SAVE SPACE/NOTES
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): SAVE SPACE/NOTES
FILE TYPE(S): SEQ
FILE SIZE: 8.4K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 18:12:25
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
9ef26b96f00787931742e89befab0941d0e7af05c0a6fbed2fe08433c8b63251
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DATARICH | SAVE SPACE/NOTES | SEQ | Sailor, Ganheden | 19 | 5 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
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SPA| 000000D0: 43 45 20 20 46 4F 52 20 20 57 52 49 54 49 4E 47 |CE FOR WRITING| 000000E0: 20 20 C2 41 53 49 43 20 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D | .ASIC PROGRAM| 000000F0: 53 20 20 49 53 20 20 41 44 45 51 55 41 54 45 20 |S IS ADEQUATE | 00000100: 20 46 4F 52 20 20 4D 4F 53 54 0D 22 20 20 20 20 | FOR MOST." | 00000110: 20 20 20 20 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 53 20 59 4F | PROGRAMS YO| 00000120: 55 20 4D 49 47 48 54 20 54 52 59 20 54 4F 20 57 |U MIGHT TRY TO W| 00000130: 52 49 54 45 20 20 4F 4E 20 20 59 4F 55 52 20 20 |RITE ON YOUR | 00000140: 4F 57 4E 2E 20 20 C8 4F 57 45 56 45 52 2C 20 20 |OWN. .OWEVER, | 00000150: 41 4E 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 55 4E 45 |AN." UNE| 00000160: 58 50 41 4E 44 45 44 20 D6 C9 C3 2D 32 30 20 57 |XPANDED ...-20 W| 00000170: 49 54 48 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 33 2E 35 CB 20 4F 46 |ITH ONLY 3.5. OF| 00000180: 20 41 56 41 49 4C 41 42 4C 45 20 D2 C1 CD 20 43 | AVAILABLE ... C| 00000190: 41 4E 20 20 50 55 54 20 20 41 0D 22 20 20 20 20 |AN PUT A." | 000001A0: 20 20 20 20 20 53 45 52 49 4F 55 53 20 4C 49 4D | SERIOUS LIM| 000001B0: 49 54 20 4F 4E 20 57 48 41 54 20 20 59 4F 55 20 |IT ON WHAT YOU | 000001C0: 20 43 41 4E 20 20 44 4F 2E 20 20 C6 4F 52 54 55 | CAN DO. .ORTU| 000001D0: 4E 41 54 45 4C 59 20 20 54 48 45 52 45 20 20 41 |NATELY THERE A| 000001E0: 52 45 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 45 52 |RE." CER| 000001F0: 54 41 49 4E 20 54 45 43 48 4E 49 51 55 45 53 20 |TAIN TECHNIQUES | 00000200: 59 4F 55 20 43 41 4E 20 55 53 45 20 20 57 48 45 |YOU CAN USE WHE| 00000210: 4E 20 20 57 52 49 54 49 4E 47 20 20 59 4F 55 52 |N WRITING YOUR| 00000220: 20 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 53 0D 22 20 20 20 20 | PROGRAMS." | 00000230: 20 20 20 20 20 54 48 41 54 20 4D 49 47 48 54 20 | THAT MIGHT | 00000240: 4A 55 53 54 20 4C 45 54 20 59 4F 55 20 53 51 55 |JUST LET YOU SQU| 00000250: 45 41 4B 20 42 59 20 57 49 54 48 4F 55 54 20 20 |EAK BY WITHOUT | 00000260: 41 44 44 49 4E 47 20 20 41 44 44 49 54 49 4F 4E |ADDING ADDITION| 00000270: 41 4C 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4D 45 4D |AL." MEM| 00000280: 4F 52 59 2E 20 C5 56 45 4E 54 55 41 4C 59 20 59 |ORY. .VENTUALY Y| 00000290: 4F 55 27 4C 4C 20 50 52 4F 42 41 42 4C 59 20 57 |OU'LL PROBABLY W| 000002A0: 41 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 20 41 44 44 20 20 45 58 54 |ANT TO ADD EXT| 000002B0: 52 41 20 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 0D 22 20 20 20 20 |RA MEMORY." | 000002C0: 20 20 20 20 20 42 55 54 20 45 56 45 4E 20 54 48 | BUT EVEN TH| 000002D0: 45 4E 20 54 48 45 53 45 20 53 41 4D 45 20 54 45 |EN THESE SAME TE| 000002E0: 43 48 4E 49 51 55 45 53 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 20 4C |CHNIQUES WILL L| 000002F0: 45 54 20 20 59 4F 55 20 20 27 44 4F 20 20 4D 4F |ET YOU 'DO MO| 00000300: 52 45 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 57 49 54 |RE." WIT| 00000310: 48 20 4C 45 53 53 27 2E 0D 22 0D 22 20 20 20 20 |H LESS'.."." | 00000320: 20 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 4D 4F 53 54 20 4F 42 | .HE MOST OB| 00000330: 56 49 4F 55 53 20 53 50 41 43 45 20 53 41 56 49 |VIOUS SPACE SAVI| 00000340: 4E 47 20 54 45 43 48 4E 49 51 55 45 20 20 49 53 |NG TECHNIQUE IS| 00000350: 20 20 54 4F 20 20 41 56 4F 49 44 20 20 55 53 49 | TO AVOID USI| 00000360: 4E 47 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 D2 C5 CD |NG." ...