A |IN";:.429..M...:|
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00004570: 53 57 45 52 20 49 53 2E 2E 2E 22 3B 41 31 24 3A |SWER IS...";A1$:|
00004580: 8E 00 AD 4D B1 01 99 22 D4 59 50 45 20 41 4E 59 |...M...".YPE ANY|
00004590: 20 4B 45 59 20 54 4F 20 45 58 45 43 55 54 45 20 | KEY TO EXECUTE |
000045A0: 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 22 3B 00 C4 4D |THE PROGRAM";..M|
000045B0: B2 01 A1 4B 45 59 24 3A 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 22 |...KEY$:.KEY$.""|
000045C0: A7 34 33 34 00 D6 4D B3 01 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 |.434..M...KEY$."|
000045D0: 5F 22 A7 34 31 36 00 DE 4D B4 01 99 3A 8E 00 00 |_".416..M...:...|
000045E0: 00 |. |
....... (C) GOLD DISK INC.......>....532
81,0:.".....":Q$.G(34).W.... BASIC TUTOR
IAL # 3.Y.... BY D.KEENAN AND F.WHITESID
E.....SP.1:.".":." .BASIC. .TU
TORIAL.".X....:.:." BY D.KEENAN AND
F.WHITESIDE":.:......." WELCOME TO THE
THIRD IN A THREE-PART".*...."TUTORIAL SE
RIES ON THE BASIC".W...."PROGRAMMING LAN
GUAGE. THIS FINAL PART"......"WILL DEAL
WITH .PRINTING CONTROL.,"......".INTRINS
IC FUNCTIONS., .PEEKS AND POKES.,"......
".READ STATEMENTS., .INTEGER VARIABLES.,
"......".MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS. AND .
SUBROUTINES.".G....:." SO SIT BACK AND
GET READY TO BEGIN...".Y....:.".NOTE: I
F YOU TYPE THE '_' KEY THEN IT'S"......"
. BACK TO THE MAIN MENU WITH YOU. ".R
...." .THE '^' KEY CAUSES THE TUTORIA
L"......" .TO BACK UP ONE SCREEN"
...... 417.4....:."FIRST, LET'S LOOK AT
ADVANCED .PRINTING.".B....".CONTROL.. I
N THE PREVIOUS TUTORIALS,"......"WE NOTE
D THAT ITEMS IN A LIST OF THINGS"......"
TO BE PRINTED SHOULD BE SEPARATED BY"...
..."SEMICOLONS (;). THIS CAUSES EACH IT
EM"......"TO BE PRINTED AT THE NEXT AVAI
LABLE".C...."SPACE ON THE SCREEN (IE. IT
LEAVES NO".D...."SPACES BETWEEN THINGS)
.":......."ALSO, IF THE SEMICOLON IS THE
LAST"......"THING IN THE PRINT STATEMEN
T THEN THERE"......"IS NO AUTOMATIC CARR
IAGE RETURN PRINTED.":.... .."CONSIDER T
HE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE:".Z.!.." 10 PRINT "
Q$"1"Q$";"Q$"2"Q$";"Q$"3"Q$";"Q$"4"Q$";"
Q$"5"Q$";"...".." 20 PRINT "Q$"6"Q$";"Q$
"XXXXXXXXXXXX";Q$;";"Q$"7"Q$"...#..:. 43
3:....$.. "1";"2";"3";"4";"5";...%.. "6"
;"XXXXXXXXXXXX";"7"...&.. 417...'..:."NO
TICE THAT EVERYTHING APPEARED ON ONE".C.
(.."LINE WITH NO SPACES. NOW, WITHOUT T
HE".G.).."LAST SEMICOLON IN LINE 10:":..
..*.." 10 PRINT "Q$"1"Q$";"Q$"2"Q$";"Q$"
3"Q$";"Q$"4"Q$";"Q$"5"Q$...+.." 20 PRINT
"Q$"6"Q$";"Q$"XXXXXXXXXXXX";Q$;";"Q$"7"
Q$"...,..:. 433:....-.. "1";"2";"3";"4";
"5".(.... "6";"XXXXXXXXXXXX";"7".T./..:.
