TUTORIAL
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): TUTORIAL
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 17.5K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-10-19 22:49:26
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
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FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOLD DISK 3 | TUTORIAL | PRG | Radd Maxx | 5 | 2 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
> DETECTED: COMMODORE BASIC PROGRAM (LOAD ADDRESS $0801)
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00003A30: D4 20 22 51 24 22 C4 4F 20 59 4F 55 20 4F 57 4E |. "Q$".O YOU OWN|
00003A40: 20 41 20 C3 4F 4D 4D 4F 44 4F 52 45 22 51 24 3B | A .OMMODORE"Q$;|
00003A50: 00 7C 42 6D 01 99 22 3A 20 C7 CF D3 D5 C2 20 31 |.|Bm..": ..... 1|
00003A60: 30 30 22 3A 99 3A 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 2E 2E |00":.:." ..|
00003A70: 2E 20 45 54 43 20 2E 2E 2E 22 3A 99 00 AB 42 6E |. ETC ...":...Bn|
00003A80: 01 99 22 20 31 30 30 20 C9 CE D0 D5 D4 20 22 51 |.." 100 ..... "Q|
00003A90: 24 22 C1 4E 53 57 45 52 2E 2E 2E 28 59 45 53 2F |$".NSWER...(YES/|
00003AA0: 4E 4F 29 22 51 24 22 3B C1 24 22 00 EC 42 6F 01 |NO)"Q$";.$"..Bo.|
00003AB0: 99 22 20 31 31 30 20 C9 C6 20 C1 24 3C 3E 22 51 |." 110 .. .$<>"Q|
00003AC0: 24 22 59 45 53 22 51 24 22 20 C1 CE C4 20 C1 24 |$"YES"Q$" ... .$|
00003AD0: 3C 3E 22 51 24 22 4E 4F 22 51 24 22 20 D4 C8 C5 |<>"Q$"NO"Q$" ...|
00003AE0: CE 20 D0 D2 C9 CE D4 20 22 51 24 3B 00 2B 43 70 |. ..... "Q$;.+Cp|
00003AF0: 01 99 22 59 45 53 20 4F 52 20 4E 4F 20 4F 4E 4C |.."YES OR NO ONL|
00003B00: 59 20 50 4C 45 41 53 45 22 51 24 22 3A C7 CF D4 |Y PLEASE"Q$":...|
00003B10: CF 20 31 30 30 22 3A 99 22 20 31 32 30 20 D2 C5 |. 100":." 120 ..|
00003B20: D4 D5 D2 CE 22 3A 89 20 34 31 37 00 5A 43 71 01 |....":. 417.ZCq.|
00003B30: 99 3A 99 22 D4 48 45 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 |.:.".HE SUBROUTI|
00003B40: 4E 45 20 49 4E 54 52 4F 44 55 43 45 53 20 54 48 |NE INTRODUCES TH|
00003B50: 45 20 49 44 45 41 20 4F 46 22 00 86 43 72 01 99 |E IDEA OF"..Cr..|
00003B60: 22 4D 4F 44 55 4C 41 52 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D |"MODULAR PROGRAM|
00003B70: 4D 49 4E 47 3B 20 54 48 41 54 20 49 53 2C 20 48 |MING; THAT IS, H|
00003B80: 41 56 49 4E 47 22 00 AE 43 73 01 99 22 53 4D 41 |AVING"..Cs.."SMA|
00003B90: 4C 4C 20 53 45 43 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 4F 46 20 43 |LL SECTIONS OF C|
00003BA0: 4F 44 45 20 54 48 41 54 20 45 41 43 48 22 00 DB |ODE THAT EACH"..|
00003BB0: 43 74 01 99 22 41 43 43 4F 4D 50 4C 49 53 48 20 |Ct.."ACCOMPLISH |
00003BC0: 41 20 53 4D 41 4C 4C 2C 20 53 50 45 43 49 46 49 |A SMALL, SPECIFI|
00003BD0: 43 20 54 41 53 4B 2E 20 20 C1 22 00 07 44 75 01 |C TASK. ."..Du.|
00003BE0: 99 22 53 48 4F 52 54 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 |."SHORT SUBROUTI|
00003BF0: 4E 45 20 54 4F 20 52 45 41 44 20 49 4E 20 4E 55 |NE TO READ IN NU|
00003C00: 4D 42 45 52 53 3B 22 00 33 44 76 01 99 22 4F 4E |MBERS;".3Dv.."ON|
00003C10: 45 20 54 4F 20 4D 41 4B 45 20 41 20 43 48 41 52 |E TO MAKE A CHAR|
00003C20: 41 43 54 45 52 20 53 54 52 49 4E 47 20 41 20 53 |ACTER STRING A S|
00003C30: 45 54 22 00 60 44 77 01 99 22 4C 45 4E 47 54 48 |ET".`Dw.."LENGTH|
00003C40: 2C 20 45 54 43 2E 20 20 D4 48 49 53 20 49 53 20 |, ETC. .HIS IS |
00003C50: 45 41 53 49 45 52 20 54 4F 20 44 4F 20 49 4E 22 |EASIER TO DO IN"|
00003C60: 00 8D 44 78 01 99 22 4F 54 48 45 52 20 4C 41 4E |..Dx.."OTHER LAN|
00003C70: 47 55 41 47 45 53 2C 20 42 55 54 20 59 4F 55 20 |GUAGES, BUT YOU |
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00003C90: 79 01 99 22 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 49 46 20 59 4F 55 |y.."..... IF YOU|
00003CA0: 20 54 41 4B 45 20 43 41 52 45 20 49 4E 20 50 52 | TAKE CARE IN PR|
00003CB0: 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 49 4E 47 2C 22 00 E7 44 7A 01 |OGRAMMING,"..Dz.|
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00003CF0: 44 49 46 49 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 2C 20 53 49 4D 50 |DIFICATION, SIMP|
00003D00: 4C 49 43 49 54 59 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 4D 4F 52 45 |LICITY, AND MORE|
00003D10: 22 00 3B 45 7C 01 99 22 53 54 52 41 49 47 48 54 |".;E|.."STRAIGHT|
00003D20: 46 4F 52 57 41 52 44 20 4D 41 49 4E 54 45 4E 41 |FORWARD MAINTENA|
00003D30: 4E 43 45 2C 20 41 4D 4F 4E 47 22 00 50 45 7D 01 |NCE, AMONG".PE}.|