| 00000370: 41 52 4B 53 20 57 49 54 48 49 4E 20 59 4F 55 52 |ARKS WITHIN YOUR| 00000380: 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 2E 20 D4 48 49 53 20 53 | PROGRAM. .HIS S| 00000390: 41 56 45 53 20 41 20 47 52 45 41 54 20 44 45 41 |AVES A GREAT DEA| 000003A0: 4C 20 4F 46 20 53 50 41 43 45 0D 22 20 20 20 20 |L OF SPACE." | 000003B0: 20 20 20 20 20 42 55 54 20 4D 41 4B 45 53 20 59 | BUT MAKES Y| 000003C0: 4F 55 52 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 4D 55 43 48 |OUR PROGRAM MUCH| 000003D0: 20 48 41 52 44 45 52 20 54 4F 20 44 4F 43 55 4D | HARDER TO DOCUM| 000003E0: 45 4E 54 2E 20 C9 46 20 20 59 4F 55 20 20 45 56 |ENT. .F YOU EV| 000003F0: 45 52 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 57 41 4E |ER." WAN| 00000400: 54 20 54 4F 20 4D 41 4B 45 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 |T TO MAKE CHANGE| 00000410: 53 20 4F 52 20 45 4E 48 41 4E 43 45 4D 45 4E 54 |S OR ENHANCEMENT| 00000420: 53 20 4C 41 54 45 52 2C 20 49 54 20 4D 41 59 20 |S LATER, IT MAY | 00000430: 54 41 4B 45 20 51 55 49 54 45 0D 22 20 20 20 20 |TAKE QUITE." | 00000440: 20 20 20 20 20 41 20 57 48 49 4C 45 20 54 4F 20 | A WHILE TO | 00000450: 52 45 4D 45 4D 42 45 52 20 57 48 41 54 20 45 41 |REMEMBER WHAT EA| 00000460: 43 48 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 20 49 53 20 55 |CH VARIABLE IS U| 00000470: 53 45 44 20 20 46 4F 52 20 20 41 4E 44 20 20 48 |SED FOR AND H| 00000480: 4F 57 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 48 45 |OW." THE| 00000490: 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 57 4F 52 4B 53 2E 20 | PROGRAM WORKS. | 000004A0: CA 55 53 54 20 54 4F 20 42 45 20 53 41 46 45 20 |.UST TO BE SAFE | 000004B0: 59 4F 55 20 4D 49 47 48 54 20 57 41 4E 54 20 54 |YOU MIGHT WANT T| 000004C0: 4F 20 4A 4F 54 20 44 4F 57 4E 0D 22 20 20 20 20 |O JOT DOWN." | 000004D0: 20 20 20 20 20 4E 4F 54 45 53 20 41 42 4F 55 54 | NOTES ABOUT| 000004E0: 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 57 48 49 | THE PROGRAM WHI| 000004F0: 4C 45 20 59 4F 55 27 52 45 20 57 52 49 54 49 4E |LE YOU'RE WRITIN| 00000500: 47 20 49 54 20 41 4E 44 20 53 41 56 45 20 54 48 |G IT AND SAVE TH| 00000510: 45 4D 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 4F 4D |EM." SOM| 00000520: 45 57 48 45 52 45 20 53 41 46 45 2E 0D 22 0D 22 |EWHERE SAFE.."."| 00000530: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 4E 45 58 | .HE NEX| 00000540: 54 20 42 45 53 54 20 53 50 41 43 45 20 20 53 41 |T BEST SPACE SA| 00000550: 56 49 4E 47 20 20 54 45 43 48 4E 49 51 55 45 20 |VING TECHNIQUE | 00000560: 20 49 53 20 20 54 4F 20 20 55 53 45 20 20 4D 55 | IS TO USE MU| 00000570: 4C 54 49 50 4C 45 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |LTIPLE." | 00000580: 20 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 53 20 50 45 52 20 | STATEMENTS PER | 00000590: 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 20 57 49 54 48 20 20 41 20 20 | LINE WITH A | 000005A0: 53 45 50 41 52 41 54 49 4E 47 20 20 43 4F 4C 4F |SEPARATING COLO| 000005B0: 4E 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 52 45 27 53 20 20 41 0D 22 |N. .HERE'S A."| 000005C0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 46 49 56 45 2D 42 59 | FIVE-BY| 000005D0: 54 45 20 4F 56 45 52 48 45 41 44 20 41 53 53 4F |TE OVERHEAD ASSO| 000005E0: 43 49 41 54 45 44 20 57 49 54 48 20 45 56 45 52 |CIATED WITH EVER| 000005F0: 59 20 C2 41 53 49 43 20 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D |Y .ASIC PROGRAM| 00000600: 20 20 4C 49 4E 45 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | LINE." | 00000610: 20 52 45 47 41 52 44 4C 45 53 53 20 4F 46 20 49 | REGARDLESS OF I| 00000620: 54 53 20 4C 45 4E 47 54 48 2E 20 D4 48 45 20 46 |TS LENGTH. .HE F| 00000630: 49 56 45 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 43 4F 4E 53 49 53 |IVE BYTES CONSIS| 00000640: 54 20 4F 46 20 54 57 4F 2D 42 59 54 45 53 0D 22 |T OF TWO-BYTES."| 00000650: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 46 4F 52 20 54 48 45 | FOR THE| 00000660: 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 45 4E 43 | LINE NUMBER ENC| 00000670: 4F 44 45 44 20 49 4E 20 42 49 4E 41 52 59 2C 20 |ODED IN BINARY, | 00000680: 54 57 4F 2D 42 59 54 45 53 20 46 4F 52 20 20 41 |TWO-BYTES FOR A| 00000690: 20 20 4C 49 4E 4B 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | LINK." | 000006A0: 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 50 4F | ADDRESS THAT PO| 000006B0: 49 4E 54 53 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 4E 45 58 54 |INTS TO THE NEXT| 000006C0: 20 53 45 51 55 45 4E 54 49 41 4C 20 C2 41 53 49 | SEQUENTIAL .ASI| 000006D0: 43 20 4C 49 4E 45 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 20 41 0D 22 |C LINE, AND A."