"NOTE THAT IN THIS CASE, EACH PRINT".~.0
.."STATEMENT GETS ITS OWN LINE.":. 417..
.1..:."AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE SEMICOLON (
;) IS"...2.."THE COMMA (,). THE COMMA H
AS A SIMILAR"...3.."EFFECT TO THE SEMICO
LON, EXCEPT THAT".6.4.."EACH ITEM IN THE
LIST GETS PRINTED AT".C.5.."THE NEXT AV
AILABLE 'TAB COLUMN'. THE"...6.."COMMOD
ORE HAS 4 TAB COLUMNS PER LINE,"...7.."E
ACH 10 CHARACTERS APART.":....8.."NOW LE
T'S TRY THE FIRST PROGRAM WITH"...9.."CO
MMAS IN PLACE OF SEMICOLONS:":..K.:.." 1
0 PRINT "Q$"1"Q$","Q$"2"Q$","Q$"3"Q$","Q
$"4"Q$","Q$"5"Q$","...;.." 20 PRINT "Q$"
6"Q$","Q$"XXXXXXXXXXXX";Q$;","Q$"7"Q$"..
.<..:.433:....=.. "1","2","3","4","5",.K
.>.. "6","XXXXXXXXXXXX","7"...?..:."NOTI
CE THAT IF AN ITEM IS LONGER THAN".).@..
"TEN CHARACTERS THEN THE NEXT TAB COLUMN
".?.A.."IS USED.":. 417.J.B.."TRY AGAIN
WITHOUT THE LAST COMMA IN".|.C.."LINE 10
:":....D.." 10 PRINT "Q$"1"Q$","Q$"2"Q$"
,"Q$"3"Q$","Q$"4"Q$","Q$"5"Q$...E.." 20
PRINT "Q$"6"Q$","Q$"XXXXXXXXXXXX";Q$;","
Q$"7"Q$"...F..:.433:....G.. "1","2","3",
"4","5".<.H.. "6","XXXXXXXXXXXX","7".L.I
..:."NOTICE THE SIMILARITY TO THE SEMICO
LON"...J.."CASE. WE SHOULD MENTION THAT
THE SEMI-".H.K.."COLON IS NOT ALWAYS NE
CESSARY. IF IT"...L.."WILL CAUSE NO AMB
IGUITY, IT MAY BE LEFT".$.M.."OUT (THIS
USUALLY MEANS AROUND QUOTE-".F.N.."DEFIN
ED STRINGS). THUS:":....O.." 10 PRINT "
Q$"TEST"Q$" 16 "Q$"OF"Q$" 20":.:."IS THE
SAME AS:".A.P..:." 10 PRINT "Q$"TEST"Q$
";16;"Q$"OF"Q$";20":. 417...Q..:."IT SHO
ULD ALSO BE NOTED THAT IF THE"...R.."LAS
T ITEM ON ANY LINE IS A QUOTE-".D.S.."DE
LIMITED STRING THEN THE FINAL QUOTE".S.T
.."IS NOT NECESSARY; THE STRING IS ASSUM
ED"...U.."TO END AT THE LAST NON-BLANK C
HARACTER"...V.."ON THE LINE.":....W.."SO
ME OTHER WAYS OF PUTTING SPACE INTO"...X
.."YOUR OUTPUT ARE THE USE OF EITHER OF"
.?.Y.."TWO FUNCTIONS, .SPC. AND .TAB..
SPC(N)".N.Z.."CAUSES N SPACES TO BE PRIN
TED. THUS:":....[.." 10 PRINT "Q$"SPACE
S ARE"Q$"SPC(15)"Q$"IMPORTANT...\..:.433
:..R.].."SPACES ARE".15)"IMPORTANT...^..
:. 417..._.."TAB(N) CAUSES THE NEXT ITEM
TO BE".2.`.."PRINTED STARTING AT COLUMN
N OF THE".[.A.."CURRENT LINE, PROVIDED
WE HAVEN'T"...B.."ALREADY GONE PAST COLU
MN N.":....C.." 10 PRINT"Q$"SPACES ARE"Q
$"TAB(15)"Q$"IMPORTANT"Q$.G.D..:. 433:..
