T.BYTES
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): T.BYTES
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 7.3K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 18:12:13
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
cba62ea74bc2941157cf73826ae14c4ab654ed8f75f12b9203149fa001be5ad3
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOADSTAR 49 S 1 | T.BYTES | PRG | Sailor, Ganheden | 11 | 1 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
00000000: 00 80 5E 55 3A 5A 45 52 4F 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 C2 |..^U:ZERO.. .| 00000010: D9 D4 C5 D3 3A 20 D3 54 52 45 41 4D 4C 49 4E 49 |....: .TREAMLINI| 00000020: 4E 47 20 D9 4F 55 52 20 C4 41 54 41 0D 0D 20 20 |NG .OUR .ATA.. | 00000030: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 59 20 C6 45 4E 44 | BY .END| 00000040: 45 52 20 D4 55 43 4B 45 52 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 CF |ER .UCKER.. .| 00000050: 4E 20 D3 49 44 45 20 D4 57 4F 20 4F 46 20 54 48 |N .IDE .WO OF TH| 00000060: 49 53 20 4D 4F 4E 54 48 27 53 0D CC CF C1 C4 D3 |IS MONTH'S......| 00000070: D4 C1 D2 20 49 53 20 41 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D |... IS A PROGRAM| 00000080: 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 C3 4F 4D 4D 4F 44 4F 52 45 0D | FROM .OMMODORE.| 00000090: CD 41 47 41 5A 49 4E 45 20 42 59 20 C2 4F 42 20 |.AGAZINE BY .OB | 000000A0: 41 4E 44 20 C4 41 56 49 44 20 D3 4E 41 44 45 52 |AND .AVID .NADER| 000000B0: 0D 43 41 4C 4C 45 44 20 CA CF D9 D3 D4 C9 C3 CB |.CALLED ........| 000000C0: 20 C1 D2 D4 2E 20 20 C9 54 27 53 20 41 20 48 41 | .... .T'S A HA| 000000D0: 4E 44 59 0D 4C 4F 57 2D 52 45 53 20 44 52 41 57 |NDY.LOW-RES DRAW| 000000E0: 49 4E 47 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 54 48 41 54 |ING PROGRAM THAT| 000000F0: 20 41 4C 4C 4F 57 53 0D 59 4F 55 20 54 4F 20 44 | ALLOWS.YOU TO D| 00000100: 52 41 57 2C 20 53 41 56 45 20 41 4E 44 20 4C 4F |RAW, SAVE AND LO| 00000110: 41 44 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 53 2E 0D D4 48 45 20 |AD SCREENS...HE | 00000120: 41 55 54 48 4F 52 53 20 4D 45 4E 54 49 4F 4E 20 |AUTHORS MENTION | 00000130: 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 45 49 52 20 4D 41 49 4E 0D |THAT THEIR MAIN.| 00000140: 43 4F 4E 43 45 52 4E 20 57 41 53 20 54 4F 20 4B |CONCERN WAS TO K| 00000150: 45 45 50 20 54 48 45 20 43 4F 44 45 20 53 48 4F |EEP THE CODE SHO| 00000160: 52 54 20 53 4F 0D 54 48 41 54 20 4D 49 4E 49 4D |RT SO.THAT MINIM| 00000170: 41 4C 20 54 59 50 49 4E 47 20 49 53 20 52 45 51 |AL TYPING IS REQ| 00000180: 55 49 52 45 44 2E 0D D4 48 45 59 27 56 45 20 41 |UIRED...HEY'VE A| 00000190: 43 43 4F 4D 50 4C 49 53 48 45 44 20 54 48 49 53 |CCOMPLISHED THIS| 000001A0: 20 41 44 4D 49 52 41 42 4C 59 2C 0D 42 55 54 20 | ADMIRABLY,.BUT | 000001B0: 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 45 58 50 45 4E 53 45 20 4F |AT THE EXPENSE O| 000001C0: 46 20 44 49 53 4B 20 53 50 41 43 45 2C 0D 57 48 |F DISK SPACE,.WH| 000001D0: 49 43 48 20 54 52 41 4E 53 4C 41 54 45 53 20 49 |ICH TRANSLATES I| 000001E0: 4E 54 4F 20 49 4E 43 52 45 41 53 45 44 0D 4C 4F |NTO INCREASED.LO| 000001F0: 41 44 49 4E 47 20 54 49 4D 45 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 |ADING TIME... | 00000200: 20 C9 4E 20 54 48 45 20 C2 D9 D4 C5 D3 20 43 4F | .N THE ..... CO| 00000210: 4C 55 4D 4E 20 49 4E 20 CC CF C1 C4 D3 D4 C1 D2 |LUMN IN ........| 00000220: 0D 23 34 36 20 C9 20 53 50 4F 4B 45 20 41 42 4F |.#46 . SPOKE ABO| 00000230: 55 54 20 C2 CC CF C1 C4 20 41 4E 44 20 C2 D3 C1 |UT ..... AND ...| 00000240: D6 C5 20 46 4F 52 0D 54 48 45 20 C3 36 34 2E 20 |.. FOR.THE .64. | 00000250: 20 C9 27 44 20 4C 49 4B 45 20 54 4F 20 45 4C 41 | .'D LIKE TO ELA| 00000260: 42 4F 52 41 54 45 20 54 48 49 53 0D 4D 4F 4E 54 |BORATE THIS.MONT| 00000270: 48 2C 20 53 48 4F 57 49 4E 47 20 48 4F 57 20 54 |H, SHOWING HOW T| 00000280: 48 45 53 45 20 54 45 43 48 4E 49 51 55 45 53 0D |HESE TECHNIQUES.