00003D40: 99 22 4F 54 48 45 52 53 2E 22 3A 89 20 34 31 37 |."OTHERS.":. 417|
00003D50: 00 7D 45 7E 01 99 3A 99 22 C9 4E 20 54 48 45 53 |.}E~..:.".N THES|
00003D60: 45 20 54 55 54 4F 52 49 41 4C 53 20 57 45 20 48 |E TUTORIALS WE H|
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00003D80: 7F 01 99 22 47 49 56 45 20 59 4F 55 20 53 4F 4D |..."GIVE YOU SOM|
00003D90: 45 20 49 4E 53 49 47 48 54 20 49 4E 54 4F 20 48 |E INSIGHT INTO H|
00003DA0: 4F 57 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 22 00 D4 45 80 01 99 22 |OW ....."..E..."|
00003DB0: 57 4F 52 4B 53 2C 20 41 53 20 57 45 4C 4C 20 41 |WORKS, AS WELL A|
00003DC0: 53 20 44 45 4D 4F 4E 53 54 52 41 54 49 4E 47 20 |S DEMONSTRATING |
00003DD0: 54 48 45 22 00 00 46 81 01 99 22 4C 41 4E 47 55 |THE"..F..."LANGU|
00003DE0: 41 47 45 2E 20 20 CE 4F 54 20 41 4C 4C 20 4F 46 |AGE. .OT ALL OF|
00003DF0: 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 48 41 53 20 42 45 45 4E 22 | ..... HAS BEEN"|
00003E00: 00 2E 46 82 01 99 22 43 4F 56 45 52 45 44 3A 20 |..F..."COVERED: |
00003E10: 20 57 45 20 48 41 56 45 20 4F 4D 49 54 54 45 44 | WE HAVE OMITTED|
00003E20: 20 54 48 45 20 43 4F 4D 4D 41 4E 44 53 22 00 5D | THE COMMANDS".]|
00003E30: 46 83 01 99 22 54 48 41 54 20 44 45 41 4C 20 44 |F..."THAT DEAL D|
00003E40: 49 52 45 43 54 4C 59 20 57 49 54 48 20 C9 2F CF |IRECTLY WITH ./.|
00003E50: 20 54 4F 20 41 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 22 00 8C 46 | TO A DEVICE"..F|
00003E60: 84 01 99 22 53 55 43 48 20 41 53 20 41 20 44 49 |..."SUCH AS A DI|
00003E70: 53 4B 20 44 52 49 56 45 2E 20 20 C1 4C 4C 20 4F |SK DRIVE. .LL O|
00003E80: 46 20 54 48 45 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 22 00 B7 46 85 |F THE ....."..F.|
00003E90: 01 99 22 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 53 20 41 52 |.."STATEMENTS AR|
00003EA0: 45 20 43 4F 56 45 52 45 44 20 49 4E 20 4D 55 43 |E COVERED IN MUC|
00003EB0: 48 20 4D 4F 52 45 22 00 E2 46 86 01 99 22 44 45 |H MORE"..F..."DE|
00003EC0: 54 41 49 4C 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 C3 4F 4D 4D |TAIL IN THE .OMM|
00003ED0: 4F 44 4F 52 45 20 D0 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 45 52 |ODORE .ROGRAMMER|
00003EE0: 53 22 00 10 47 87 01 99 22 D2 45 46 45 52 45 4E |S"..G...".EFEREN|
00003EF0: 43 45 20 CD 41 4E 55 41 4C 2C 20 57 48 49 43 48 |CE .ANUAL, WHICH|
00003F00: 20 49 53 20 41 20 56 45 52 59 20 47 4F 4F 44 22 | IS A VERY GOOD"|
00003F10: 00 3C 47 88 01 99 22 42 4F 4F 4B 2C 20 41 4E 44 |.<G..."BOOK, AND|
00003F20: 20 53 48 4F 55 4C 44 20 42 45 20 45 41 53 59 20 | SHOULD BE EASY |
00003F30: 54 4F 20 52 45 41 44 20 4E 4F 57 22 00 6A 47 89 |TO READ NOW".jG.|
00003F40: 01 99 22 54 48 41 54 20 59 4F 55 27 56 45 20 43 |.."THAT YOU'VE C|
00003F50: 4F 4D 50 4C 45 54 45 44 20 54 48 45 53 45 20 54 |OMPLETED THESE T|
00003F60: 55 54 4F 52 49 41 4C 53 2E 22 00 97 47 8A 01 99 |UTORIALS."..G...|
00003F70: 3A 99 22 C7 4F 4F 44 20 CC 55 43 4B 20 41 4E 44 |:.".OOD .UCK AND|
00003F80: 20 CB 45 45 50 20 C3 4F 4D 50 55 54 49 4E 47 2E | .EEP .OMPUTING.|
00003F90: 22 3A 89 20 34 31 37 00 C4 47 8B 01 99 3A 99 22 |":. 417..G...:."|
00003FA0: C1 4E 44 20 48 45 52 45 27 53 20 54 48 49 53 20 |.ND HERE'S THIS |
00003FB0: 4D 4F 4E 54 48 27 53 20 4C 49 54 54 4C 45 20 51 |MONTH'S LITTLE Q|
00003FC0: 55 49 5A 22 00 F0 47 8C 01 99 22 4F 4E 20 54 48 |UIZ"..G..."ON TH|
00003FD0: 45 20 4D 41 54 45 52 49 41 4C 20 4F 46 20 54 48 |E MATERIAL OF TH|
00003FE0: 45 20 54 55 54 4F 52 49 41 4C 2E 22 3A 99 3A 99 |E TUTORIAL.":.:.|
00003FF0: 00 1B 48 8D 01 99 22 D7 48 41 54 20 49 53 20 D0 |..H...".HAT IS .|
00004000: D2 C9 CE D4 45 44 20 42 59 20 54 48 45 20 46 4F |....ED BY THE FO|
00004010: 4C 4C 4F 57 49 4E 47 3A 22 3A 99 00 41 48 8E 01 |LLOWING:":..AH..|
00004020: 99 22 20 31 30 20 C1 24 20 3D 20 22 51 24 22 DA |." 10 .$ = "Q$".|
00004030: C1 D0 C8 CF C4 A0 C2 C5 C5 C2 CC C5 C2 D2 CF D8 |................|
00004040: 22 00 78 48 8F 01 99 22 20 32 30 20 D0 D2 C9 CE |".xH..." 20 ....|
00004050: D4 20 D2 C9 C7 C8 D4 24 28 C1 24 2C 31 30 29 20 |. .....$(.$,10) |
00004060: 22 51 24 22 20 22 51 24 22 20 CC C5 C6 D4 24 28 |"Q$" "Q$" ....$(|
00004070: C1 24 2C 36 29 22 3A 99 00 BD 48 90 01 41 31 24 |.$,6)":...H..A1$|
00004080: B2 22 C2 C5 C5 C2 CC C5 C2 D2 CF D8 20 DA C1 D0 |.".......... ...|
00004090: C8 CF C4 22 3A 41 32 24 B2 22 42 45 45 42 4C 45 |...":A2$."BEEBLE|
000040A0: 42 52 4F 58 20 5A 41 50 48 4F 44 22 3A 99 22 C1 |BROX ZAPHOD":.".|