| 000006E0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 49 4E 47 4C 45 20 | SINGLE | 000006F0: 42 59 54 45 20 55 53 45 44 20 41 53 20 54 48 45 |BYTE USED AS THE| 00000700: 20 45 4E 44 2D 4F 46 2D 4C 49 4E 45 20 49 4E 44 | END-OF-LINE IND| 00000710: 49 43 41 54 4F 52 2E 20 20 D7 48 45 4E 45 56 45 |ICATOR. .HENEVE| 00000720: 52 20 20 59 4F 55 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |R YOU." | 00000730: 20 43 4F 4D 42 49 4E 45 20 54 57 4F 20 50 52 4F | COMBINE TWO PRO| 00000740: 47 52 41 4D 20 4C 49 4E 45 53 20 4F 4E 20 41 20 |GRAM LINES ON A | 00000750: 20 53 49 4E 47 4C 45 20 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 20 59 | SINGLE LINE Y| 00000760: 4F 55 20 20 53 41 56 45 20 20 46 4F 55 52 0D 22 |OU SAVE FOUR."| 00000770: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 59 54 45 53 2E 20 | BYTES. | 00000780: D9 4F 55 20 53 41 56 45 20 54 48 45 20 46 49 56 |.OU SAVE THE FIV| 00000790: 45 20 42 59 54 45 20 4F 56 45 52 48 45 41 44 20 |E BYTE OVERHEAD | 000007A0: 42 55 54 20 4C 4F 53 45 20 41 4E 4F 54 48 45 52 |BUT LOSE ANOTHER| 000007B0: 20 20 42 59 54 45 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | BYTE." | 000007C0: 20 46 4F 52 20 54 48 45 20 52 45 51 55 49 52 45 | FOR THE REQUIRE| 000007D0: 44 20 53 45 50 41 52 41 54 49 4E 47 20 43 4F 4C |D SEPARATING COL| 000007E0: 4F 4E 2E 0D 22 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ON.."." | 000007F0: CA 55 53 54 20 42 45 20 43 41 52 45 46 55 4C 2C |.UST BE CAREFUL,| 00000800: 20 49 54 27 53 20 4E 4F 54 20 41 4C 57 41 59 53 | IT'S NOT ALWAYS| 00000810: 20 4C 45 47 41 4C 20 4F 52 20 43 4F 52 52 45 43 | LEGAL OR CORREC| 00000820: 54 20 54 4F 20 20 43 4F 4D 42 49 4E 45 0D 22 20 |T TO COMBINE." | 00000830: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 | PROGRAM | 00000840: 4C 49 4E 45 53 2E 20 D9 4F 55 20 4D 49 47 48 54 |LINES. .OU MIGHT| 00000850: 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 | CHANGE THE PROG| 00000860: 52 41 4D 20 46 4C 4F 57 20 4F 52 20 43 52 45 41 |RAM FLOW OR CREA| 00000870: 54 45 20 20 41 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |TE A." | 00000880: 50 41 52 54 20 4F 46 20 41 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 |PART OF A PROGRA| 00000890: 4D 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 20 4D 49 47 |M LINE THAT MIG| 000008A0: 48 54 20 20 4E 45 56 45 52 20 20 47 45 54 20 20 |HT NEVER GET | 000008B0: 45 58 45 43 55 54 45 44 2E 20 20 C2 45 0D 22 20 |EXECUTED. .E." | 000008C0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 45 53 50 45 43 49 41 4C | ESPECIAL| 000008D0: 4C 59 20 43 41 52 45 46 55 4C 20 41 52 4F 55 4E |LY CAREFUL AROUN| 000008E0: 44 20 C9 C6 2E 2E 2E D4 C8 C5 CE 2E 2E 2E 20 41 |D ............ A| 000008F0: 4E 44 20 20 C7 CF D4 CF 20 20 53 54 41 54 45 4D |ND .... STATEM| 00000900: 45 4E 54 53 2E 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ENTS.." | 00000910: CD 41 4B 45 20 53 55 52 45 20 54 48 45 20 4E 45 |.AKE SURE THE NE| 00000920: 57 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 53 |W PROGRAM LINE S| 00000930: 54 49 4C 4C 20 44 4F 45 53 20 57 48 41 54 20 57 |TILL DOES WHAT W| 00000940: 41 53 20 49 4E 54 45 4E 44 45 44 2E 0D 22 0D 22 |AS INTENDED.."."| 00000950: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 C1 4E 4F 54 48 45 52 | .NOTHER| 00000960: 20 57 41 59 20 54 4F 20 43 55 54 20 44 4F 57 4E | WAY TO CUT DOWN| 00000970: 20 4F 4E 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 55 53 45 41 47 | ON MEMORY USEAG| 00000980: 45 20 20 49 53 20 20 54 4F 20 20 44 45 4C 45 54 |E IS TO DELET| 00000990: 45 20 20 41 4C 4C 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |E ALL." | 000009A0: 20 55 4E 4E 45 43 45 53 53 41 52 59 20 53 50 41 | UNNECESSARY SPA| 000009B0: 43 45 53 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 57 49 54 48 49 4E 20 |CES FROM WITHIN | 000009C0: 59 4F 55 52 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 2E 20 C3 4F |YOUR PROGRAM. .O| 000009D0: 4D 4D 4F 44 4F 52 45 20 20 C2 41 53 49 43 0D 22 |MMODORE .ASIC."