| 00000290: 43 41 4E 20 52 41 44 49 43 41 4C 4C 59 20 49 4D |CAN RADICALLY IM| 000002A0: 50 52 4F 56 45 20 41 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 27 |PROVE A PROGRAM'| 000002B0: 53 0D 45 46 46 49 43 49 45 4E 43 59 2E 0D 0D 20 |S.EFFICIENCY... | 000002C0: 20 20 20 C6 49 52 53 54 2C 20 4C 45 54 27 53 20 | .IRST, LET'S | 000002D0: 57 52 49 54 45 20 41 20 53 4D 41 4C 4C 0D 52 4F |WRITE A SMALL.RO| 000002E0: 55 54 49 4E 45 20 46 4F 52 20 4C 4F 4F 4B 49 4E |UTINE FOR LOOKIN| 000002F0: 47 20 41 54 20 41 20 46 49 4C 45 20 4F 4E 20 41 |G AT A FILE ON A| 00000300: 0D 44 49 53 4B 2E 0D 0D 31 30 20 CF D0 C5 CE 33 |.DISK...10 ....3| 00000310: 2C 38 2C 33 2C 22 46 49 4C 45 4E 41 4D 45 22 0D |,8,3,"FILENAME".| 00000320: 32 30 20 C7 C5 D4 23 33 2C C1 24 3A C1 24 3D C1 |20 ...#3,.$:.$=.| 00000330: 24 2B C3 C8 D2 24 28 30 29 3A DA 3D DA 2B 31 0D |$+...$(0):.=.+1.| 00000340: 33 30 20 C9 C6 D0 C5 C5 CB 28 32 30 33 29 3D 36 |30 ......(203)=6| 00000350: 30 D4 C8 C5 CE 35 30 0D 34 30 20 C9 C6 D3 D4 3D |0....50.40 ....=| 00000360: 30 D4 C8 C5 CE D0 D2 C9 CE D4 DA 2C C1 D3 C3 28 |0..........,...(| 00000370: C1 24 29 2C C1 24 3A C7 CF D4 CF 32 30 0D 35 30 |.$),.$:....20.50| 00000380: 20 C3 CC CF D3 C5 33 3A D0 D2 C9 CE D4 DA 0D 0D | .....3:........| 00000390: 20 20 20 20 D3 41 56 45 20 54 48 49 53 20 54 4F | .AVE THIS TO| 000003A0: 20 44 49 53 4B 20 55 4E 44 45 52 20 54 48 45 20 | DISK UNDER THE | 000003B0: 4E 41 4D 45 2C 0D 22 52 45 41 44 45 52 22 2C 20 |NAME,."READER", | 000003C0: 54 48 45 4E 20 52 55 4E 20 CA CF D9 D3 D4 C9 C3 |THEN RUN .......| 000003D0: CB 20 C1 D2 D4 2E 0D 20 20 20 20 C3 52 45 41 54 |. ..... .REAT| 000003E0: 45 20 41 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 41 4E 44 20 53 |E A SCREEN AND S| 000003F0: 41 56 45 20 49 54 20 55 4E 44 45 52 0D 54 48 45 |AVE IT UNDER.THE| 00000400: 20 4E 41 4D 45 2C 20 22 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 4F | NAME, "SCREEN O| 00000410: 4E 45 22 20 41 4E 44 20 43 48 45 43 4B 20 4F 55 |NE" AND CHECK OU| 00000420: 54 0D 54 48 45 20 44 49 52 45 43 54 4F 52 59 2E |T.THE DIRECTORY.| 00000430: 20 20 D4 48 49 52 54 59 2D 53 45 56 45 4E 20 42 | .HIRTY-SEVEN B| 00000440: 4C 4F 43 4B 53 2E 0D D4 48 45 4E 20 CC CF C1 C4 |LOCKS...HEN ....| 00000450: 20 41 4E 44 20 D2 D5 CE 20 22 52 45 41 44 45 52 | AND ... "READER| 00000460: 22 2C 0D 53 55 42 53 54 49 54 55 54 49 4E 47 20 |",.SUBSTITUTING | 00000470: 22 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 4F 4E 45 22 20 46 4F 52 |"SCREEN ONE" FOR| 00000480: 0D 22 46 49 4C 45 4E 41 4D 45 22 20 49 4E 20 4C |."FILENAME" IN L| 00000490: 49 4E 45 20 31 30 2E 20 20 D9 4F 55 27 4C 4C 20 |INE 10. .OU'LL | 000004A0: 47 45 54 20 41 0D 52 45 41 44 4F 55 54 20 54 48 |GET A.READOUT TH| 000004B0: 41 54 20 4C 4F 4F 4B 53 20 4C 49 4B 45 3A 0D 20 |AT LOOKS LIKE:. | 000004C0: 20 20 20 20 31 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 32 0D 20 20 | 1 32. | 000004D0: 20 20 20 32 20 20 20 20 20 20 35 31 20 20 20 20 | 2 51 | 000004E0: 20 20 20 33 20 20 20 21 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D | 3 !--------| 000004F0: 2D 2D 21 0D 20 20 20 20 20 33 20 20 20 20 20 20 |--!. 3 | 00000500: 35 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 20 20 20 21 20 2D |50 2 ! -| 00000510: 2D CE CF D4 C5 2D 2D 20 21 0D 20 20 20 20 20 34 |-....-- !. 4| 00000520: 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 32 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 32 | 00000530: 20 20 20 21 20 20 D0 52 45 53 53 20 20 20 21 0D | ! .RESS !.| 00000540: 20 20 20 20 20 35 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 33 20 20 | 5 13 | 00000550: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 D3 D0 C1 C3 | ! ....| 00000560: C5 20 20 20 21 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. !. | 00000570: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 | !