MAC.TUTOR 2
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): MAC.TUTOR 2
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 28K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 15:51:26
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
d2ba9177d384587fd2c83418380f041f5d8a22da40ff2e0e79436773ae0a5a87
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LO | MAC.TUTOR 2 | PRG | Belgium | 12 | 2 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
> DETECTED: COMMODORE BASIC PROGRAM (LOAD ADDRESS $0801)
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00001530: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0D 0A 59 20 2D 20 | ..Y - |
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00001550: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
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000015C0: 0A 4F 56 45 52 46 4C 4F 57 20 46 4C 41 47 3A 30 |.OVERFLOW FLAG:0|
000015D0: 20 20 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .. |
000015E0: 20 20 20 20 20 0D 0A 81 66 33 2F 66 37 20 46 4F | ...f3/f7 FO|
000015F0: 52 20 4D 4F 44 45 53 0D 0A 84 27 52 45 54 55 52 |R MODES...'RETUR|
00001600: 4E 27 20 54 4F 20 52 55 4E 20 20 0D 0A 82 27 5F |N' TO RUN ...'_|
00001610: 27 20 54 4F 20 45 44 49 54 20 20 20 20 0D 0A FF |' TO EDIT ...|
00001620: 1F 11 00 82 9D 87 4C 41 42 45 4C 53 20 49 4E 53 |......LABELS INS|
00001630: 54 52 55 43 54 49 4F 4E 53 0D 0A 9C 0D 0A 50 52 |TRUCTIONS.....PR|
00001640: 45 53 53 20 4B 45 59 53 3A 9C 0D 0A 9C 0A 81 9D |ESS KEYS:.......|
00001650: 87 20 66 31 20 20 20 9C 0D 0A 61 73 73 65 6D 62 |. f1 ...assemb|
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00001670: 81 9D 87 20 66 33 20 20 20 9C 0D 0A 66 6F 72 20 |... f3 ...for |
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00001690: 87 20 66 35 20 20 20 9C 0D 0A 74 6F 20 65 72 61 |. f5 ...to era|
000016A0: 73 65 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 9C 0D 0A 9C 0A 9C |se program......|
000016B0: 0A 9C 0A 9C 0A 9C 1F 00 12 20 84 9D 87 45 44 49 |......... ...EDI|
000016C0: 54 20 4D 4F 44 45 20 20 9C 8C 0D 0A 20 84 9D 87 |T MODE .... ...|
000016D0: 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 20 20 9C 8C 0D 0A 0A |********* .....|
000016E0: 54 79 70 65 20 69 6E 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 2C |Type in program,|
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00001710: 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 2E 9C 0D 0A 9C FF 41 43 43 |program......ACC|
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00001730: 47 49 53 54 45 52 20 20 20 20 59 2D 52 45 47 49 |GISTER Y-REGI|
00001740: 53 54 45 52 20 20 81 9D 87 30 30 30 20 20 87 9C |STER ...000 ..|
00001750: 20 20 20 20 20 84 9D 87 30 30 30 20 20 87 9C 20 | ...000 .. |
00001760: 20 20 20 82 9D 87 30 30 30 20 20 87 9C 20 20 20 | ...000 .. |
00001770: 20 20 20 20 20 4E 45 47 20 5A 45 52 4F 20 44 45 | NEG ZERO DE|
00001780: 43 20 4F 2F 46 20 43 41 52 52 59 20 49 2F 44 49 |C O/F CARRY I/DI|
00001790: 53 41 42 4C 45 46 4C 41 47 53 3A 85 9D 87 30 20 |SABLEFLAGS:...0 |
000017A0: 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 | 0 0 0 |
000017B0: 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 FF 45 52 52 4F 52 |0 0.ERROR|
000017C0: 20 2D 20 49 4E 53 54 52 55 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 4E | - INSTRUCTION N|
000017D0: 4F 54 20 52 45 43 4F 47 4E 49 53 45 44 20 3A 0D |OT RECOGNISED :.|
000017E0: 45 52 52 4F 52 20 2D 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 42 |ERROR - NUMBER B|