000040B0: 4E 53 57 45 52 22 3B 3A 8D 20 34 32 38 00 DA 48 |NSWER";:. 428..H|
000040C0: 91 01 99 3A 99 22 20 31 30 20 D8 20 3D 20 35 2F |...:." 10 . = 5/|
000040D0: 33 3A 20 D8 25 20 3D 20 D8 22 00 05 49 92 01 99 |3: .% = ."..I...|
000040E0: 22 20 32 30 20 C9 C6 20 D8 25 20 3E 20 31 20 D4 |" 20 .. .% > 1 .|
000040F0: C8 C5 CE 20 D0 D2 C9 CE D4 20 22 51 24 22 31 2E |... ..... "Q$"1.|
00004100: 36 36 22 51 24 00 30 49 93 01 99 22 20 33 30 20 |66"Q$.0I..." 30 |
00004110: C9 C6 20 D8 25 20 3C 3D 20 31 20 D4 C8 C5 CE 20 |.. .% <= 1 .... |
00004120: D0 D2 C9 CE D4 20 22 51 24 22 31 22 51 24 3A 99 |..... "Q$"1"Q$:.|
00004130: 00 5B 49 94 01 41 31 24 B2 22 31 22 3A 41 32 24 |.[I..A1$."1":A2$|
00004140: B2 41 31 24 3A 99 22 C1 4E 53 57 45 52 22 3B 3A |.A1$:.".NSWER";:|
00004150: 8D 20 34 32 38 3A 89 20 34 31 37 00 86 49 95 01 |. 428:. 417..I..|
00004160: 99 22 C8 4F 57 20 4D 41 4E 59 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 |.".OW MANY MEMOR|
00004170: 59 20 4C 4F 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 28 57 4F 52 |Y LOCATIONS (WOR|
00004180: 44 53 20 4F 46 22 00 A4 49 96 01 99 22 4D 45 4D |DS OF"..I..."MEM|
00004190: 4F 52 59 29 20 41 52 45 20 55 53 45 44 20 42 59 |ORY) ARE USED BY|
000041A0: 3A 22 3A 99 00 D9 49 97 01 99 22 20 C4 C9 CD 20 |:":...I..." ... |
000041B0: D8 28 33 29 22 3A 99 3A 41 31 24 B2 22 32 30 22 |.(3)":.:A1$."20"|
000041C0: 3A 41 32 24 B2 41 31 24 3A 99 22 C1 4E 53 57 45 |:A2$.A1$:.".NSWE|
000041D0: 52 22 3B 3A 8D 20 34 32 38 00 13 4A 98 01 99 3A |R";:. 428..J...:|
000041E0: 99 22 20 C4 C9 CD 20 C1 25 28 32 2C 32 29 22 3A |." ... .%(2,2)":|
000041F0: 99 3A 41 31 24 B2 22 31 38 22 3A 41 32 24 B2 41 |.:A1$."18":A2$.A|
00004200: 31 24 3A 99 22 C1 4E 53 57 45 52 22 3B 3A 8D 20 |1$:.".NSWER";:. |
00004210: 34 32 38 00 1D 4A 99 01 89 20 34 31 37 00 4D 4A |428..J... 417.MJ|
00004220: 9A 01 99 3A 99 22 C4 4F 45 53 20 54 48 45 20 C7 |...:.".OES THE .|
00004230: CF D4 CF 20 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 20 52 45 |... STATEMENT RE|
00004240: 4D 45 4D 42 45 52 20 57 48 45 52 45 22 00 7B 4A |MEMBER WHERE".{J|
00004250: 9B 01 99 22 49 54 20 43 41 4D 45 20 46 52 4F 4D |..."IT CAME FROM|
00004260: 22 3B 3A 41 31 24 B2 22 CE CF 22 3A 41 32 24 B2 |";:A1$."..":A2$.|
00004270: 22 4E 4F 22 3A 8D 34 32 38 3A 99 00 A3 4A 9C 01 |"NO":.428:...J..|
00004280: 99 22 D7 48 41 54 20 44 4F 45 53 20 54 48 45 20 |.".HAT DOES THE |
00004290: 46 4F 4C 4C 4F 57 49 4E 47 20 50 52 49 4E 54 3A |FOLLOWING PRINT:|
000042A0: 22 3A 99 00 D1 4A 9D 01 99 22 20 31 30 20 D0 CF |":...J..." 10 ..|
000042B0: CB C5 20 31 36 34 32 33 2C 37 3A 20 D0 D2 C9 CE |.. 16423,7: ....|
000042C0: D4 20 D0 C5 C5 CB 20 28 31 36 34 32 33 29 22 3A |. .... (16423)":|
000042D0: 99 00 FB 4A 9E 01 41 31 24 B2 22 37 22 3A 41 32 |...J..A1$."7":A2|
000042E0: 24 B2 41 31 24 3A 99 22 C1 4E 53 57 45 52 22 3B |$.A1$:.".NSWER";|
000042F0: 3A 8D 34 32 38 3A 89 20 34 31 37 00 2F 4B 9F 01 |:.428:. 417./K..|
00004300: 99 22 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 20 20 20 20 20 20 |."........ |
00004310: 20 20 20 54 48 41 54 27 53 20 41 4C 4C 2C 20 46 | THAT'S ALL, F|
00004320: 4F 4C 4B 53 20 2E 2E 2E 22 3A 89 20 34 31 37 00 |OLKS ...":. 417.|
00004330: 42 4B A0 01 99 20 22 93 22 3A 20 9E 20 34 39 31 |BK... ".": . 491|
00004340: 35 32 00 84 4B A1 01 53 50 B2 53 50 AA 31 3A 99 |52..K..SP.SP.1:.|
00004350: 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 |"...............|
00004360: 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 D4 59 50 45 20 41 |...........YPE A|
00004370: 4E 59 20 4B 45 59 20 54 4F 20 43 4F 4E 54 49 4E |NY KEY TO CONTIN|
00004380: 55 45 22 3B 00 9B 4B A2 01 A1 4B 45 59 24 3A 8B |UE";..K...KEY$:.|
00004390: 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 22 A7 34 31 38 00 AD 4B A3 01 |KEY$."".418..K..|
000043A0: 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 5F 22 A7 34 31 36 00 C6 4B |.KEY$."_".416..K|
000043B0: A4 01 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 5E 22 AF 53 50 B3 B2 |...KEY$."^".SP..|
000043C0: 32 A7 53 50 B2 31 00 E1 4B A5 01 8B 4B 45 59 24 |2.SP.1..K...KEY$|
000043D0: B2 22 5E 22 AF 53 50 B1 32 A7 53 50 B2 53 50 AB |."^".SP.2.SP.SP.|
000043E0: 32 00 FA 4B A6 01 99 22 93 22 3B 3A 97 35 33 32 |2..K...".";:.532|
000043F0: 38 30 2C BB 28 31 29 AC 31 35 00 35 4C A7 01 91 |80,.(1).15.5L...|
00004400: 20 53 50 20 89 20 36 2C 32 31 2C 33 39 2C 34 39 | SP . 6,21,39,49|