| 000009E0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 44 4F 45 53 20 20 4E | DOES N| 000009F0: 4F 54 20 20 4E 45 45 44 20 20 41 4E 59 20 20 20 |OT NEED ANY | 00000A00: 53 45 50 41 52 41 54 49 4E 47 20 20 20 53 50 41 |SEPARATING SPA| 00000A10: 43 45 53 20 20 20 57 49 54 48 49 4E 20 20 20 50 |CES WITHIN P| 00000A20: 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ROGRAM." | 00000A30: 20 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 53 2E 20 CB 45 59 | STATEMENTS. .EY| 00000A40: 20 57 4F 52 44 53 20 49 4E 20 C2 41 53 49 43 20 | WORDS IN .ASIC | 00000A50: 41 52 45 20 20 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 20 41 53 20 |ARE STORED AS | 00000A60: 20 43 4F 44 45 44 20 20 53 49 4E 47 4C 45 0D 22 | CODED SINGLE."| 00000A70: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 59 54 45 20 54 4F | BYTE TO| 00000A80: 4B 45 4E 53 20 57 48 45 4E 20 41 20 50 52 4F 47 |KENS WHEN A PROG| 00000A90: 52 41 4D 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 49 53 20 54 59 50 45 |RAM LINE IS TYPE| 00000AA0: 44 20 49 4E 2E 20 D7 48 45 4E 20 54 48 45 20 50 |D IN. .HEN THE P| 00000AB0: 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ROGRAM." | 00000AC0: 20 49 53 20 49 4E 54 45 52 50 52 45 54 45 44 20 | IS INTERPRETED | 00000AD0: 41 4E 44 20 45 58 45 43 55 54 45 44 20 54 48 45 |AND EXECUTED THE| 00000AE0: 20 54 4F 4B 45 4E 53 20 41 52 45 20 45 41 53 49 | TOKENS ARE EASI| 00000AF0: 4C 59 20 20 49 44 45 4E 54 49 46 49 45 44 0D 22 |LY IDENTIFIED."| 00000B00: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 59 20 54 48 45 49 | BY THEI| 00000B10: 52 20 55 4E 49 51 55 45 20 43 4F 44 45 53 2E 20 |R UNIQUE CODES. | 00000B20: D3 45 50 41 52 41 54 49 4E 47 20 53 50 41 43 45 |.EPARATING SPACE| 00000B30: 53 20 41 52 45 20 20 53 49 4D 50 4C 59 20 20 49 |S ARE SIMPLY I| 00000B40: 47 4E 4F 52 45 44 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |GNORED." | 00000B50: 20 41 4E 44 20 4A 55 53 54 20 57 41 53 54 45 20 | AND JUST WASTE | 00000B60: 53 50 41 43 45 20 41 4E 44 20 54 48 45 20 54 49 |SPACE AND THE TI| 00000B70: 4D 45 20 49 54 20 54 41 4B 45 53 20 54 4F 20 50 |ME IT TAKES TO P| 00000B80: 52 4F 43 45 53 53 20 54 48 45 4D 2E 0D 22 0D 22 |ROCESS THEM.."."| 00000B90: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 C1 53 20 C9 20 4A 55 | .S . JU| 00000BA0: 53 54 20 4D 45 4E 54 49 4F 4E 45 44 2C 20 C2 41 |ST MENTIONED, .A| 00000BB0: 53 49 43 20 4B 45 59 20 57 4F 52 44 53 20 20 41 |SIC KEY WORDS A| 00000BC0: 52 45 20 20 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 20 41 53 20 20 |RE STORED AS | 00000BD0: 53 49 4E 47 4C 45 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |SINGLE." | 00000BE0: 20 42 59 54 45 20 54 4F 4B 45 4E 53 2E 20 C1 4C | BYTE TOKENS. .L| 00000BF0: 4C 20 4F 54 48 45 52 20 54 45 58 54 20 49 4E 20 |L OTHER TEXT IN | 00000C00: 41 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 49 |A PROGRAM LINE I| 00000C10: 53 20 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 20 4A 55 53 54 0D 22 |S STORED JUST."| 00000C20: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 53 20 49 54 27 53 | AS IT'S| 00000C30: 20 54 59 50 45 44 2C 20 4F 4E 45 20 43 48 41 52 | TYPED, ONE CHAR| 00000C40: 41 43 54 45 52 20 50 45 52 20 20 42 59 54 45 2E |ACTER PER BYTE.| 00000C50: 20 20 D4 48 55 53 20 20 59 4F 55 20 20 43 41 4E | .HUS YOU CAN| 00000C60: 20 20 53 41 56 45 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | SAVE." | 00000C70: 20 41 44 44 49 54 49 4F 4E 41 4C 20 53 50 41 43 | ADDITIONAL SPAC| 00000C80: 45 20 20 42 59 20 20 55 53 49 4E 47 20 20 53 4D |E BY USING SM| 00000C90: 41 4C 4C 20 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 |ALL LINE NUMBE| 00000CA0: 52 53 20 20 41 4E 44 20 20 53 48 4F 52 54 0D 0D |RS AND SHORT..| 00000CB0: 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 |.........." | 00000CC0: 20 20 20 20 D3 C1 D6 C9 CE C7 20 D3 D0 C1 C3 C5 | ...... .....