| 00000580: 20 20 20 20 54 4F 20 20 20 20 21 0D 20 20 20 20 | TO !. | 00000590: 20 36 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 32 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 6 32 | 000005A0: 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 53 54 4F 50 20 20 20 | ! STOP | 000005B0: 21 0D 20 20 20 20 20 37 20 20 20 20 20 20 34 39 |!. 7 49| 000005C0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 20 20 20 21 20 4C 49 53 | 1 ! LIS| 000005D0: 54 49 4E 47 20 20 21 0D 20 20 20 20 20 38 20 20 |TING !. 8 | 000005E0: 20 20 20 20 33 32 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 32 | 000005F0: 20 21 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 21 0D 20 20 | !----------!. | 00000600: 20 20 20 39 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 33 0D 0D 20 20 | 9 13.. | 00000610: 20 20 31 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 32 0D 20 20 20 | 10 32. | 00000620: 20 CE 4F 57 20 4C 45 54 27 53 20 41 4E 41 4C 59 | .OW LET'S ANALY| 00000630: 5A 45 20 54 48 49 53 20 44 41 54 41 2E 20 20 DA |ZE THIS DATA. .| 00000640: 0D 49 53 20 54 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 4F |.IS THE NUMBER O| 00000650: 46 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 41 52 45 |F BYTES THAT ARE| 00000660: 20 42 45 49 4E 47 0D 52 45 41 44 20 41 4E 44 20 | BEING.READ AND | 00000670: 49 53 20 54 48 45 20 53 45 51 55 45 4E 54 49 41 |IS THE SEQUENTIA| 00000680: 4C 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 49 4E 47 0D 4F 4E 20 54 |L NUMBERING.ON T| 00000690: 48 45 20 4C 45 46 54 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 20 4E 55 |HE LEFT. .HE NU| 000006A0: 4D 42 45 52 53 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 0D 4D 49 44 |MBERS IN THE.MID| 000006B0: 44 4C 45 20 43 4F 4C 55 4D 4E 20 41 52 45 20 54 |DLE COLUMN ARE T| 000006C0: 48 45 20 C1 D3 C3 C9 C9 20 56 41 4C 55 45 53 20 |HE ..... VALUES | 000006D0: 4F 46 0D 54 48 45 20 42 59 54 45 20 41 4E 44 20 |OF.THE BYTE AND | 000006E0: 54 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 4F 4E 20 54 |THE NUMBERS ON T| 000006F0: 48 45 20 52 49 47 48 54 0D 53 48 4F 57 20 54 48 |HE RIGHT.SHOW TH| 00000700: 45 20 41 43 54 55 41 4C 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 |E ACTUAL SCREEN | 00000710: 41 4E 44 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 44 41 54 41 0D 54 |AND COLOR DATA.T| 00000720: 48 41 54 20 4E 45 45 44 53 20 54 4F 20 42 45 20 |HAT NEEDS TO BE | 00000730: 53 41 56 45 44 2E 20 20 CF 4E 4C 59 20 54 48 45 |SAVED. .NLY THE| 00000740: 0D 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 |.NUMBERS ON THE | 00000750: 52 49 47 48 54 20 41 52 45 20 4F 46 20 41 4E 59 |RIGHT ARE OF ANY| 00000760: 0D 49 4D 50 4F 52 54 41 4E 43 45 20 41 4E 44 20 |.IMPORTANCE AND | 00000770: 4E 45 45 44 20 54 4F 20 42 45 20 53 41 56 45 44 |NEED TO BE SAVED| 00000780: 20 54 4F 0D 44 49 53 4B 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D7 | TO.DISK... .| 00000790: 48 41 54 27 53 20 48 41 50 50 45 4E 49 4E 47 20 |HAT'S HAPPENING | 000007A0: 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 57 45 20 41 52 45 0D 53 |IS THAT WE ARE.S| 000007B0: 41 56 49 4E 47 20 41 20 4C 4F 54 20 4F 46 20 55 |AVING A LOT OF U| 000007C0: 4E 4E 45 43 45 53 53 41 52 59 20 42 59 54 45 53 |NNECESSARY BYTES| 000007D0: 20 42 59 0D 53 41 56 49 4E 47 20 53 55 42 53 43 | BY.SAVING SUBSC| 000007E0: 52 49 50 54 45 44 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 |RIPTED VARIABLES| 000007F0: 20 54 4F 20 44 49 53 4B 0D C1 D3 20 56 41 52 49 | TO DISK... VARI| 00000800: 41 42 4C 45 53 20 41 4E 44 20 4E 4F 54 20 41 53 |ABLES AND NOT AS| 00000810: 20 52 41 57 20 44 41 54 41 2E 0D C1 4C 4C 20 4F | RAW DATA...LL O| 00000820: 46 20 54 48 45 20 41 42 4F 56 45 20 42 59 54 45 |F THE ABOVE BYTE| 00000830: 53 20 41 52 45 20 52 45 51 55 49 52 45 44 0D 54 |S ARE REQUIRED.T| 00000840: 4F 20 53 41 56 45 20 CF CE C5 20 53 43 52 45 45 |O SAVE ... SCREE| 00000850: 4E 20 42 59 54 45 20 28 41 4E 44 20 43 4F 4C 4F |N BYTE (AND COLO| 00000860: 52 29 2E 0D CF 4E 4C 59 20 39 39 39 20 4D 4F 52 |R)...NLY 999 MOR| 00000870: 45 20 54 4F 20 47 4F 2E 20 20 D7 48 45 57 21 0D |E TO GO. .HEW!.