00004410: 2C 36 36 2C 38 31 2C 39 35 2C 31 30 39 2C 31 33 |,66,81,95,109,13|
00004420: 30 2C 31 34 33 2C 31 35 36 2C 31 37 30 2C 31 38 |0,143,156,170,18|
00004430: 36 2C 32 30 35 00 72 4C A8 01 91 28 53 50 AB 31 |6,205.rL...(SP.1|
00004440: 34 29 89 32 32 32 2C 32 34 30 2C 32 35 38 2C 32 |4).222,240,258,2|
00004450: 36 35 2C 32 38 31 2C 32 39 32 2C 33 30 33 2C 33 |65,281,292,303,3|
00004460: 31 38 2C 33 32 39 2C 33 34 34 2C 33 36 32 2C 33 |18,329,344,362,3|
00004470: 36 39 00 93 4C A9 01 91 28 53 50 AB 32 36 29 89 |69..L...(SP.26).|
00004480: 33 38 32 2C 33 39 35 2C 34 30 35 2C 34 31 30 2C |382,395,405,410,|
00004490: 34 31 35 00 9D 4C AA 01 89 20 34 31 36 00 BC 4C |415..L... 416..L|
000044A0: AB 01 99 22 45 52 52 4F 52 2A 2A 2A 45 52 52 4F |..."ERROR***ERRO|
000044B0: 52 2A 2A 2A 45 52 52 4F 52 22 3A 90 00 D5 4C AC |R***ERROR":...L.|
000044C0: 01 4E 55 B2 30 3A 41 4E 53 57 24 B2 22 22 3A 97 |.NU.0:ANSW$."":.|
000044D0: 31 39 38 2C 30 00 13 4D AD 01 85 20 41 4E 53 57 |198,0..M... ANSW|
000044E0: 24 3A 8B 20 41 4E 53 57 24 B2 41 31 24 20 B0 20 |$:. ANSW$.A1$ . |
000044F0: 41 4E 53 57 24 B2 41 32 24 A7 20 99 22 20 20 20 |ANSW$.A2$. ." |
00004500: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 12 C3 4F 52 52 45 43 54 | ..ORRECT|
00004510: 22 3A 8E 00 26 4D AE 01 8B 41 4E 53 57 24 B2 22 |":..&M...ANSW$."|
00004520: 5F 22 A7 34 31 36 00 63 4D AF 01 99 22 CE 4F 2E |_".416.cM...".O.|
00004530: 2E D4 48 41 54 27 53 20 4E 4F 54 20 49 54 22 3B |..HAT'S NOT IT";|
00004540: 3A 4E 55 B2 4E 55 AA 31 3A 8B 4E 55 B3 34 A7 99 |:NU.NU.1:.NU.4..|
00004550: 22 2E 2E D4 52 59 20 41 47 41 49 4E 22 3B 3A 89 |"...RY AGAIN";:.|
00004560: 34 32 39 00 8B 4D B0 01 99 3A 99 22 D4 48 45 20 |429..M...:.".HE |
00004570: 43 4F 52 52 45 43 54 20 41 4E 53 57 45 52 20 49 |CORRECT ANSWER I|
00004580: 53 2E 2E 2E 22 3B 41 31 24 3A 8E 00 B7 4D B1 01 |S...";A1$:...M..|
00004590: 99 22 D4 59 50 45 20 41 4E 59 20 4B 45 59 20 54 |.".YPE ANY KEY T|
000045A0: 4F 20 45 58 45 43 55 54 45 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 |O EXECUTE THE PR|
000045B0: 4F 47 52 41 4D 22 3B 00 CE 4D B2 01 A1 4B 45 59 |OGRAM";..M...KEY|
000045C0: 24 3A 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 22 A7 34 33 34 00 E0 |$:.KEY$."".434..|
000045D0: 4D B3 01 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 5F 22 A7 34 31 36 |M...KEY$."_".416|
000045E0: 00 E8 4D B4 01 99 3A 8E 00 00 00 |..M...:.... |
....... (C) GOLD DISK INC.......>....532
81,0:.".....":Q$.G(34).W.... BASIC TUTOR
IAL # 3.Y.... BY D.KEENAN AND F.WHITESID
E.....SP.1:.".":." .BASIC. .TU
TORIAL.".X....:.:." BY D.KEENAN AND
F.WHITESIDE":.:......." WELCOME TO THE
THIRD IN A THREE-PART".*...."TUTORIAL SE
RIES ON THE BASIC".W...."PROGRAMMING LAN
GUAGE. THIS FINAL PART"......"WILL DEAL
WITH .PRINTING CONTROL.,"......".INTRINS
IC FUNCTIONS., .PEEKS AND POKES.,"......
".READ STATEMENTS., .INTEGER VARIABLES.,
"......".MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS. AND .
SUBROUTINES.".G....:." SO SIT BACK AND
GET READY TO BEGIN...".Y....:.".NOTE: I
F YOU TYPE THE '_' KEY THEN IT'S"......"
.BACK TO THE GOLD DISK MAIN MENU WITH YO
U".W...." .THE '^' KEY CAUSES THE TU
TORIAL"......" .TO BACK UP ONE SC
REEN"...... 417.9....:."FIRST, LET'S LOO
K AT ADVANCED .PRINTING.".G....".CONTROL
.. IN THE PREVIOUS TUTORIALS,"......"WE
NOTED THAT ITEMS IN A LIST OF THINGS".B
...."TO BE PRINTED SHOULD BE SEPARATED B
Y"......"SEMICOLONS (;). THIS CAUSES EA
CH ITEM"......"TO BE PRINTED AT THE NEXT
AVAILABLE".H...."SPACE ON THE SCREEN (I
E. IT LEAVES NO".I...."SPACES BETWEEN TH
INGS).":......."ALSO, IF THE SEMICOLON I
S THE LAST".B...."THING IN THE PRINT STA
TEMENT THEN THERE"......"IS NO AUTOMATIC
CARRIAGE RETURN PRINTED.":.... .."CONSI
DER THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE:"._.!.." 10 PR
INT "Q$"1"Q$";"Q$"2"Q$";"Q$"3"Q$";"Q$"4"
Q$";"Q$"5"Q$";"...".." 20 PRINT "Q$"6"Q$
";"Q$"XXXXXXXXXXXX";Q$;";"Q$"7"Q$"...#..
:. 433:..C.$.. "1";"2";"3";"4";"5";...%.
. "6";"XXXXXXXXXXXX";"7"...&.. 417...'..
:."NOTICE THAT EVERYTHING APPEARED ON ON
E".H.(.."LINE WITH NO SPACES. NOW, WITH
OUT THE".L.).."LAST SEMICOLON IN LINE 10
:":....*.." 10 PRINT "Q$"1"Q$";"Q$"2"Q$"
;"Q$"3"Q$";"Q$"4"Q$";"Q$"5"Q$...+.." 20
PRINT "Q$"6"Q$";"Q$"XXXXXXXXXXXX";Q$;";"
Q$"7"Q$"...,..:. 433:....-.. "1";"2";"3"
;"4";"5".-.... "6";"XXXXXXXXXXXX";"7".Y.
/..:."NOTE THAT IN THIS CASE, EACH PRINT
"...0.."STATEMENT GETS ITS OWN LINE.":.