| 00000CD0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 C2 59 3A 20 D2 4F 42 | .Y: .OB| 00000CE0: 45 52 54 20 D7 2E 20 C2 41 4B 45 52 20 20 20 20 |ERT .. .AKER | 00000CF0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 D0 41 47 45 20 | .AGE | 00000D00: 32 0D 0D 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 56 41 |2..." VA| 00000D10: 52 49 41 42 4C 45 20 4E 41 4D 45 53 20 54 48 52 |RIABLE NAMES THR| 00000D20: 4F 55 47 48 4F 55 54 20 59 4F 55 52 20 50 52 4F |OUGHOUT YOUR PRO| 00000D30: 47 52 41 4D 2E 20 C2 59 20 55 53 49 4E 47 20 4C |GRAM. .Y USING L| 00000D40: 49 4E 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 0D 22 20 20 20 |INE NUMBERS." | 00000D50: 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 2C 20 32 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 | 1, 2, AND | 00000D60: 33 20 49 4E 53 54 45 41 44 20 4F 46 20 31 30 30 |3 INSTEAD OF 100| 00000D70: 30 2C 20 32 30 30 30 2C 20 20 41 4E 44 20 20 33 |0, 2000, AND 3| 00000D80: 30 30 30 20 20 59 4F 55 27 44 20 20 53 41 56 45 |000 YOU'D SAVE| 00000D90: 20 20 33 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 59 | 3." BY| 00000DA0: 54 45 53 20 4F 4E 20 45 56 45 52 59 20 C7 CF D4 |TES ON EVERY ...| 00000DB0: CF 20 4F 52 20 C7 CF D3 D5 C2 20 49 4E 56 4F 4C |. OR ..... INVOL| 00000DC0: 56 49 4E 47 20 54 48 45 53 45 20 4C 49 4E 45 53 |VING THESE LINES| 00000DD0: 2E 0D 22 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 C4 4F |.."." .O| 00000DE0: 4E 27 54 20 46 4F 52 47 45 54 20 20 54 4F 20 20 |N'T FORGET TO | 00000DF0: 55 53 45 20 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 20 20 |USE VARIABLES | 00000E00: 54 4F 20 20 54 48 45 49 52 20 20 46 55 4C 4C 45 |TO THEIR FULLE| 00000E10: 53 54 2E 20 20 C5 51 55 41 54 45 0D 22 20 20 20 |ST. .QUATE." | 00000E20: 20 20 20 20 20 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 20 | VARIABLES | 00000E30: 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 56 41 4C 55 45 20 4F 46 20 |TO THE VALUE OF | 00000E40: 43 4F 4D 4D 4F 4E 4C 59 20 55 53 45 44 20 43 4F |COMMONLY USED CO| 00000E50: 4E 53 54 41 4E 54 20 56 41 4C 55 45 53 2E 20 D4 |NSTANT VALUES. .| 00000E60: 48 49 53 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 45 53 |HIS." ES| 00000E70: 50 45 43 49 41 4C 4C 59 20 41 50 50 4C 49 45 53 |PECIALLY APPLIES| 00000E80: 20 54 4F 20 20 53 54 52 49 4E 47 53 2C 20 20 53 | TO STRINGS, S| 00000E90: 49 4E 43 45 20 20 54 48 45 20 20 53 54 52 49 4E |INCE THE STRIN| 00000EA0: 47 20 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 0D 22 20 20 20 |G VARIABLE." | 00000EB0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 45 52 20 57 49 | POINTER WI| 00000EC0: 4C 4C 20 41 43 54 55 41 4C 4C 59 20 50 4F 49 4E |LL ACTUALLY POIN| 00000ED0: 54 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 54 45 58 54 20 49 4E |T TO THE TEXT IN| 00000EE0: 20 54 48 45 20 C2 41 53 49 43 20 20 50 52 4F 47 | THE .ASIC PROG| 00000EF0: 52 41 4D 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4C 49 |RAM." 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LOO| 00001E20: 50 53 20 57 49 54 48 20 43 4F 4D 4D 4F 4E 20 20 |PS WITH COMMON | 00001E30: 45 58 49 54 20 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 53 0D 22 20 20 |EXIT POINTS." | 00001E40: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 48 45 4E 20 43 4F 4D 42 | THEN COMB| 00001E50: 49 4E 45 20 54 48 45 20 CE 45 58 54 20 53 54 41 |INE THE .EXT STA| 00001E60: 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 53 3A 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 |TEMENTS:." | 00001E70: 20 20 20 31 30 30 20 C6 CF D2 20 D8 3D 31 20 D4 | 100 ... .=1 .| 00001E80: CF 20 31 30 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 |. 10." 1| 00001E90: 31 30 20 C6 CF D2 20 D9 3D 31 30 20 D4 CF 20 31 |10 ... .=10 .. 1| 00001EA0: 30 30 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 32 30 |00." 120| 00001EB0: 20 C6 CF D2 20 DA 3D 32 20 D4 CF 20 34 0D 22 20 | ... .=2 .. 4." | 00001EC0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2E 0D 22 20 20 20 20 | .." | 00001ED0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 2E 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .." | 00001EE0: 20 20 20 2E 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 | .." 