..E.."SPACES ARE".15)"IMPORTANT"...F..:.
"NOW TRY THIS PROGRAM:":..O.G.." 10 PRIN
T TAB(10)"Q$"DOG"Q$"TAB(4)"Q$"CAT"Q$"TAB
(32)"Q$"OOPS"Q$.].H..:. 433:..~.I...10)"
DOG".4)"CAT".32)"OOPS"...J..:."HERE CAT
WAS PRINTED OUT RIGHT AFTER".U.K.."DOG B
ECAUSE WE HAD ALREADY PASSED"...L.."COLU
MN FOUR.":. 417...M.."SPC AND TAB ARE TW
O EXAMPLES OF THE".G.N.."FUNCTIONS THAT
BASIC PROVIDES, CALLED".U.O..".INTRINSIC
FUNCTIONS.. THERE ARE MANY"...P.."OF T
HESE : MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS,".F.Q.."CH
ARACTER STRING FUNCTIONS, AND"...R.."MIS
CELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS. THE"...S..".MATHE
MATICAL FUNCTIONS. ARE:":..;.T.." ABS(X)
- THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF X".`.U.." ATN(X
) - THE ARCTANGENT OF X"...V.." COS(X) -
THE COSINE OF X"...W.." EXP(X) - 'E' RA
ISED TO THE POWER X".S.X.." INT(X) - THE
INTEGER PART OF X"...Y.." LOG(X) - THE
NATURAL LOGARITHM OF X".(.Z.." SGN(X) -
THE SIGN (+1,0,-1) OF X".G.{.." SIN(X) -
THE SINE OF X".M.|.." SQR(X) - THE SQUA
RE ROOT OF X"...}.." TAN(X) - THE TANGEN
T OF X"...~..:."THESE FUNCTIONS ARE THE
STANDARD"....."MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS A
ND THEIR EXACT"......"DEFINITIONS MAY BE
FOUND IN ANY MATH".0...."REFERENCE BOOK
.":. 417.A....:."THE .CHARACTER STRING F
UNCTIONS. ARE:":......." ASC(A$) - THE A
SCII NUMERIC CODE FOR"......"
THE FIRST CHARACTER OF A$":......." CHR$
(X) - THE CHARACTER CORRESPONDING"......
" TO THE ASCII CODE X":..@....
" LEFT$(A$,N) - A CHARACTER STRING THAT"
.H...." IS THE N LEFTMOST"
......" CHARACTERS OF A$":
......." LEN(A$) - THE NUMBER OF CHARACT
ERS IN"......" THE STRING A$":
......." MID$(A$,S,L) - A STRING L CHARA
CTERS".:...." LONG STARTI
NG AT THE".L...." S TH CH
ARACTER IN A$":. 417......:.:." RIGHT$(A
$,N) - A CHARACTER STRING THAT".I...."
IS THE N RIGHTMOST"......"
CHARACTERS OF A$":......
." STR$(X) - A CHARACTER STRING THAT".M.
..." CORRESPONDS TO THE.NUMBER
X":..|...." VAL(A$) - A NUMBER THAT COR
RESPONDS TO"......" THE CHARAC
TER STRING A$":..W...."WHAT DO YOU THINK
THE FOLLOWING PROGRAM"......"WILL PRINT
OUT ?":... ..." 10 A$ = "Q$"BASIC TUTOR
IAL"Q$.^ ..." 20 PRINT MID$(A$,12,1)"Q$"
"Q$"MID$(A$,7,5)"Q$" "Q$"LEFT$(A$,5)"..
...:A1$."I TUTOR BASIC":A2$."I TUTOR BA
SIC":."ANSWER ";:. 428.. ... 417.. ...:.
.. ..."CHR$ IS USED TO PRINT OUT CHARACT
ERS"..!..."THAT ARE AWKWARD TO TYPE, FOR
EXAMPLE":..'!..." 10 PRINT CHR$(34)":..