| 00000880: 20 20 20 20 D4 48 49 53 20 49 53 20 41 20 4C 49 | .HIS IS A LI| 00000890: 53 54 20 4F 46 20 4F 55 52 0D 49 4E 45 46 46 49 |ST OF OUR.INEFFI| 000008A0: 43 49 45 4E 43 49 45 53 2E 0D 0D 20 20 28 31 29 |CIENCIES... (1)| 000008B0: 20 D7 45 20 41 52 45 20 53 41 56 49 4E 47 20 54 | .E ARE SAVING T| 000008C0: 4F 20 44 49 53 4B 20 54 48 45 20 27 53 49 47 4E |O DISK THE 'SIGN| 000008D0: 27 0D 42 59 54 45 2C 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 49 53 |'.BYTE, WHICH IS| 000008E0: 20 54 48 45 20 33 32 20 42 45 46 4F 52 45 20 54 | THE 32 BEFORE T| 000008F0: 48 45 0D 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 52 |HE.NUMBER. .HER| 00000900: 45 20 57 4F 4E 27 54 20 42 45 20 41 4E 59 20 4E |E WON'T BE ANY N| 00000910: 45 47 41 54 49 56 45 0D 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 |EGATIVE.NUMBERS | 00000920: 53 4F 20 54 48 45 20 27 53 49 47 4E 27 20 49 53 |SO THE 'SIGN' IS| 00000930: 20 54 52 49 56 49 41 4C 2E 0D 20 20 28 32 29 20 | TRIVIAL.. (2) | 00000940: D7 45 20 41 52 45 20 53 41 56 49 4E 47 20 54 48 |.E ARE SAVING TH| 00000950: 45 20 44 41 54 41 20 28 57 48 49 43 48 0D 57 49 |E DATA (WHICH.WI| 00000960: 4C 4C 20 41 4C 57 41 59 53 20 42 45 20 41 20 4E |LL ALWAYS BE A N| 00000970: 55 4D 42 45 52 20 42 45 54 57 45 45 4E 20 30 20 |UMBER BETWEEN 0 | 00000980: 41 4E 44 0D 32 35 35 29 20 41 53 20 41 20 53 45 |AND.255) AS A SE| 00000990: 52 49 45 53 20 4F 46 20 44 49 47 49 54 53 2E 20 |RIES OF DIGITS. | 000009A0: 20 C1 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 0D 4C 41 52 47 45 52 | . NUMBER.LARGER| 000009B0: 20 54 48 41 4E 20 39 39 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 52 | THAN 99 WOULD R| 000009C0: 45 51 55 49 52 45 20 54 48 52 45 45 0D 44 49 47 |EQUIRE THREE.DIG| 000009D0: 49 54 53 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 48 45 4E 43 45 20 54 |ITS, AND HENCE T| 000009E0: 48 52 45 45 20 42 59 54 45 53 2E 0D 20 20 28 33 |HREE BYTES.. (3| 000009F0: 29 20 D7 45 20 41 52 45 20 41 4C 53 4F 20 53 41 |) .E ARE ALSO SA| 00000A00: 56 49 4E 47 20 54 48 45 20 53 50 41 43 45 0D 54 |VING THE SPACE.T| 00000A10: 48 41 54 27 53 20 41 55 54 4F 4D 41 54 49 43 41 |HAT'S AUTOMATICA| 00000A20: 4C 4C 59 20 54 41 43 4B 45 44 20 4F 4E 54 4F 20 |LLY TACKED ONTO | 00000A30: 41 0D 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 42 59 20 54 48 45 20 |A.NUMBER BY THE | 00000A40: 4F 50 45 52 41 54 49 4E 47 20 53 59 53 54 45 4D |OPERATING SYSTEM| 00000A50: 20 28 54 48 45 0D 33 32 20 41 46 54 45 52 20 54 | (THE.32 AFTER T| 00000A60: 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 29 2E 0D 20 20 28 34 |HE NUMBER).. (4| 00000A70: 29 20 C6 4F 52 20 45 41 43 48 20 53 43 52 45 45 |) .OR EACH SCREE| 00000A80: 4E 20 41 4E 44 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 20 42 59 54 45 |N AND COLOR BYTE| 00000A90: 0D 57 45 20 41 52 45 20 53 41 56 49 4E 47 20 D4 |.WE ARE SAVING .| 00000AA0: D7 CF 20 43 41 52 52 49 41 47 45 20 52 45 54 55 |.. CARRIAGE RETU| 00000AB0: 52 4E 53 0D 28 54 48 45 20 31 33 27 53 20 49 4E |RNS.