417...1..:."AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE SEMICO
LON (;) IS"...2.."THE COMMA (,). THE CO
MMA HAS A SIMILAR"...3.."EFFECT TO THE S
EMICOLON, EXCEPT THAT".;.4.."EACH ITEM I
N THE LIST GETS PRINTED AT".H.5.."THE NE
XT AVAILABLE 'TAB COLUMN'. THE"...6.."C
OMMODORE HAS 4 TAB COLUMNS PER LINE,"...
7.."EACH 10 CHARACTERS APART.":....8.."N
OW LET'S TRY THE FIRST PROGRAM WITH"...9
.."COMMAS IN PLACE OF SEMICOLONS:":..P.:
.." 10 PRINT "Q$"1"Q$","Q$"2"Q$","Q$"3"Q
$","Q$"4"Q$","Q$"5"Q$","...;.." 20 PRINT
"Q$"6"Q$","Q$"XXXXXXXXXXXX";Q$;","Q$"7"
Q$"...<..:.433:....=.. "1","2","3","4","
5",.P.>.. "6","XXXXXXXXXXXX","7"...?..:.
"NOTICE THAT IF AN ITEM IS LONGER THAN".
..@.."TEN CHARACTERS THEN THE NEXT TAB C
OLUMN".D.A.."IS USED.":. 417.O.B.."TRY A
GAIN WITHOUT THE LAST COMMA IN"...C.."LI
NE 10:":..B.D.." 10 PRINT "Q$"1"Q$","Q$"
2"Q$","Q$"3"Q$","Q$"4"Q$","Q$"5"Q$...E..
" 20 PRINT "Q$"6"Q$","Q$"XXXXXXXXXXXX";Q
$;","Q$"7"Q$"...F..:.433:..$.G.. "1","2"
,"3","4","5".A.H.. "6","XXXXXXXXXXXX","7
".Q.I..:."NOTICE THE SIMILARITY TO THE S
EMICOLON". .J.."CASE. WE SHOULD MENTION
THAT THE SEMI-".M.K.."COLON IS NOT ALWA
YS NECESSARY. IF IT"...L.."WILL CAUSE N
O AMBIGUITY, IT MAY BE LEFT".).M.."OUT (
THIS USUALLY MEANS AROUND QUOTE-".K.N.."
DEFINED STRINGS). THUS:":....O.." 10 PR
INT "Q$"TEST"Q$" 16 "Q$"OF"Q$" 20":.:."I
S THE SAME AS:".F.P..:." 10 PRINT "Q$"TE
ST"Q$";16;"Q$"OF"Q$";20":. 417...Q..:."I
T SHOULD ALSO BE NOTED THAT IF THE"...R.
."LAST ITEM ON ANY LINE IS A QUOTE-".I.S
.."DELIMITED STRING THEN THE FINAL QUOTE
".X.T.."IS NOT NECESSARY; THE STRING IS
ASSUMED"...U.."TO END AT THE LAST NON-BL
ANK CHARACTER"...V.."ON THE LINE.":....W
.."SOME OTHER WAYS OF PUTTING SPACE INTO
"...X.."YOUR OUTPUT ARE THE USE OF EITHE
R OF".D.Y.."TWO FUNCTIONS, .SPC. AND .TA
B.. SPC(N)".S.Z.."CAUSES N SPACES TO BE
PRINTED. THUS:":....[.." 10 PRINT "Q$"
SPACES ARE"Q$"SPC(15)"Q$"IMPORTANT...\..
:.433:..W.].."SPACES ARE".15)"IMPORTANT.
..^..:. 417..._.."TAB(N) CAUSES THE NEXT
ITEM TO BE".7.`.."PRINTED STARTING AT C
OLUMN N OF THE".`.A.."CURRENT LINE, PROV
IDED WE HAVEN'T"...B.."ALREADY GONE PAST
COLUMN N.":....C.." 10 PRINT"Q$"SPACES
ARE"Q$"TAB(15)"Q$"IMPORTANT"Q$.L.D..:. 4
33:....E.."SPACES ARE".15)"IMPORTANT"...
F..:."NOW TRY THIS PROGRAM:":..T.G.." 10
PRINT TAB(10)"Q$"DOG"Q$"TAB(4)"Q$"CAT"Q
$"TAB(32)"Q$"OOPS"Q$.B.H..:. 433:....I..
.10)"DOG".4)"CAT".32)"OOPS"...J..:."HERE
CAT WAS PRINTED OUT RIGHT AFTER".Z.K.."
DOG BECAUSE WE HAD ALREADY PASSED"...L..
"COLUMN FOUR.":. 417...M.."SPC AND TAB A
RE TWO EXAMPLES OF THE".L.N.."FUNCTIONS
THAT BASIC PROVIDES, CALLED".Z.O..".INTR
INSIC FUNCTIONS.. THERE ARE MANY"...P..
"OF THESE : MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS,".K.Q
.."CHARACTER STRING FUNCTIONS, AND"...R.
."MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS. THE"...S..".
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS. ARE:":..@.T.." A
BS(X) - THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF X".E.U.."
ATN(X) - THE ARCTANGENT OF X"...V.." COS
(X) - THE COSINE OF X"...W.." EXP(X) - '
E' RAISED TO THE POWER X".X.X.." INT(X)
- THE INTEGER PART OF X"...Y.." LOG(X) -
THE NATURAL LOGARITHM OF X".-.Z.." SGN(
X) - THE SIGN (+1,0,-1) OF X".L.{.." SIN
(X) - THE SINE OF X".R.|.." SQR(X) - THE
SQUARE ROOT OF X"...}.." TAN(X) - THE T
ANGENT OF X"...~..:."THESE FUNCTIONS ARE
THE STANDARD"....."MATHEMATICAL FUNCTI
ONS AND THEIR EXACT"......"DEFINITIONS M
AY BE FOUND IN ANY MATH".5...."REFERENCE
BOOK.":. 417.F....:."THE .CHARACTER STR
ING FUNCTIONS. ARE:":......." ASC(A$) -
THE ASCII NUMERIC CODE FOR".A...."
THE FIRST CHARACTER OF A$":......."
CHR$(X) - THE CHARACTER CORRESPONDING".
....." TO THE ASCII CODE X":..
E...." LEFT$(A$,N) - A CHARACTER STRING
THAT".M...." IS THE N LEFT
MOST"......" CHARACTERS OF
A$":..D...." LEN(A$) - THE NUMBER OF CH
ARACTERS IN"......" THE STRING
A$":......." MID$(A$,S,L) - A STRING L
CHARACTERS".?...." LONG S
TARTING AT THE".Q...." S
TH CHARACTER IN A$":. 417......:.:." RIG
HT$(A$,N) - A CHARACTER STRING THAT".N..
.." IS THE N RIGHTMOST"..
...." CHARACTERS OF A$":.