Q! .."WILL PRINT OUT A QUOTATION MARK.":
..}!..."THE FUNCTION VAL IS HEAVILY USED
FOR"..!..."CHECKING INPUT. ONE INPUTS
EVERYTHING".U!..."AS CHARACTERS AND USES
VAL TO GIVE"..!..."NUMBERS AS REQUIRED.
":..""..." 10 INPUT "Q$"ENTER A NUMBER >
0"Q$";A$".R"..." 20 PRINT "Q$"THE NUMBE
R WAS "Q$"VAL(A$)".`"...:. 433:..}"..."E
NTER A NUMBER > 0";A$.."..."THE NUMBER W
AS "E(A$):. 417.M"...:."THE .MISCELLANEO
US FUNCTIONS. ARE:":..."..." FRE(0) - GI
VES THE AMOUNT OF FREE"..#..."
MEMORY AVAILABLE":..E#..." RND(N) - RETU
RNS RANDOM NUMBERS":..P#..." POS(0) - GI
VES THE POSITION OF THE"..#..."
CURSOR ON THE SCREEN":..A#..." USR(X) -
EXECUTES A USER-DEFINED"..#..."
MACHINE-LANGUAGE FUNCTION."..$..."
REFER TO YOUR USER'S MANUAL".:$...
" FOR DETAILS.":..G$..."OF THES
E, THE RND FUNCTION IS THE ONE"..$..."MO
ST COMMONLY USED. OFTEN A PROGRAM".B$..
."WILL WANT TO DO SOMETHING PART, BUT NO
T"..$..."ALL, OF THE TIME. THE RND FUNC
TION"..%..."WILL GIVE A RANDOM NUMBER BE
TWEEN 0 AND".P%..."1 WHICH CAN BE USED T
O MAKE DECISIONS.":. 417.N%...:."HERE'S
AN EXAMPLE:":...%..." 10 PRINT "Q$"START
"..%..." 20 FOR I = 1 TO 30"..%..." 30 A
= RND(0)"..%..." 40 IF A >= .4 THEN PRI
NT "Q$"0"Q$";"..&..." 50 IF A < .4 THEN
PRINT "Q$"1"Q$";".#&..." 60 NEXT I".P&A.
." 70 PRINT:INPUT"Q$"AGAIN (Y/N)"Q$";A$"
.|&B.." 80 IF A$ = "Q$"Y"Q$" THEN GOTO 1
0":...&C.."ON AVERAGE, THERE SHOULD BE T
WO 0'S FOR".Z&D.."EVERY THREE 1'S. EACH
TIME THIS IS RUN"..'E.."A DIFFERENT PAT
TERN SHOULD OCCUR.":.:. 433:...'F.."STAR
T".)'G.. I.1 . 30.D'H.A..(0):. A...4 . .
"0";.X'I.. A..4 . . "1";.^'J....'K..:."A
GAIN (Y/N)";A$:. A$."Y".A$."Y" . 198..'L
..:. 417.G'M..:."TWO OTHER FUNCTIONS NOT
YET MENTIONED"..'N.."ARE .PEEK(X). AND
.POKE Y,X.."..(O..:."WELL, POKE ISN'T RE
ALLY A FUNCTION, BUT".L(P.."A STATEMENT;
NEVERTHELESS WE'LL LOOK AT".U(Q.."BOTH
OF THEM TOGETHER. THESE TWO"..(R.."'FUN
CTIONS' ALLOW YOU TO DEAL DIRECTLY".K(S.
."WITH THE MEMORY OF THE COMPUTER."..(T.
."PEEK(X) RETURNS THE NUMBER STORED IN".
#)U.."MEMORY LOCATION X, AND POKE Y,X PU
TS".N)V.."THE VALUE X INTO MEMORY LOCATI
ON Y.".})W.."THESE ARE USED A GREAT DEAL
FOR CONTROL"..)X.."OF SPRITES (THE GRAP
HICS ON THE C-64)".R)Y.."AND FOR USING T
HE BUILT-IN MUSIC"..)Z.."SYNTHESIZER. A
N EXAMPLE OF THESE IS".**..."BEYOND THE
SCOPE OF THESE TUTORIALS,".P*..."BUT THE
RE ARE SEVERAL EXAMPLES".Y*..."ELSEWHERE
ON THE GOLD DISK.":. 417..*..."WE HAVE
SEEN ONE METHOD OF INITIALIZING"..*..."V
ARIABLES:":...*..." 10 A1 = 0: B2 = 5: C
$ = "Q$"HI THERE"Q$..+...:."THERE IS AN
ALTERNATE METHOD...THE READ".K+..."STATE
MENT. THE .READ STATEMENT. CAUSES".V+..