(THE 13'S IN| 00000AC0: 20 54 48 45 20 52 45 41 44 4F 55 54 29 2E 0D 20 | THE READOUT).. | 00000AD0: 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 41 55 54 48 4F 52 53 20 41 | .HE AUTHORS A| 00000AE0: 52 45 20 43 4F 52 52 45 43 54 20 49 4E 20 53 41 |RE CORRECT IN SA| 00000AF0: 59 49 4E 47 0D 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 43 4F |YING.THAT THE CO| 00000B00: 44 45 20 54 48 45 59 20 57 52 4F 54 45 20 4D 49 |DE THEY WROTE MI| 00000B10: 4E 49 4D 49 5A 45 53 0D 54 59 50 49 4E 47 2E 20 |NIMIZES.TYPING. | 00000B20: 20 C2 55 54 20 46 4F 52 20 41 20 46 45 57 20 41 | .UT FOR A FEW A| 00000B30: 44 44 49 54 49 4F 4E 41 4C 0D 4C 49 4E 45 53 20 |DDITIONAL.LINES | 00000B40: 4F 46 20 43 4F 44 45 20 54 48 45 59 20 43 4F 55 |OF CODE THEY COU| 00000B50: 4C 44 20 53 41 56 45 20 41 20 4C 4F 54 0D 4F 46 |LD SAVE A LOT.OF| 00000B60: 20 44 49 53 4B 20 53 50 41 43 45 20 41 4E 44 20 | DISK SPACE AND | 00000B70: 41 43 43 45 53 53 20 54 49 4D 45 2E 0D 0D 20 20 |ACCESS TIME... | 00000B80: 20 20 D4 48 45 20 53 45 43 52 45 54 20 49 53 20 | .HE SECRET IS | 00000B90: 49 4E 20 55 4E 44 45 52 53 54 41 4E 44 49 4E 47 |IN UNDERSTANDING| 00000BA0: 0D 48 4F 57 20 54 48 45 20 4F 50 45 52 41 54 49 |.HOW THE OPERATI| 00000BB0: 4E 47 20 53 59 53 54 45 4D 20 4B 45 45 50 53 20 |NG SYSTEM KEEPS | 00000BC0: 41 4E 20 45 59 45 0D 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 53 43 |AN EYE.ON THE SC| 00000BD0: 52 45 45 4E 20 41 4E 44 20 43 4F 52 52 45 53 50 |REEN AND CORRESP| 00000BE0: 4F 4E 44 49 4E 47 0D 43 4F 4C 4F 52 2E 20 20 D4 |ONDING.COLOR. .| 00000BF0: 48 45 52 45 20 41 52 45 20 54 57 4F 20 50 4C 41 |HERE ARE TWO PLA| 00000C00: 43 45 53 20 49 4E 0D 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 57 48 |CES IN.MEMORY WH| 00000C10: 45 52 45 20 54 48 49 53 20 44 41 54 41 20 49 53 |ERE THIS DATA IS| 00000C20: 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 4D 4F 53 54 0D 43 4F 4D | IN THE MOST.COM| 00000C30: 50 41 43 54 20 46 4F 52 4D 20 50 4F 53 53 49 42 |PACT FORM POSSIB| 00000C40: 4C 45 2E 20 20 28 C9 20 4B 4E 4F 57 2C 20 C9 0D |LE. (. KNOW, ..| 00000C50: 4B 4E 4F 57 2C 20 54 48 49 53 20 49 53 20 41 52 |KNOW, THIS IS AR| 00000C60: 47 55 41 42 4C 45 2E 29 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 48 |GUABLE.).. .H| 00000C70: 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 44 41 54 41 20 49 53 |E SCREEN DATA IS| 00000C80: 20 46 4F 55 4E 44 20 49 4E 20 31 30 30 30 0D 43 | FOUND IN 1000.C| 00000C90: 4F 4E 54 49 47 55 4F 55 53 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 |ONTIGUOUS BYTES | 00000CA0: 41 54 20 31 30 32 34 20 54 48 52 4F 55 47 48 0D |AT 1024 THROUGH.| 00000CB0: 32 30 32 33 2E 20 20 D4 48 45 20 43 4F 4C 4F 52 |2023. .HE COLOR| 00000CC0: 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 49 53 20 46 4F 55 4E 44 | MEMORY IS FOUND| 00000CD0: 20 49 4E 20 41 0D 53 49 4D 49 4C 41 52 20 41 52 | IN A.SIMILAR AR| 00000CE0: 45 41 20 41 54 20 35 35 32 39 36 20 54 48 52 4F |EA AT 55296 THRO| 00000CF0: 55 47 48 20 35 36 32 39 35 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 |UGH 56295... | 00000D00: D7 48 41 54 20 49 46 20 57 45 20 57 45 52 45 20 |.HAT IF WE WERE | 00000D10: 54 4F 20 55 53 45 20 54 48 45 20 48 41 4E 44 59 |TO USE THE HANDY| 00000D20: 0D C2 D3 C1 D6 C5 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 |...... FROM ....| 00000D30: C3 20 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 C9 20 44 45 53 43 |. ROUTINE . DESC| 00000D40: 52 49 42 45 44 0D 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 C2 D9 D4 |RIBED.IN THE ...| 00000D50: C5 D3 20 43 4F 4C 55 4D 4E 20 4F 4E 20 CC CF C1 |.. COLUMN ON ...| 00000D60: C4 D3 D4 C1 D2 20 23 34 36 3F 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 |..... #46?.. | 00000D70: C6 49 52 53 54 20 4C 45 54 27 53 20 54 48 49 4E |.IRST LET'S THIN| 00000D80: 4B 20 49 4E 20 48 45 58 41 44 45 43 49 4D 41 4C |K IN HEXADECIMAL| 00000D90: 0D 46 4F 52 20 41 20 53 45 43 4F 4E 44 2E 20 20 |.FOR A SECOND. | 00000DA0: 31 30 32 34 20 45 51 55 41 4C 53 20 24 30 34 30 |1024 EQUALS $040| 00000DB0: 30 2E 0D 35 35 32 39 36 20 45 51 55 41 4C 53 20 |0..55296 EQUALS | 00000DC0: 24 C4 38 30 30 2E 20 20 C8 4F 57 20 43 4F 4E 56 |$.800. .OW CONV| 00000DD0: 45 4E 49 45 4E 54 2E 0D C8 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 |ENIENT...ERE