."...." STR$(X) - A CHARACTER STRING THA
T".R...." CORRESPONDS TO THE.N
UMBER X":......." VAL(A$) - A NUMBER THA
T CORRESPONDS TO"......" THE C
HARACTER STRING A$":......."WHAT DO YOU
THINK THE FOLLOWING PROGRAM"......"WILL
PRINT OUT ?":... ..." 10 A$ = "Q$"BASIC
TUTORIAL"Q$.C ..." 20 PRINT MID$(A$,12,1
)"Q$" "Q$"MID$(A$,7,5)"Q$" "Q$"LEFT$(A$,
5)".. ...:A1$."I TUTOR BASIC":A2$."I TUT
OR BASIC":."ANSWER ";:. 428.. ... 417..
...:... ..."CHR$ IS USED TO PRINT OUT CH
ARACTERS"..!..."THAT ARE AWKWARD TO TYPE
, FOR EXAMPLE":..,!..." 10 PRINT CHR$(34
)":..V! .."WILL PRINT OUT A QUOTATION MA
RK.":...!..."THE FUNCTION VAL IS HEAVILY
USED FOR"..!..."CHECKING INPUT. ONE IN
PUTS EVERYTHING".Z!..."AS CHARACTERS AND
USES VAL TO GIVE"..!..."NUMBERS AS REQU
IRED.":..'"..." 10 INPUT "Q$"ENTER A NUM
BER > 0"Q$";A$".W"..." 20 PRINT "Q$"THE
NUMBER WAS "Q$"VAL(A$)".E"...:. 433:..."
..."ENTER A NUMBER > 0";A$.."..."THE NUM
BER WAS "E(A$):. 417.R"...:."THE .MISCEL
LANEOUS FUNCTIONS. ARE:":..."..." FRE(0)
- GIVES THE AMOUNT OF FREE". #..."
MEMORY AVAILABLE":..J#..." RND(N) -
RETURNS RANDOM NUMBERS":..U#..." POS(0)
- GIVES THE POSITION OF THE"..#..."
CURSOR ON THE SCREEN":..F#..." USR
(X) - EXECUTES A USER-DEFINED"..#..."
MACHINE-LANGUAGE FUNCTION."..$...
" REFER TO YOUR USER'S MANUAL".
?$..." FOR DETAILS.":..L$..."OF
THESE, THE RND FUNCTION IS THE ONE"..$.
.."MOST COMMONLY USED. OFTEN A PROGRAM"
.G$..."WILL WANT TO DO SOMETHING PART, B
UT NOT"..$..."ALL, OF THE TIME. THE RND
FUNCTION".!%..."WILL GIVE A RANDOM NUMB
ER BETWEEN 0 AND".U%..."1 WHICH CAN BE U
SED TO MAKE DECISIONS.":. 417.S%...:."HE
RE'S AN EXAMPLE:":...%..." 10 PRINT "Q$"
START"..%..." 20 FOR I = 1 TO 30"..%..."
30 A = RND(0)"..%..." 40 IF A >= .4 THE
N PRINT "Q$"0"Q$";"..&..." 50 IF A < .4
THEN PRINT "Q$"1"Q$";".(&..." 60 NEXT I"
.U&A.." 70 PRINT:INPUT"Q$"AGAIN (Y/N)"Q$
";A$"..&B.." 80 IF A$ = "Q$"Y"Q$" THEN G
OTO 10":...&C.."ON AVERAGE, THERE SHOULD
BE TWO 0'S FOR"..&D.."EVERY THREE 1'S.
EACH TIME THIS IS RUN"..'E.."A DIFFEREN
T PATTERN SHOULD OCCUR.":.:. 433:...'F..
"START"..'G.. I.1 . 30.I'H.A..(0):. A...
4 . ."0";.]'I.. A..4 . . "1";.C'J....'K.
.:."AGAIN (Y/N)";A$:. A$."Y".A$."Y" . 19
8..'L..:. 417.L'M..:."TWO OTHER FUNCTION
S NOT YET MENTIONED"..'N.."ARE .PEEK(X).
AND .POKE Y,X.."."(O..:."WELL, POKE ISN
'T REALLY A FUNCTION, BUT".Q(P.."A STATE
MENT; NEVERTHELESS WE'LL LOOK AT".Z(Q.."
BOTH OF THEM TOGETHER. THESE TWO"..(R..
"'FUNCTIONS' ALLOW YOU TO DEAL DIRECTLY"
.P(S.."WITH THE MEMORY OF THE COMPUTER."
..(T.."PEEK(X) RETURNS THE NUMBER STORED
IN".()U.."MEMORY LOCATION X, AND POKE Y
,X PUTS".S)V.."THE VALUE X INTO MEMORY L
OCATION Y."..)W.."THESE ARE USED A GREAT
DEAL FOR CONTROL"..)X.."OF SPRITES (THE
GRAPHICS ON THE C-64)".W)Y.."AND FOR US
ING THE BUILT-IN MUSIC"..*Z.."SYNTHESIZE
R. AN EXAMPLE OF THESE IS"./*..."BEYOND
THE SCOPE OF THESE TUTORIALS,".U*..."BU
T THERE ARE SEVERAL EXAMPLES".~*..."ELSE
WHERE ON THE GOLD DISK.":. 417..*..."WE
HAVE SEEN ONE METHOD OF INITIALIZING".A*
..."VARIABLES:":...*..." 10 A1 = 0: B2 =
5: C$ = "Q$"HI THERE"Q$.!+...:."THERE I
S AN ALTERNATE METHOD...THE READ".P+..."
STATEMENT. THE .READ STATEMENT. CAUSES"
.{+..."INFORMATION FROM THE CURRENT .DAT
A."..+...".STATEMENT. TO BE PUT INTO THE
VARIABLES".Z+..."IN THE LIST. THUS THE
PREVIOUS EXAMPLE"..+..."COULD BE WRITTE
N:":...,..." 10 READ A1,B2,C$".1,..." 20
DATA 0,5,"Q$"HI THERE"Q$.`,...:."THE AD
VANTAGES OF THIS ARE GREAT. IF"..,..."O
NE WANTS TO CHANGE THE INITIALIZATION,".
.,..."ONE NEED ONLY CHANGE THE DATA STAT
EMENT."..,..."ALSO, THE DATA MAY OCCUR A
NYWHERE IN"..-..."THE PROGRAM, AND VARIA
BLES MAY BE READ".G-..."MANY TIMES, SO E
NTIRE DATABASES MAY BE".E-..."CHANGED QU
ICKLY.":. 417..-...:."WITH JUDICIOUS USE
OF THE RND FUNCTION,"..-..."A GROUP OF
VARIABLES MAY BE SET TO"..-..."CONTAIN A
VALUE CHOSEN FROM A SPECIFIC"......"SET
. FOR EXAMPLE:":..-...." 10 FOR I = 1 T
O RND(0)*3+1".F...." 20 READ A$: NEXT".F
...." 30 DATA "Q$"MESSAGE 1"Q$......" 40
DATA "Q$"MAYBE THIS ONE"Q$......" 50 DA
TA "Q$"OR THE OTHER ONE"Q$.V...." 60 DAT
A "Q$"ONE MORE TIME"Q$......" 70 PRINT A
$"../...:."THIS PROGRAM RANDOMLY CHOOSES
A MESSAGE".G/..."AND WILL GIVE DIFFEREN
T RESULTS EACH".J/..."TIME IT IS RUN.":.