."INFORMATION FROM THE CURRENT .DATA."..
+...".STATEMENT. TO BE PUT INTO THE VARI
ABLES".U+..."IN THE LIST. THUS THE PREV
IOUS EXAMPLE"..+..."COULD BE WRITTEN:":.
..,..." 10 READ A1,B2,C$".,,..." 20 DATA
0,5,"Q$"HI THERE"Q$.[,...:."THE ADVANTA
GES OF THIS ARE GREAT. IF"..,..."ONE WA
NTS TO CHANGE THE INITIALIZATION,"..,...
"ONE NEED ONLY CHANGE THE DATA STATEMENT
."..,..."ALSO, THE DATA MAY OCCUR ANYWHE
RE IN"..-..."THE PROGRAM, AND VARIABLES
MAY BE READ".B-..."MANY TIMES, SO ENTIRE
DATABASES MAY BE".`-..."CHANGED QUICKLY
.":. 417..-...:."WITH JUDICIOUS USE OF T
HE RND FUNCTION,"..-..."A GROUP OF VARIA
BLES MAY BE SET TO"..-..."CONTAIN A VALU
E CHOSEN FROM A SPECIFIC"......"SET. FO
R EXAMPLE:":..(...." 10 FOR I = 1 TO RND
(0)*3+1".A...." 20 READ A$: NEXT".A...."
30 DATA "Q$"MESSAGE 1"Q$......" 40 DATA
"Q$"MAYBE THIS ONE"Q$......" 50 DATA "Q
$"OR THE OTHER ONE"Q$.Q...." 60 DATA "Q$
"ONE MORE TIME"Q$......" 70 PRINT A$"../
...:."THIS PROGRAM RANDOMLY CHOOSES A ME
SSAGE".B/..."AND WILL GIVE DIFFERENT RES
ULTS EACH".E/..."TIME IT IS RUN.":.:. 43
3:.:..Z/... I.1 . .(0).3.1../... A$:..K/
... "MESSAGE 1","MAYBE THIS ONE","OR THE
OTHER ONE","ONE MORE TIME".Z/... A$:. 4
17..0...:.:."ASSOCIATED WITH DATA STATEM
ENTS IS THE".60..."RESTORE STATEMENT. T
HIS STATEMENT".D0..."MERELY TELLS BASIC
THAT IT IS TO START"..0..."FROM THE BEGI
NNING OF THE FIRST DATA"..0..."STATEMENT
AGAIN. READ AND DATA STATE-"..0..."MEN
TS ARE OCCASIONALLY USED WITH POKE"..1..
."TO CREATE MACHINE-LANGUAGE PROGRAMS.":
. 417.N1...:."BESIDE REAL AND CHARACTER
VARIABLES, WE".{1..."ALSO HAVE .INTEGER
VARIABLES.. THESE"..1..."VARIABLES MAY
CONTAIN ONLY INTEGERS,".V1..."THAT IS NO
FRACTIONAL PARTS ARE ALLOWED"..2..."AND
THE NUMBERS MAY ONLY BE IN THE"./2..."R
ANGE -32767 TO 32767. THESE VARIABLES".
^2..."ARE DESIGNATED BY A PERCENT SIGN (
%) AT"..2..."THE END OF THE VARIABLE NAM
E."..2..."(EG. A1%, TA%, ETC)".J2...:."A
RITHMETIC OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON"..2...
"INTEGER VARIABLES TAKE MORE TIME,"..3..
."BECAUSE BASIC MUST CONVERT THESE".F3..