IS | 00000DE0: 54 48 45 20 C2 D3 C1 D6 C5 20 52 4F 55 54 49 4E |THE ..... ROUTIN| 00000DF0: 45 3A 0D 0D 36 31 30 20 D3 D9 D3 35 37 38 31 32 |E:..610 ...57812| 00000E00: 22 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 54 57 4F 22 0D 36 32 30 |"SCREEN TWO".620| 00000E10: 20 D0 CF CB C5 31 39 33 2C 30 3A D0 CF CB C5 31 | ....193,0:....1| 00000E20: 39 34 2C 34 0D 36 33 30 20 D0 CF CB C5 31 37 34 |94,4.630 ....174| 00000E30: 2C 30 3A D0 CF CB C5 31 37 35 2C 38 0D 36 33 35 |,0:....175,8.635| 00000E40: 20 D3 D9 D3 36 32 39 35 34 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 | ...62954.. .| 00000E50: 48 49 53 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 C2 D3 C1 D6 C5 20 54 |HIS WILL ..... 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TYPE-IN| 00001B40: 0D 43 4F 44 45 20 53 4D 41 4C 4C 20 46 4F 52 20 |.CODE SMALL FOR | 00001B50: CA CF D9 D3 D4 C9 C3 CB 20 C1 D2 D4 2E 20 20 D4 |........ .... .| 00001B60: 48 45 0D 50 52 4F 42 4C 45 4D 20 49 53 20 49 4E |HE.PROBLEM IS IN| 00001B70: 20 54 48 45 20 44 49 53 4B 20 53 50 41 43 45 20 | THE DISK SPACE | 00001B80: 4E 45 45 44 45 44 0D 28 57 41 53 54 45 44 29 20 |NEEDED.(WASTED) | 00001B90: 41 4E 44 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 4C 4F 41 44 49 |AND IN THE LOADI| 00001BA0: 4E 47 20 54 49 4D 45 53 2E 0D C3 4F 4D 4D 4F 44 |NG TIMES...OMMOD| 00001BB0: 4F 52 45 20 55 53 45 52 53 20 41 52 45 20 55 53 |ORE USERS ARE US| 00001BC0: 45 44 20 54 4F 20 57 41 49 54 49 4E 47 0D 32 30 |ED TO WAITING.20| 00001BD0: 20 4F 52 20 33 30 20 53 45 43 4F 4E 44 53 20 46 | OR 30 SECONDS F| 00001BE0: 4F 52 20 41 20 54 59 50 49 43 41 4C 20 4C 4F 41 |OR A TYPICAL LOA| 00001BF0: 44 2E 0D D7 48 45 4E 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 49 4D |D...HEN THAT TIM| 00001C00: 45 20 49 4E 43 52 45 41 53 45 53 20 54 4F 20 4D |E INCREASES TO M| 00001C10: 4F 52 45 20 54 48 41 4E 0D 41 20 4D 49 4E 55 54 |ORE THAN.A MINUT| 00001C20: 45 20 4F 52 20 54 57 4F 2C 20 54 48 41 54 27 53 |E OR TWO, THAT'S| 00001C30: 20 57 48 45 4E 20 54 48 45 0D 55 53 45 52 27 53 | WHEN THE.USER'S| 00001C40: 20 54 48 4F 55 47 48 54 53 20 54 55 52 4E 20 54 | THOUGHTS TURN T| 00001C50: 4F 20 C9 C2 CD 2C 20 C1 50 50 4C 45 2C 0D C1 CD |O ..., .PPLE,...| 00001C60: C9 C7 C1 2C 20 45 54 43 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 D4 |..., ETC... .| 00001C70: 52 59 20 54 4F 20 55 4E 44 45 52 53 54 41 4E 44 |RY TO UNDERSTAND| 00001C80: 20 54 48 45 20 54 45 43 48 4E 49 51 55 45 2E 0D | THE TECHNIQUE..| 00001C90: CF 4E 43 45 20 59 4F 55 20 48 41 56 45 20 41 20 |.NCE YOU HAVE A | 00001CA0: 47 52 41 53 50 20 4F 4E 20 41 4C 4C 20 4F 46 20 |GRASP ON ALL OF | 00001CB0: 54 48 45 0D 52 45 51 55 49 52 45 4D 45 4E 54 53 |THE.REQUIREMENTS| 00001CC0: 2C 20 59 4F 55 27 4C 4C 20 C2 D3 C1 D6 C5 20 45 |, YOU'LL ..... E| 00001CD0: 56 45 52 59 54 48 49 4E 47 0D 49 4E 20 53 49 47 |VERYTHING.IN SIG| 00001CE0: 48 54 2E 0D 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2A 2A 2A |HT... ***| 00001CF0: 2A 20 C5 4E 44 20 4F 46 20 D4 45 58 54 20 2A 2A |* .ND OF .EXT **| 00001D00: 2A 2A 0D |**. |
..^U:ZERO.. BYTES: STREAMLINING YOUR
DATA.. BY FENDER TUCKER.. O
N SIDE TWO OF THIS MONTH'S.LOADSTAR IS A
PROGRAM FROM COMMODORE.MAGAZINE BY BOB
AND DAVID SNADER.CALLED JOYSTICK ART. I
T'S A HANDY.LOW-RES DRAWING PROGRAM THAT
ALLOWS.YOU TO DRAW, SAVE AND LOAD SCREE
NS..THE AUTHORS MENTION THAT THEIR MAIN.
CONCERN WAS TO KEEP THE CODE SHORT SO.TH
AT MINIMAL TYPING IS REQUIRED..THEY'VE A
CCOMPLISHED THIS ADMIRABLY,.BUT AT THE E
XPENSE OF DISK SPACE,.WHICH TRANSLATES I
NTO INCREASED.LOADING TIME... IN THE
BYTES COLUMN IN LOADSTAR.#46 I SPOKE ABO
UT BLOAD AND BSAVE FOR.THE C64. I'D LIK
E TO ELABORATE THIS.MONTH, SHOWING HOW T
HESE TECHNIQUES.CAN RADICALLY IMPROVE A
PROGRAM'S.EFFICIENCY... FIRST, LET'S
WRITE A SMALL.ROUTINE FOR LOOKING AT A F
ILE ON A.DISK...10 OPEN3,8,3,"FILENAME".