:. 433:.:../... I.1 . .(0).3.1../... A$
:..P/... "MESSAGE 1","MAYBE THIS ONE","O
R THE OTHER ONE","ONE MORE TIME"../... A
$:. 417..0...:.:."ASSOCIATED WITH DATA S
TATEMENTS IS THE".;0..."RESTORE STATEMEN
T. THIS STATEMENT".I0..."MERELY TELLS B
ASIC THAT IT IS TO START"..0..."FROM THE
BEGINNING OF THE FIRST DATA".C0..."STAT
EMENT AGAIN. READ AND DATA STATE-"..0..
."MENTS ARE OCCASIONALLY USED WITH POKE"
."1..."TO CREATE MACHINE-LANGUAGE PROGRA
MS.":. 417.S1...:."BESIDE REAL AND CHARA
CTER VARIABLES, WE"..1..."ALSO HAVE .INT
EGER VARIABLES.. THESE"..1..."VARIABLES
MAY CONTAIN ONLY INTEGERS,"..1..."THAT
IS NO FRACTIONAL PARTS ARE ALLOWED"..2..
."AND THE NUMBERS MAY ONLY BE IN THE".42
..."RANGE -32767 TO 32767. THESE VARIAB
LES".C2..."ARE DESIGNATED BY A PERCENT S
IGN (%) AT"..2..."THE END OF THE VARIABL
E NAME."..2..."(EG. A1%, TA%, ETC)".O2..
.:."ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON".
.2..."INTEGER VARIABLES TAKE MORE TIME,"
. 3..."BECAUSE BASIC MUST CONVERT THESE"
.K3..."NUMBERS INTO REAL NUMBERS BEFORE
IT".X3..."DOES ANYTHING WITH THEM. WITH
ALL OF"..3..."THESE RESTRICTIONS AND DR
AWBACKS, YOU".W3..."MIGHT WELL ASK WHY B
OTHER WITH THEM.":. 417..4...:."THE ANSW
ER IS SPACE. YOUR C-64 HAS 64K".04..."W
ORDS OF MEMORY, OR 65536 MEMORY".Z4..."L
OCATIONS. BASIC ITSELF USES UP A"..4...
"LARGE CHUNK OF THAT (ABOUT 8K) AND"..4.
.."OTHER SYSTEM ROUTINES USE UP MORE."..
4..."IF YOU ARE WRITING A LARGE PROGRAM
WITH"..5..."A LARGE NUMBER OF VARIABLES,
THEN YOU".65 .."COULD EASILY RUN OUT OF
MEMORY. FOR".^5!.."EXAMPLE:":.:." 10 D
IM A(20000)":...5".."WILL ALWAYS CAUSE Y
OUR PROGRAM TO BOMB"..5#.."OUT WITH AN O
UT OF MEMORY ERROR.":. 417..5$..:."EACH
REAL VARIABLE OR ARRAY ELEMENT IN"..6%..
"BASIC USES 5 WORDS OF MEMORY. HOWEVER"
.F6&.."EACH INTEGER VARIABLE OR ARRAY EL
EMENT".U6'.."USES ONLY 2 WORDS OF MEMORY
. THIS IS A"..6(.."SIGNIFICANT SAVING I
F YOUR PROGRAM USES".R6).."MANY VARIABLE
S. MOST PROGRAMS CONTAIN"..7*.."DATA IT
EMS THAT REALLY ARE INTEGERS (NO".07+.."
FRACTIONAL PART) BUT ARE REPRESENTED BY"
.Z7,.."REALS. THE ONLY PRACTICAL USE FO
R"..7-.."INTEGERS IN BASIC IS WHEN YOU A
RE"..7..."RUNNING OUT OF MEMORY.":. 417.
W7/..:."IN LAST MONTH'S TUTORIAL, WE DIS
CUSSED"..80.."ARRAYS. THESE GROUPINGS O
F LIKE DATA".081.."WERE FOUND TO BE A CO
NVENIENT WAY TO".Z82.."STORE AND MANIPUL
ATE SOME TYPES OF"..83.."INFORMATION. W
E SHOULD NOW CONSIDER A"..84.."MATRIX.":
..G85.."IF ONE WERE TO DRAW UP A CHART O
F, FOR"..86.."EXAMPLE, THE MAKE OF A COM
PUTER VERSUS".$97.."THE OPTIONS AVAILABL
E ON THAT COMPUTER,".L98.."THE RESULT WO
ULD BE ONE OF THOSE".Z99.."DIAGRAMS MUCH
LOVED BY ADVERTISERS AND"..9:.."COMPARI
SON-SHOPPING MOGULS. THIS SORT".T9;.."O
F A CHART, WHICH LOOKS A BIT LIKE A"..:<
.."CROSSWORD, IS CALLED A MATRIX, OR .TW
O-.".&:=..".DIMENSIONAL ARRAY..":. 417.X
:>..:."BASIC ALLOWS YOU TO CREATE SUCH A
THING:".P:?.." 10 DIM A(4,3)":...:@.."T
HIS STATEMENT SAYS THAT THE ARRAY A IS".
K:A.."TO HAVE 5 ROWS (0...4), EACH WITH
4 "..:B.."COLUMNS (0...3),OF ELEMENTS.".
.;C..:."IF YOU WANTED TO PROGRAM A GAME
LIKE".H;D.."BATTLESHIPS, YOU WOULD PROBA
BLY USE".T;E.."SOMETHING LIKE THIS TO RE
PRESENT THE"..;F.."BOARD. BASIC ALLOWS
ANY NUMBER OF".H;G.."DIMENSIONS IN AN AR
RAY, BUT HIGHER"..;H.."DIMENSIONS OF ARR
AYS ARE RARELY USED.":. 417.&<I..:."FREQ
UENTLY, A PROGRAM WILL HAVE A".S<J.."SEC
TION OF CODE THAT IS REPEATED OVER".}<K.
."AND OVER IN DIFFERENT PLACES. ONE"..<
L.."EXAMPLE WOULD BE:":..G<M.." 100 INPU
T "Q$"ANSWER...(YES/NO)"Q$";A$"..=N.." 1
10 IF A$<>"Q$"YES"Q$" AND A$<>"Q$"NO"Q$"
THEN PRINT "Q$;.4=O.."YES OR NO ONLY PL
EASE"Q$":GOTO 100":..C=P.."THIS SHORT SE
GMENT PROMPTS FOR A YES/NO"..=Q.."RESPON
SE, READS INPUT, CHECKS TO SEE IF"..=R..
"IT'S EITHER YES OR NO, AND TRIES AGAIN"
..=S.."IF NEITHER. IT COULD BE USED IN
MANY"..>T.."APPLICATIONS. CONSIDER A QU
ESTIONNAIRE".D>U.."WHERE THERE WOULD LIK
ELY BE MANY".P>V.."QUESTIONS THAT REQUIR
ED THIS SORT OF"..>W.."RESPONSE FROM A U
SER.":. 417.C>X..:."IF THE PROGRAM WERE
TO HAVE TO INCLUDE"..>Y.."THESE TWO LINE
S EVERY TIME THERE WAS A"..?Z.."QUESTION
, THE PROGRAM WOULD QUICKLY".G?[.."BECOM
E VERY LARGE. THERE SHOULD BE".R?\.."SO
ME METHOD OF USING THE SAME LINES"..?]..