."NUMBERS INTO REAL NUMBERS BEFORE IT".S
3..."DOES ANYTHING WITH THEM. WITH ALL
OF". 3..."THESE RESTRICTIONS AND DRAWBAC
KS, YOU".R3..."MIGHT WELL ASK WHY BOTHER
WITH THEM.":. 417..4...:."THE ANSWER IS
SPACE. YOUR C-64 HAS 64K".+4..."WORDS
OF MEMORY, OR 65536 MEMORY".U4..."LOCATI
ONS. BASIC ITSELF USES UP A".4..."LARG
E CHUNK OF THAT (ABOUT 8K) AND"..4..."OT
HER SYSTEM ROUTINES USE UP MORE.".X4..."
IF YOU ARE WRITING A LARGE PROGRAM WITH"
..5..."A LARGE NUMBER OF VARIABLES, THEN
YOU".15 .."COULD EASILY RUN OUT OF MEMO
RY. FOR".Y5!.."EXAMPLE:":.:." 10 DIM A(
20000)":...5".."WILL ALWAYS CAUSE YOUR P
ROGRAM TO BOMB"..5#.."OUT WITH AN OUT OF
MEMORY ERROR.":. 417..5$..:."EACH REAL
VARIABLE OR ARRAY ELEMENT IN"..6%.."BASI
C USES 5 WORDS OF MEMORY. HOWEVER".A6&.
."EACH INTEGER VARIABLE OR ARRAY ELEMENT
".P6'.."USES ONLY 2 WORDS OF MEMORY. TH
IS IS A"..6(.."SIGNIFICANT SAVING IF YOU
R PROGRAM USES".M6).."MANY VARIABLES. M
OST PROGRAMS CONTAIN"..6*.."DATA ITEMS T
HAT REALLY ARE INTEGERS (NO".+7+.."FRACT
IONAL PART) BUT ARE REPRESENTED BY".U7,.
."REALS. THE ONLY PRACTICAL USE FOR".~7
-.."INTEGERS IN BASIC IS WHEN YOU ARE"..
7..."RUNNING OUT OF MEMORY.":. 417.L7/..
:."IN THE LAST LESSON, WE DISCUSSED"..70
.."ARRAYS. THESE GROUPINGS OF LIKE DATA
".%81.."WERE FOUND TO BE A CONVENIENT WA
Y TO".O82.."STORE AND MANIPULATE SOME TY
PES OF".}83.."INFORMATION. WE SHOULD NO
W CONSIDER A"..84.."MATRIX.":...85.."IF
ONE WERE TO DRAW UP A CHART OF, FOR"..86
.."EXAMPLE, THE MAKE OF A COMPUTER VERSU
S"..97.."THE OPTIONS AVAILABLE ON THAT C
OMPUTER,".A98.."THE RESULT WOULD BE ONE
OF THOSE".O99.."DIAGRAMS MUCH LOVED BY A
DVERTISERS AND"..9:.."COMPARISON-SHOPPIN
G MOGULS. THIS SORT".I9;.."OF A CHART,
WHICH LOOKS A BIT LIKE A"..9<.."CROSSWOR
D, IS CALLED A MATRIX, OR .TWO-."..:=.."
.DIMENSIONAL ARRAY..":. 417.M:>..:."BASI
C ALLOWS YOU TO CREATE SUCH A THING:".E:
?.." 10 DIM A(4,3)":...:@.."THIS STATEME
NT SAYS THAT THE ARRAY A IS"..:A.."TO HA
VE 5 ROWS (0...4), EACH WITH 4 "..:B.."C
OLUMNS (0...3),OF ELEMENTS."..;C..:."IF
YOU WANTED TO PROGRAM A GAME LIKE".=;D..