2| 00001EF0: 30 30 20 CE C5 D8 D4 20 DA 2C D9 2C D8 0D 22 20 |00 .... .,.,.." | 00001F00: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 CA 55 53 54 20 42 45 20 | .UST BE | 00001F10: 53 55 52 45 20 59 4F 55 20 47 45 54 20 54 48 45 |SURE YOU GET THE| 00001F20: 20 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 20 20 4C 49 53 | VARIABLES LIS| 00001F30: 54 45 44 20 20 49 4E 20 20 54 48 45 20 20 43 4F |TED IN THE CO| 00001F40: 52 52 45 43 54 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |RRECT." | 00001F50: 4F 52 44 45 52 2E 20 C4 4F 4E 27 54 20 46 4F 52 |ORDER. .ON'T FOR| 00001F60: 47 45 54 20 54 48 45 20 49 4E 4E 45 52 4D 4F 53 |GET THE INNERMOS| 00001F70: 54 20 4C 4F 4F 50 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 54 45 52 4D |T LOOP WILL TERM| 00001F80: 49 4E 41 54 45 20 46 49 52 53 54 2E 0D 22 0D 22 |INATE FIRST.."."| 00001F90: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 C1 56 4F 49 44 20 55 | .VOID U| 00001FA0: 53 49 4E 47 20 50 41 52 45 4E 54 48 45 53 45 53 |SING PARENTHESES| 00001FB0: 20 49 4E 20 45 58 50 52 45 53 53 49 4F 4E 53 20 | IN EXPRESSIONS | 00001FC0: 49 46 20 4E 4F 54 20 20 52 45 41 4C 4C 59 20 20 |IF NOT REALLY | 00001FD0: 4E 45 45 44 45 44 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |NEEDED." | 00001FE0: 20 46 4F 52 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 50 45 52 20 | FOR THE PROPER | 00001FF0: 49 4E 54 45 52 50 52 45 54 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F |INTERPRETATION O| 00002000: 46 20 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 2E |F THE STATEMENT.| 00002010: 20 D2 45 4D 45 4D 42 45 52 20 20 54 48 45 0D 22 | .EMEMBER THE."| 00002020: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 48 49 45 52 41 52 43 | HIERARC| 00002030: 48 59 20 4F 46 20 4F 50 45 52 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 |HY OF OPERATIONS| 00002040: 20 53 48 4F 57 4E 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 4D 41 | SHOWN IN THE MA| 00002050: 4E 55 41 4C 53 2E 0D 22 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 |NUALS.."." | 00002060: 20 20 20 C9 20 48 4F 50 45 20 54 48 49 53 20 49 | . HOPE THIS I| 00002070: 4E 46 4F 52 4D 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 50 52 4F 56 45 |NFORMATION PROVE| 00002080: 53 20 48 45 4C 50 46 55 4C 20 49 4E 20 4D 41 4B |S HELPFUL IN MAK| 00002090: 49 4E 47 20 59 4F 55 52 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D |ING YOUR PROGRAM| 000020A0: 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 46 49 54 20 20 |." FIT | 000020B0: 49 4E 20 20 54 48 45 20 20 41 56 41 49 4C 41 42 |IN THE AVAILAB| 000020C0: 4C 45 20 20 53 50 41 43 45 2E 20 20 C7 45 4E 45 |LE SPACE. .ENE| 000020D0: 52 41 4C 4C 59 2C 20 20 4D 4F 53 54 20 20 4F 46 |RALLY, MOST OF| 000020E0: 20 20 20 54 48 45 53 45 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 | THESE." | 000020F0: 20 20 20 53 50 41 43 45 2D 53 41 56 49 4E 47 20 | SPACE-SAVING | 00002100: 54 45 43 48 4E 49 51 55 45 53 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 |TECHNIQUES WILL | 00002110: 41 4C 53 4F 20 20 53 41 56 45 20 20 45 58 45 43 |ALSO SAVE EXEC| 00002120: 54 55 49 4F 4E 20 20 54 49 4D 45 2C 20 20 53 4F |TUION TIME, SO| 00002130: 0D 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 59 4F 55 27 52 |." YOU'R| 00002140: 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 53 20 4D 41 59 20 45 |E PROGRAMS MAY E| 00002150: 56 45 4E 20 52 55 4E 20 46 41 53 54 45 52 20 41 |VEN RUN FASTER A| 00002160: 53 20 57 45 4C 4C 2E 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D |S WELL..........| 00002170: 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D |........... |
" SAVING SPACE BY: ROBER
T W. BAKER PAGE 1..."
SAVING SPAC
E.." IF YOU'RE USING A COMMODOR
E-64 SYSTEM, THE AVAILABLE RAM."
SPACE FOR WRITING BASIC PROGRAM
S IS ADEQUATE FOR MOST." PRO
GRAMS YOU MIGHT TRY TO WRITE ON YOUR
OWN. HOWEVER, AN." UNEXPANDED
VIC-20 WITH ONLY 3.5K OF AVAILABLE RAM C
AN PUT A." SERIOUS LIMIT ON WH
AT YOU CAN DO. FORTUNATELY THERE A
RE." CERTAIN TECHNIQUES YOU CAN
USE WHEN WRITING YOUR PROGRAMS."
THAT MIGHT JUST LET YOU SQUEAK BY W
ITHOUT ADDING ADDITIONAL." MEM
ORY. EVENTUALY YOU'LL PROBABLY WANT TO
ADD EXTRA MEMORY." BUT EVEN TH
EN THESE SAME TECHNIQUES WILL LET YOU
'DO MORE." WITH LESS'.."."
THE MOST OBVIOUS SPACE SAVING TECHN
IQUE IS TO AVOID USING." REM
ARKS WITHIN YOUR PROGRAM. THIS SAVES A G
REAT DEAL OF SPACE." BUT MAKES Y
OUR PROGRAM MUCH HARDER TO DOCUMENT. IF
YOU EVER." WANT TO MAKE CHANGE
S OR ENHANCEMENTS LATER, IT MAY TAKE QUI
TE." A WHILE TO REMEMBER WHAT EA
CH VARIABLE IS USED FOR AND HOW."