"OVER, SINCE THEY'RE THE SAME. ONE".F?^
.."COULD GOTO THE LINES, BUT THEN YO."..
?_.."COULDN'T GET BACK TO WHERE YOU WERE
.":.."@`.."THE SOLUTION IS A NEW BRANCHI
NG STATE-".P@A.."MENT .GOSUB., WHICH IS
SHORT FOR GO TO".}@B.."SUBROUTINE. THIS
STATEMENT ACTS JUST"..@C.."LIKE A GOTO
STATEMENT, BUT IT REMEMBERS".W@D.."WHERE
IT CAME FROM. THE SECTION OF"..AE.."CO
DE THAT ONE GOSUBS TO IS CALLED A"..AF..
"SUBROUTINE, AND IT HAS THE STATEMENT".[
AG..".RETURN. AS ITS LAST STATEMENT. TH
IS"..AH.."TELLS IT TO GO BACK TO THE PLA
CE IN"..AI.."THE PROGRAM THAT IT CAME FR
OM.":. 417.NAJ..:."USING THIS IDEA:":...
BK.." 10 PRINT "Q$"DO YOU OWN A COMPUTER
"Q$": GOSUB 100".PBL.." 20 IF A$ = "Q$"Y
ES"Q$" THEN PRINT "Q$"DO YOU OWN A COMMO
DORE"Q$;.|BM..": GOSUB 100":.:." ..
. ETC ...":...BN.." 100 INPUT "Q$"ANSWER
...(YES/NO)"Q$";A$"..BO.." 110 IF A$<>"Q
$"YES"Q$" AND A$<>"Q$"NO"Q$" THEN PRINT
"Q$;.+CP.."YES OR NO ONLY PLEASE"Q$":GOT
O 100":." 120 RETURN":. 417.ZCQ..:."THE
SUBROUTINE INTRODUCES THE IDEA OF"..CR..
"MODULAR PROGRAMMING; THAT IS, HAVING"..
CS.."SMALL SECTIONS OF CODE THAT EACH"..
CT.."ACCOMPLISH A SMALL, SPECIFIC TASK.
A"..DU.."SHORT SUBROUTINE TO READ IN NU
MBERS;".3DV.."ONE TO MAKE A CHARACTER ST
RING A SET".`DW.."LENGTH, ETC. THIS IS
EASIER TO DO IN"..DX.."OTHER LANGUAGES,
BUT YOU CAN DO IT IN"..DY.."BASIC IF YOU
TAKE CARE IN PROGRAMMING,"..DZ.."AND TH
E BENEFITS ARE GREAT: EASE OF"..E{.."MO
DIFICATION, SIMPLICITY, AND MORE".;E|.."
STRAIGHTFORWARD MAINTENANCE, AMONG".PE}.
."OTHERS.":. 417.}E~..:."IN THESE TUTORI
ALS WE HAVE TRIED TO"..E.."GIVE YOU SOM
E INSIGHT INTO HOW BASIC".TE..."WORKS, A
S WELL AS DEMONSTRATING THE"..F..."LANGU
AGE. NOT ALL OF BASIC HAS BEEN"..F..."C
OVERED: WE HAVE OMITTED THE COMMANDS".]
F..."THAT DEAL DIRECTLY WITH I/O TO A DE
VICE"..F..."SUCH AS A DISK DRIVE. ALL O
F THE BASIC"..F..."STATEMENTS ARE COVERE
D IN MUCH MORE"..F..."DETAIL IN THE COMM
ODORE PROGRAMMERS"..G..."REFERENCE MANUA
L, WHICH IS A VERY GOOD".<G..."BOOK, AND
SHOULD BE EASY TO READ NOW".JG..."THAT
YOU'VE COMPLETED THESE TUTORIALS."..G...
:."GOOD LUCK AND KEEP COMPUTING.":. 417.
DG...:."AND HERE'S THIS MONTH'S LITTLE Q
UIZ"..G..."ON THE MATERIAL OF THE TUTORI
AL.":.:...H..."WHAT IS PRINTED BY THE FO
LLOWING:":..AH..." 10 A$ = "Q$"ZAPHOD BE
EBLEBROX".XH..." 20 PRINT RIGHT$(A$,10)
"Q$" "Q$" LEFT$(A$,6)":...H..A1$."BEEBLE
BROX ZAPHOD":A2$."BEEBLEBROX ZAPHOD":."A
NSWER";:. 428.ZH...:." 10 X = 5/3: X% =
X"..I..." 20 IF X% > 1 THEN PRINT "Q$"1.
66"Q$.0I..." 30 IF X% <= 1 THEN PRINT "Q
$"1"Q$:..[I..A1$."1":A2$.A1$:."ANSWER";:
. 428:. 417..I..."HOW MANY MEMORY LOCATI
ONS (WORDS OF"..I..."MEMORY) ARE USED BY
:":..YI..." DIM X(3)":.:A1$."20":A2$.A1$
:."ANSWER";:. 428..J...:." DIM A%(2,2)":
.:A1$."18":A2$.A1$:."ANSWER";:. 428..J..
. 417.MJ...:."DOES THE GOTO STATEMENT RE
MEMBER WHERE".{J..."IT CAME FROM";:A1$."
NO":A2$."NO":.428:...J..."WHAT DOES THE
FOLLOWING PRINT:":..QJ..." 10 POKE 16423
,7: PRINT PEEK (16423)":...J..A1$."7":A2
$.A1$:."ANSWER";:.428:. 417./K..."......
.. THAT'S ALL, FOLKS ...":. 417.
BK .. ".": . 49152..K..SP.SP.1:.".......
..................TYPE ANY KEY TO CONTIN
UE";..K...KEY$:.KEY$."".418..K...KEY$."_
".416.FK...KEY$."^".SP..2.SP.1..K...KEY$
."^".SP.2.SP.SP.2..K...".";:.53280,.(1).
15.5L... SP . 6,21,39,49,66,81,95,109,13
0,143,156,170,186,205.RL...(SP.14).222,2
40,258,265,281,292,303,318,329,344,362,3
69..L...(SP.26).382,395,405,410,415..L..
. 416..L..."ERROR***ERROR***ERROR":..UL.
.NU.0:ANSW$."":.198,0..M... ANSW$:. ANSW
$.A1$ . ANSW$.A2$. ." .CORRECT
":..&M...ANSW$."_".416.CM..."NO..THAT'S
NOT IT";:NU.NU.1:.NU.4.."..TRY AGAIN";:.
429..M...:."THE CORRECT ANSWER IS...";A1
$:...M..."TYPE ANY KEY TO EXECUTE THE PR
OGRAM";.NM...KEY$:.KEY$."".434..M...KEY$
."_".416..M...:....
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