"BATTLESHIPS, YOU WOULD PROBABLY USE".I;
E.."SOMETHING LIKE THIS TO REPRESENT THE
"..;F.."BOARD. BASIC ALLOWS ANY NUMBER
OF"..;G.."DIMENSIONS IN AN ARRAY, BUT HI
GHER"..;H.."DIMENSIONS OF ARRAYS ARE RAR
ELY USED.":. 417..<I..:."FREQUENTLY, A P
ROGRAM WILL HAVE A".H<J.."SECTION OF COD
E THAT IS REPEATED OVER".R<K.."AND OVER
IN DIFFERENT PLACES. ONE"..<L.."EXAMPLE
WOULD BE:":...<M.." 100 INPUT "Q$"ANSWE
R...(YES/NO)"Q$";A$"..<N.." 110 IF A$<>"
Q$"YES"Q$" AND A$<>"Q$"NO"Q$" THEN PRINT
"Q$;.)=O.."YES OR NO ONLY PLEASE"Q$":GO
TO 100":..X=P.."THIS SHORT SEGMENT PROMP
TS FOR A YES/NO"..=Q.."RESPONSE, READS I
NPUT, CHECKS TO SEE IF"..=R.."IT'S EITHE
R YES OR NO, AND TRIES AGAIN"..=S.."IF N
EITHER. IT COULD BE USED IN MANY"..>T..
"APPLICATIONS. CONSIDER A QUESTIONNAIRE
".9>U.."WHERE THERE WOULD LIKELY BE MANY
".E>V.."QUESTIONS THAT REQUIRED THIS SOR
T OF"..>W.."RESPONSE FROM A USER.":. 417
..>X..:."IF THE PROGRAM WERE TO HAVE TO
INCLUDE"..>Y.."THESE TWO LINES EVERY TIM
E THERE WAS A"..?Z.."QUESTION, THE PROGR
AM WOULD QUICKLY".<?[.."BECOME VERY LARG
E. THERE SHOULD BE".G?\.."SOME METHOD O
F USING THE SAME LINES"..?].."OVER, SINC
E THEY'RE THE SAME. ONE"..?^.."COULD GO
TO THE LINES, BUT THEN YO."..?_.."COULDN
'T GET BACK TO WHERE YOU WERE.":...@`.."
THE SOLUTION IS A NEW BRANCHING STATE-".
E@A.."MENT .GOSUB., WHICH IS SHORT FOR G
O TO".R@B.."SUBROUTINE. THIS STATEMENT
ACTS JUST"..@C.."LIKE A GOTO STATEMENT,
BUT IT REMEMBERS".L@D.."WHERE IT CAME FR
OM. THE SECTION OF"..@E.."CODE THAT ONE
GOSUBS TO IS CALLED A".#AF.."SUBROUTINE
, AND IT HAS THE STATEMENT".PAG..".RETUR
N. AS ITS LAST STATEMENT. THIS".{AH.."T
ELLS IT TO GO BACK TO THE PLACE IN"..AI.
."THE PROGRAM THAT IT CAME FROM.":. 417.
CAJ..:."USING THIS IDEA:":...AK.." 10 PR
INT "Q$"DO YOU OWN A COMPUTER"Q$": GOSUB
100".EBL.." 20 IF A$ = "Q$"YES"Q$" THEN
PRINT "Q$"DO YOU OWN A COMMODORE"Q$;.QB
M..": GOSUB 100":.:." ... ETC ...":
.. BN.." 100 INPUT "Q$"ANSWER...(YES/NO)
"Q$";A$"..BO.." 110 IF A$<>"Q$"YES"Q$" A
ND A$<>"Q$"NO"Q$" THEN PRINT "Q$;. CP.."
YES OR NO ONLY PLEASE"Q$":GOTO 100":." 1
20 RETURN":. 417.OCQ..:."THE SUBROUTINE
INTRODUCES THE IDEA OF".{CR.."MODULAR PR
OGRAMMING; THAT IS, HAVING"..CS.."SMALL
SECTIONS OF CODE THAT EACH".PCT.."ACCOMP
LISH A SMALL, SPECIFIC TASK. A"..CU.."S
HORT SUBROUTINE TO READ IN NUMBERS;".(DV
.."ONE TO MAKE A CHARACTER STRING A SET"
.UDW.."LENGTH, ETC. THIS IS EASIER TO D
O IN"..DX.."OTHER LANGUAGES, BUT YOU CAN
DO IT IN"..DY.."BASIC IF YOU TAKE CARE
IN PROGRAMMING,"..DZ.."AND THE BENEFITS
ARE GREAT: EASE OF"..E{.."MODIFICATION,
SIMPLICITY, AND MORE".0E|.."STRAIGHTFOR
WARD MAINTENANCE, AMONG".EE}.."OTHERS.":
. 417.RE~..:."IN THESE TUTORIALS WE HAVE
TRIED TO"..E.."GIVE YOU SOME INSIGHT I
NTO HOW BASIC".IE..."WORKS, AS WELL AS D
EMONSTRATING THE"..E..."LANGUAGE. NOT A
LL OF BASIC HAS BEEN".#F..."COVERED: WE
HAVE OMITTED THE COMMANDS".RF..."THAT D
EAL DIRECTLY WITH I/O TO A DEVICE"..F...