20 GET#3,A$:A$=A$+CHR$(0):Z=Z+1.30 IFPEE
K(203)=60THEN50.40 IFST=0THENPRINTZ,ASC(
A$),A$:GOTO20.50 CLOSE3:PRINTZ.. SAVE
THIS TO DISK UNDER THE NAME,."READER",
THEN RUN JOYSTICK ART.. CREATE A SCRE
EN AND SAVE IT UNDER.THE NAME, "SCREEN O
NE" AND CHECK OUT.THE DIRECTORY. THIRTY
-SEVEN BLOCKS..THEN LOAD AND RUN "READER
",.SUBSTITUTING "SCREEN ONE" FOR."FILENA
ME" IN LINE 10. YOU'LL GET A.READOUT TH
AT LOOKS LIKE:. 1 32. 2
51 3 !----------!. 3
50 2 ! --NOTE-- !. 4 32
! PRESS !. 5 13
! SPACE !.
! TO !. 6 32
! STOP !. 7 49 1
! LISTING !. 8 32
!----------!. 9 13.. 10
32. NOW LET'S ANALYZE THIS DATA. Z
.IS THE NUMBER OF BYTES THAT ARE BEING.R
EAD AND IS THE SEQUENTIAL NUMBERING.ON T
HE LEFT. THE NUMBERS IN THE.MIDDLE COLU
MN ARE THE ASCII VALUES OF.THE BYTE AND
THE NUMBERS ON THE RIGHT.SHOW THE ACTUAL
SCREEN AND COLOR DATA.THAT NEEDS TO BE
SAVED. ONLY THE.NUMBERS ON THE RIGHT AR
E OF ANY.IMPORTANCE AND NEED TO BE SAVED
TO.DISK... WHAT'S HAPPENING IS THAT
WE ARE.SAVING A LOT OF UNNECESSARY BYTES
BY.SAVING SUBSCRIPTED VARIABLES TO DISK
.AS VARIABLES AND NOT AS RAW DATA..ALL O
F THE ABOVE BYTES ARE REQUIRED.TO SAVE O
NE SCREEN BYTE (AND COLOR)..ONLY 999 MOR
E TO GO. WHEW!. THIS IS A LIST OF OU
R.INEFFICIENCIES... (1) WE ARE SAVING T
O DISK THE 'SIGN'.BYTE, WHICH IS THE 32
BEFORE THE.NUMBER. THERE WON'T BE ANY N
EGATIVE.NUMBERS SO THE 'SIGN' IS TRIVIAL
.. (2) WE ARE SAVING THE DATA (WHICH.WI
LL ALWAYS BE A NUMBER BETWEEN 0 AND.255)
AS A SERIES OF DIGITS. A NUMBER.LARGER
THAN 99 WOULD REQUIRE THREE.DIGITS, AND
HENCE THREE BYTES.. (3) WE ARE ALSO SA
VING THE SPACE.THAT'S AUTOMATICALLY TACK
ED ONTO A.NUMBER BY THE OPERATING SYSTEM
(THE.32 AFTER THE NUMBER).. (4) FOR EA
CH SCREEN AND COLOR BYTE.WE ARE SAVING T
WO CARRIAGE RETURNS.(THE 13'S IN THE REA
DOUT).. THE AUTHORS ARE CORRECT IN SA
YING.THAT THE CODE THEY WROTE MINIMIZES.
TYPING. BUT FOR A FEW ADDITIONAL.LINES
OF CODE THEY COULD SAVE A LOT.OF DISK SP
ACE AND ACCESS TIME... THE SECRET IS
IN UNDERSTANDING.HOW THE OPERATING SYSTE
M KEEPS AN EYE.ON THE SCREEN AND CORRESP
ONDING.COLOR. THERE ARE TWO PLACES IN.M
EMORY WHERE THIS DATA IS IN THE MOST.COM
PACT FORM POSSIBLE. (I KNOW, I.KNOW, TH
IS IS ARGUABLE.).. THE SCREEN DATA IS
FOUND IN 1000.CONTIGUOUS BYTES AT 1024
THROUGH.2023. THE COLOR MEMORY IS FOUND
IN A.SIMILAR AREA AT 55296 THROUGH 5629
5... WHAT IF WE WERE TO USE THE HANDY
.BSAVE FROM BASIC ROUTINE I DESCRIBED.IN
THE BYTES COLUMN ON LOADSTAR #46?..
FIRST LET'S THINK IN HEXADECIMAL.FOR A S
ECOND. 1024 EQUALS $0400..55296 EQUALS
$D800. HOW CONVENIENT..HERE IS THE BSAV
E ROUTINE:..610 SYS57812"SCREEN TWO".620
POKE193,0:POKE194,4.630 POKE174,0:POKE1
75,8.635 SYS62954.. THIS WILL BSAVE T
HE SCREEN MEMORY.TO DISK. WE'LL USE A S
IMILAR ROUTINE.FOR THE COLOR MEMORY. 19
3 AND 174.ARE THE LO-BYTES AND 194 AND 1
75 ARE.THE HI-BYTES.. LINE 610 OPENS TH
E DISK FOR WRITING.A FILE CALLED "SCREEN
TWO"... LINE 620 POINTS TO THE BEGINNI
NG OF.THE AREA TO BE BSAVED. NOTICE HOW
.EASY IT IS WITH HEX NUMBERING... LINE
630 POINTS TO THE END OF THE.AREA TO BE
BSAVED. ALWAYS GO ONE BYTE.PAST WHERE Y
OU WANT TO SAVE... LINE 635 PERFORMS TH
E BSAVE... TO SAVE THE COLOR MEMORY U
SE A.SIMILAR ROUTINE EXCEPT POKE 194 WIT
H.208 AND POKE 175 WITH 212. THESE ARE.