THE PROGRAM WORKS. JUST TO BE SAFE
YOU MIGHT WANT TO JOT DOWN." NOT
ES ABOUT THE PROGRAM WHILE YOU'RE WRITIN
G IT AND SAVE THEM." SOMEWHERE S
AFE.."." THE NEXT BEST SPACE SA
VING TECHNIQUE IS TO USE MULTIPLE."
STATEMENTS PER LINE WITH A
SEPARATING COLON. THERE'S A."
FIVE-BYTE OVERHEAD ASSOCIATED WITH EVER
Y BASIC PROGRAM LINE." REGARDL
ESS OF ITS LENGTH. THE FIVE BYTES CONSIS
T OF TWO-BYTES." FOR THE LINE NU
MBER ENCODED IN BINARY, TWO-BYTES FOR A
LINK." ADDRESS THAT POINTS TO
THE NEXT SEQUENTIAL BASIC LINE, AND A."
SINGLE BYTE USED AS THE END-OF-
LINE INDICATOR. WHENEVER YOU."
COMBINE TWO PROGRAM LINES ON A SINGLE
LINE YOU SAVE FOUR." BYTES.
YOU SAVE THE FIVE BYTE OVERHEAD BUT LOSE
ANOTHER BYTE." FOR THE REQUIRE
D SEPARATING COLON.."." JUST BE
CAREFUL, IT'S NOT ALWAYS LEGAL OR CORREC
T TO COMBINE." PROGRAM LINES. Y
OU MIGHT CHANGE THE PROGRAM FLOW OR CREA
TE A." PART OF A PROGRAM LINE T
HAT MIGHT NEVER GET EXECUTED. BE."
ESPECIALLY CAREFUL AROUND IF...T
HEN... AND GOTO STATEMENTS.."
MAKE SURE THE NEW PROGRAM LINE STILL DOE
S WHAT WAS INTENDED.."." ANOTHER
WAY TO CUT DOWN ON MEMORY USEAGE IS T
O DELETE ALL." UNNECESSARY SPA
CES FROM WITHIN YOUR PROGRAM. COMMODORE
BASIC." DOES NOT NEED ANY
SEPARATING SPACES WITHIN PROGRAM."
STATEMENTS. KEY WORDS IN BASIC
ARE STORED AS CODED SINGLE."
BYTE TOKENS WHEN A PROGRAM LINE IS TYPE
D IN. WHEN THE PROGRAM." IS INTE
RPRETED AND EXECUTED THE TOKENS ARE EASI
LY IDENTIFIED." BY THEIR UNIQUE
CODES. SEPARATING SPACES ARE SIMPLY I
GNORED." AND JUST WASTE SPACE AN
D THE TIME IT TAKES TO PROCESS THEM.."."
AS I JUST MENTIONED, BASIC KEY
WORDS ARE STORED AS SINGLE."
BYTE TOKENS. ALL OTHER TEXT IN A PROGRA
M LINE IS STORED JUST." AS IT'S
TYPED, ONE CHARACTER PER BYTE. THUS
YOU CAN SAVE." ADDITIONAL SPAC
E BY USING SMALL LINE NUMBERS AND
SHORT............" SAVING SPACE
BY: ROBERT W. BAKER
PAGE 2..." VARIABLE NAMES THR
OUGHOUT YOUR PROGRAM. BY USING LINE NUMB
ERS." 1, 2, AND 3 INSTEAD OF 100
0, 2000, AND 3000 YOU'D SAVE 3."
BYTES ON EVERY GOTO OR GOSUB INVOL
VING THESE LINES.."." DON'T FORG
ET TO USE VARIABLES TO THEIR FULLE
ST. EQUATE." VARIABLES TO THE V
ALUE OF COMMONLY USED CONSTANT VALUES. T
HIS." ESPECIALLY APPLIES TO STR
INGS, SINCE THE STRING VARIABLE."
POINTER WILL ACTUALLY POINT TO THE
TEXT IN THE BASIC PROGRAM." LI
NE WHERE IT'S DEFINED, INSTEAD OF USING
VARIABLE SPACE AT." THE TOP OF
MEMORY. ALSO, TRY TO REUSE VARIABLE
S WHEREVER." POSSIBLE, RATHER T
HAN DEFINING NEW VARIABLES EVERY TIME
YOU." NEED TO DO SOME CALCULATIO
N. REMEMER THE LESS VARIABLE SPACE."
YOU USE THE MORE PROGRAM SPACE YOU
'LL HAVE.."." AVOID USING ARRAYS
WHEN SIMPLE VARIABLES WILL WORK JUST
AS." WELL, AN ARRAY HAS MORE
OVERHEAD ASSOCIATED WITH KEEPING."
TRACK OF POSSIBLY MUCH MORE DATA.
IF YOU HAVE TO USE AN." AR
RAY, BE SURE TO DECLARE IT'S SIZE AND DO
N'T FORGET TO USE." THE ZERO E
LEMENT.."." WATCH THE USE OF INT
EGER VARIABLES. SIMPLE INTEGER VARIABLE
S." STILL TAKE SEVEN BYTES PE
R VARIABLE, BUT INTEGER ARRAY."