"SUCH AS A DISK DRIVE. ALL OF THE BASIC
"..F..."STATEMENTS ARE COVERED IN MUCH M
ORE".WF..."DETAIL IN THE COMMODORE PROGR
AMMERS"..G..."REFERENCE MANUAL, WHICH IS
A VERY GOOD".1G..."BOOK, AND SHOULD BE
EASY TO READ NOW"._G..."THAT YOU'VE COMP
LETED THESE TUTORIALS."..G...:."GOOD LUC
K AND KEEP COMPUTING.":. 417..G...:."AND
HERE'S THIS LESSON'S LITTLE QUIZ"..G...
"ON THE MATERIAL OF THE TUTORIAL.":.:...
H..."WHAT IS PRINTED BY THE FOLLOWING:":
..7H..." 10 A$ = "Q$"ZAPHOD BEEBLEBROX".
NH..." 20 PRINT RIGHT$(A$,10) "Q$" "Q$"
LEFT$(A$,6)":...H..A1$."BEEBLEBROX ZAPHO
D":A2$."BEEBLEBROX ZAPHOD":."ANSWER";:.
428.PH...:." 10 X = 5/3: X% = X"..H..."
20 IF X% > 1 THEN PRINT "Q$"1.66"Q$.&I..
." 30 IF X% <= 1 THEN PRINT "Q$"1"Q$:..Q
I..A1$."1":A2$.A1$:."ANSWER";:. 428:. 41
7.|I..."HOW MANY MEMORY LOCATIONS (WORDS
OF"..I..."MEMORY) ARE USED BY:":..OI...
" DIM X(3)":.:A1$."20":A2$.A1$:."ANSWER"
;:. 428..J...:." DIM A%(2,2)":.:A1$."18"
:A2$.A1$:."ANSWER";:. 428..J... 417.CJ..
.:."DOES THE GOTO STATEMENT REMEMBER WHE
RE".QJ..."IT CAME FROM";:A1$."NO":A2$."N
O":.428:...J..."WHAT DOES THE FOLLOWING
PRINT:":..GJ..." 10 POKE 16423,7: PRINT
PEEK (16423)":...J..A1$."7":A2$.A1$:."AN
SWER";:.428:. 417.%K..."........
THAT'S ALL, FOLKS ...":. 417.8K .. ".":
. 49152.ZK..SP.SP.1:.".................
........TYPE ANY KEY TO CONTINUE";..K...
KEY$:.KEY$."".418..K...KEY$."_".416..K..
.KEY$."^".SP..2.SP.1.WK...KEY$."^".SP.2.
SP.SP.2..K...".";:.53280,.(1).15.+L... S
P . 6,21,39,49,66,81,95,109,130,143,156,
170,186,205.HL...(SP.14).222,240,258,265
,281,292,303,318,329,344,362,369..L...(S
P.26).382,395,405,410,415..L... 416..L..
."ERROR***ERROR***ERROR":..KL..NU.0:ANSW
$."":.198,0..M... ANSW$:. ANSW$.A1$ . AN
SW$.A2$. ." .CORRECT":...M...A
NSW$."_".416.YM..."NO..THAT'S NOT IT";:N
U.NU.1:.NU.4.."..TRY AGAIN";:.429..M...:
."THE CORRECT ANSWER IS...";A1$:...M..."
TYPE ANY KEY TO EXECUTE THE PROGRAM";.DM
...KEY$:.KEY$."".434.VM...KEY$."_".416..
M...:....
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