THE HI-BYTES. THE LO-BYTES WILL JUST.AB
OUT ALWAYS BE ZEROES... $D8 EQUALS 20
8. A SCREEN IS.ALWAYS FOUR 'PAGES' LONG
IN MEMORY,.OR, IN OTHER WORDS, THE HI-B
YTE OF.THE ENDING ADDRESS IS ALWAYS FOUR
.MORE THAN THE HI-BYTE OF THE.BEGINNING
ADDRESS... IF YOU WERE TO INSERT THES
E TWO.FOUR-LINE ROUTINES IN THE PROGRAM
IN.PLACE OF THE USUAL 'SAVE SCREEN'.ROUT
INES YOU WOULD FIND TWO FOUR- OR.FIVE-BL
OCK-LONG FILES ON THE DISK.INSTEAD OF TH
E 37-BLOCK FILES... YOU CAN QUICKLY L
OAD THESE FILES.INTO MEMORY WITH A SIMPL
E LOAD"SCREEN.NAME",8,1.... AS ALWAYS
, WHEN YOU LOAD.SOMETHING WITH THE ",8,1
" ENDING FROM.WITHIN A PROGRAM YOU HAVE
TO ACCOUNT.FOR THE FACT THAT AFTER THE L
OAD THE.PROGRAM COUNTER GOES BACK TO THE
.BEGINNING OF THE PROGRAM, SO YOU HAVE.T
O HAVE A LINE LIKE:..5 IFFL=1THENFL=0:GO
TO640.. THIS IS ASSUMING THAT YOU SET
.FL=1 BEFORE YOU USED THE LOAD.COMMAND..
. IF YOU USE THE BLOAD.O ROUTINE.FOUN
D ON JUST ABOUT EVERY LOADSTAR.YOU DON'T
HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT THE.PROGRAM COUNTER
. YOUR PROGRAM WILL.CONTINUE ON THE NEX
T BASIC LINE.. THE INSTINCTIVE WAY TO
SAVE 1000.VARIABLES IS TO OPEN A FILE A
ND DUMP.THEM TO THE DRIVE ONE AT A TIME,
BUT.TRY TO THINK IN TERMS OF CONTIGUOUS
.RAW DATA. IF YOUR DATA (SPRITES,.SCREE
NS, FONTS, TEXT, ANYTHING) IS IN.MEMORY
AND YOU KNOW WHERE, BSAVE IT.AND BLOAD I
T DIRECTLY... IT'S SIMPLY A MATTER OF
FIGURING.OUT THE FOUR POKES. SPRITES A
RE EACH.ONE-HALF OF A 'PAGE' LONG. SCRE
ENS.ARE FOUR 'PAGES' LONG. FONTS ARE.EI
GHT 'PAGES' LONG. EXCEPT FOR.SPRITES, A
LL OF THE ABOVE START ON A.'BORDER' SO T
HE LO-BYTE OF THE.BEGINNING ADDRESS WILL
ALWAYS BE A.ZERO... TRY USING THIS V
ARIATION OF."READER" TO COUNT THE NUMBER
OF BYTES.IN A SCREEN YOU BSAVED...10 OP
EN3,8,3,"BSAVED SCREEN".20 GET#3,A$:Z=Z+
1.30 IFST=0THEN20.40 CLOSE3:PRINTZ..
YOU CAN MULTIPLY THE NUMBER BY.TWO SINCE
THIS IS ONLY THE SCREEN.DATA, WITHOUT T
HE CORRESPONDING COLOR.MEMORY. 1024 * 2
EQUALS 2048. I.REALIZE IT SAYS 1026, B
UT TWO OF.THOSE BYTES ARE THE LOADING AD
DRESS... NOW TRY IT ON ONE OF THE FIL
ES.CREATED BY THE ORIGINAL JOYSTICK ART.
.AFTER A LONG WAIT, YOU'LL SEE 9348..
THE REAL INCREASE IN SPEED COMES.FROM T
HE FACT THAT LOADS ARE.PERFORMED BY THE
OPERATING SYSTEM AT.MACHINE LANGUAGE SPE
EDS BUT READING A.FILE WITH THE USUAL OP
EN AND INPUT#.COMMANDS IS DONE AT BASIC
SPEEDS...NOTE: SINCE A SCREEN IS 1000 BY
TES.LONG AND FOUR 'PAGES' IS 1024 BYTES,
.YOU ARE ACTUALLY SAVING 24 EXTRA.BYTES.
IF YOU REALLY WANT TO BE.SUPER-EFFICIE
NT YOU SHOULD POKE 174.WITH 232 AND 175
WITH 7 INSTEAD OF 0.AND 8. REMEMBER THO
UGH, HE WHO GETS.TOO COMPLICATED WHEN EX
PLAINING.SOMETHING SIMPLE IS OFTEN HOIST
ON.HIS OWN PETARD.... BOB AND DAVE S
NADER HAVE DONE AN.GOOD JOB IN KEEPING T
HE BASIC TYPE-IN.CODE SMALL FOR JOYSTICK
ART. THE.PROBLEM IS IN THE DISK SPACE
NEEDED.(WASTED) AND IN THE LOADING TIMES
..COMMODORE USERS ARE USED TO WAITING.20
OR 30 SECONDS FOR A TYPICAL LOAD..WHEN
THAT TIME INCREASES TO MORE THAN.A MINUT
E OR TWO, THAT'S WHEN THE.USER'S THOUGHT
S TURN TO IBM, APPLE,.AMIGA, ETC... T
RY TO UNDERSTAND THE TECHNIQUE..ONCE YOU
HAVE A GRASP ON ALL OF THE.REQUIREMENTS
, YOU'LL BSAVE EVERYTHING.IN SIGHT...
**** END OF TEXT ****.
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