ELEMENTS SAVE MEMORY BY USING TWO BY
TES PER ARRAY ELEMENT. IF." YOU
USE SIMPLE INTEGER VARIABLES LIKE K%,
YOU'LL ACTUALLY." WASTER SPACE
BY USING PERCENT SIGNS EACH TIME YOU
REFERENCE." THE VARIABLE. HOWE
VER, IF THIS FORCES USING INT(...
)." FUNCTIONS, YOU MAY BE BETTER
OFF USING THE SIMPLE INTEGER."
VARIABLES IN CERTAIN INSTANCES.."."
DON'T FORGET THAT BASIC SETS
A DEFAULT VALUE FOR EACH."
VARIABLE THE FIRST TIME ENCOUNTERED IN E
XECUTING A PROGRAM,." STRINGS
ARE SET TO A NULL STRING AND NUMERIC V
ARIABLES ARE." SET TO ZERO. THE
RE'S NO NEED TO INITIALIZE VARIABLES TO
THESE." VALUES SINCE BASIC DOES
IT FOR YOU.."." CONSTANT DATA US
ED BY A PROGRAM CAN BE READ INTO AN
ARRAY." FROM AN EXTERNAL DATA FI
LE ON TAPE OR DISK, RATHER THAN FROM."
DATA STATEMENTS WITHIN THE PROGR
AM. ALTERNATELY, THE DATA CAN."
BE USED DIRECTLY FROM THE DATA STATE
MENTS WITHOUT BEING." PLACED I
NTO AN ARRAY. BY USING THE RESTORE COMMA
ND, THE DATA." CAN BE REUSED AN
Y NUMBER OF TIMES.."." YOU CAN A
LSO SAVE SPACE BY OMITTING QUOTATION M
ARKS AROUND." STRING ELEMENT VA
LUES IN DATA STATEMENTS. QUOTES ARE
ONLY." REQUIRED IF THERE ARE S
PACES OR SPECIAL CHARACTERS LIKE."
GRAPHICS, CURSOR CONTROLS, COMMAS
, COLONS, ETC. WITHIN THE." D
ATA.."." WHILE ON THE SUBJECT OF
QUOTATION MARKS, YOU CAN ALSO OMIT."
CLOSING QUOTATION MARKS IN ANY
PRINT STATEMENT NOT FOLLOWED."
BY OTHER ITEMS TO BE PRINTED IN THE SAM
E STATEMENT, OR NOT." FOLLOWE
D BY A COLON AND ANOTHER BASIC STATEMENT
. BASIC WILL............" SAVI
NG SPACE BY: ROBERT W. BAKER
PAGE 3..." AUTOMATICA
LLY ADD THE CLOSING QUOTE AND PRINT THE
LINE.."." SKIP PUNCTUATION WIT
HIN MULTIPLE-ITEM PRINT STATEMENTS.
" WHENEVER POSSIBLE. IF YOU'RE P
RINTING VARIABLES X, Y, AND Z."
SEPARATED BY SOME TEXT." 100 P
RINT 'LENGTH=';X;' WIDTH=';Y;' AREA=';Z.
" YOU COULD SIMPLY USE:."
100 PRINT 'LENGTH='X' WIDTH='Y' AREA='
Z." THERE'S NO NEED TO USE THE S
EPARATING SEMICOLONS SINCE BASIC."
WILL AUTOMATICALLY ASSUME A SEMI
COLON SEPARATOR BETWEEN." ITEM
S.."." USE TAB AND SPC FUNCTIONS
TO AVOID USING EXTRA SPACES IN."
PRINT STATEMENTS. JUST KEEP IN
MIND THAT THESE FUNCTIONS." A
CTUALLY MOVE THE CURSOR RIGHT THE REQUIR
ED NUMBER OF SPACES.." YOU CANNO
T USE THESE FUNCTIONS TO CLEAR SOMETHIN
G FROM THE." SCREEN SINCE A SP
ACE CHARACTER IS NOT PRINTED.."."
ALWAYS USE SUBROUTINES TO PERFORM COMM
ON FUNCTIONS NEEDED AT." VARIOU
S POINTS IN THE PROGRAM. IF YOU'RE GOI
NG TO NEED A." YESS/NO ANSWER
FROM A USER AT VARIOUS POINTS IN YOUR P
ROGRAM,." THAN MAKE A SUBROUTINE
TO DO IT AND CALL THE SUBROUTINE.
" WHENEVER NEEDED.."." I
F YOU HAVE NESTED FOR...NEXT LOOPS WITH
COMMON EXIT POINTS." THEN COMB
INE THE NEXT STATEMENTS:." 100 F
OR X=1 TO 10." 110 FOR Y=10 TO 1
00." 120 FOR Z=2 TO 4."
.." .." .." 2
00 NEXT Z,Y,X." JUST BE SURE YOU
GET THE VARIABLES LISTED IN THE CO
RRECT." ORDER. DON'T FORGET THE
INNERMOST LOOP WILL TERMINATE FIRST.."."
AVOID USING PARENTHESES IN EXPR
ESSIONS IF NOT REALLY NEEDED."
FOR THE PROPER INTERPRETATION OF THE ST
ATEMENT. REMEMBER THE." HIERARC
HY OF OPERATIONS SHOWN IN THE MANUALS.."
." I HOPE THIS INFORMATION PROVE
S HELPFUL IN MAKING YOUR PROGRAM."
FIT IN THE AVAILABLE SPACE. GENE
RALLY, MOST OF THESE." SPACE
-SAVING TECHNIQUES WILL ALSO SAVE EXEC
TUION TIME, SO." YOU'RE PROGRA
MS MAY EVEN RUN FASTER AS WELL..........
...........
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