000017F0: 49 47 47 45 52 20 54 48 41 4E 20 32 35 35 3A 0D |IGGER THAN 255:.|
00001800: 45 52 52 4F 52 20 2D 20 4C 41 42 45 4C 20 4E 4F |ERROR - LABEL NO|
00001810: 54 20 46 4F 55 4E 44 20 3A 20 0D 45 52 52 4F 52 |T FOUND : .ERROR|
00001820: 20 2D 20 52 45 53 55 4C 54 49 4E 47 20 41 44 44 | - RESULTING ADD|
00001830: 52 45 53 53 20 47 52 45 41 54 45 52 20 54 48 41 |RESS GREATER THA|
00001840: 4E 0D 0A 31 30 32 34 20 28 44 45 43 49 4D 41 4C |N..1024 (DECIMAL|
00001850: 29 20 4F 52 20 24 34 30 30 20 28 48 45 58 29 FF |) OR $400 (HEX).|
00001860: 42 52 4B 00 43 4C 43 18 43 4C 44 D8 43 4C 49 58 |BRK.CLC.CLD.CLIX|
00001870: 43 4C 56 B8 44 45 58 CA 44 45 59 88 49 4E 58 E8 |CLV.DEX.DEY.INX.|
00001880: 49 4E 59 C8 4E 4F 50 EA 50 48 41 48 50 48 50 08 |INY.NOP.PHAHPHP.|
00001890: 50 4C 41 68 50 4C 50 28 52 54 53 60 53 45 43 38 |PLAhPLP(RTS`SEC8|
000018A0: 53 45 44 F8 53 45 49 78 54 41 58 AA 54 41 59 A8 |SED.SEIxTAX.TAY.|
000018B0: 54 53 58 BA 54 58 41 8A 54 58 53 9A 54 59 41 98 |TSX.TXA.TXS.TYA.|
000018C0: FF 41 53 4C 0A 4C 53 52 4A 52 4F 4C 2A 52 4F 52 |.ASL.LSRJROL*ROR|
000018D0: 6A FF 41 44 43 69 41 4E 44 29 43 4D 50 C9 43 50 |j.ADCiAND)CMP.CP|
000018E0: 58 E0 43 50 59 C0 45 4F 52 49 4C 44 41 A9 4C 44 |X.CPY.EORILDA.LD|
000018F0: 58 A2 4C 44 59 A0 4F 52 41 09 53 42 43 E9 FF 41 |X.LDY.ORA.SBC..A|
00001900: 44 43 65 41 4E 44 25 41 53 4C 06 42 49 54 24 43 |DCeAND%ASL.BIT$C|
00001910: 4D 50 C5 43 50 58 E4 43 50 59 C4 44 45 43 C6 45 |MP.CPX.CPY.DEC.E|
00001920: 4F 52 45 49 4E 43 E6 4C 44 41 A5 4C 44 58 A6 4C |OREINC.LDA.LDX.L|
00001930: 44 59 A4 4C 53 52 46 4F 52 41 05 52 4F 4C 26 52 |DY.LSRFORA.ROL&R|
00001940: 4F 52 66 53 42 43 E5 53 54 41 85 53 54 58 86 53 |ORfSBC.STA.STX.S|
00001950: 54 59 84 FF 41 44 43 6D 41 4E 44 2D 41 53 4C 0E |TY..ADCmAND-ASL.|
00001960: 42 49 54 2C 43 4D 50 CD 43 50 58 EC 43 50 59 CC |BIT,CMP.CPX.CPY.|
00001970: 45 4F 52 4D 49 4E 43 EE 4C 44 41 AD 4C 44 58 AE |EORMINC.LDA.LDX.|
00001980: 4C 44 59 AC 4C 53 52 4E 4F 52 41 0D 52 4F 4C 2E |LDY.LSRNORA.ROL.|
00001990: 52 4F 52 6E 53 42 43 ED 53 54 41 8D 53 54 58 8E |RORnSBC.STA.STX.|
000019A0: 53 54 59 8C 44 45 43 CE FF 41 44 43 7D 41 4E 44 |STY.DEC..ADC}AND|
000019B0: 3D 41 53 4C 1E 43 4D 50 DD 44 45 43 DE 45 4F 52 |=ASL.CMP.DEC.EOR|
000019C0: 5D 49 4E 43 FE 4C 44 41 BD 4C 44 59 BC 4C 53 52 |]INC.LDA.LDY.LSR|
000019D0: 5E 4F 52 41 1D 52 4F 4C 3E 52 4F 52 7E 53 42 43 |^ORA.ROL>ROR~SBC|
000019E0: FD 53 54 41 9D FF 41 44 43 79 41 4E 44 39 43 4D |.STA..ADCyAND9CM|
000019F0: 50 D9 45 4F 52 59 4C 44 41 B9 4C 44 58 BE 4F 52 |P.EORYLDA.LDX.OR|
00001A00: 41 19 53 42 43 F9 53 54 41 99 FF 41 44 43 75 41 |A.SBC.STA..ADCuA|
00001A10: 4E 44 35 41 53 4C 16 43 4D 50 D5 44 45 43 D6 45 |ND5ASL.CMP.DEC.E|
00001A20: 4F 52 55 49 4E 43 F6 4C 44 41 B5 4C 44 59 B4 4C |ORUINC.LDA.LDY.L|
00001A30: 53 52 56 4F 52 41 15 52 4F 4C 36 52 4F 52 76 53 |SRVORA.ROL6RORvS|
00001A40: 42 43 F5 53 54 41 95 53 54 59 94 FF 4C 44 58 B6 |BC.STA.STY..LDX.|
00001A50: 53 54 58 96 FF 41 44 43 61 41 4E 44 21 43 4D 50 |STX..ADCaAND!CMP|
00001A60: C1 45 4F 52 41 4C 44 41 A1 4F 52 41 01 53 42 43 |.EORALDA.ORA.SBC|
00001A70: E1 53 54 41 81 FF 41 44 43 71 41 4E 44 31 43 4D |.STA..ADCqAND1CM|
00001A80: 50 D1 45 4F 52 51 4C 44 41 B1 4F 52 41 11 53 42 |P.EORQLDA.ORA.SB|
00001A90: 43 F1 53 54 41 91 FF 4A 4D 50 4C 4A 53 52 20 FF |C.STA..JMPLJSR .|
00001AA0: 42 43 43 90 42 43 53 B0 42 45 51 F0 42 4D 49 30 |BCC.BCS.BEQ.BMI0|
00001AB0: 42 4E 45 D0 42 50 4C 10 42 56 43 50 42 56 53 70 |BNE.BPL.BVCPBVSp|
00001AC0: FF A9 1F 20 A6 31 A9 00 20 A6 31 A9 12 20 A6 31 |... .1.. .1.. .1|
00001AD0: A9 50 8D 02 C0 A9 20 20 A6 31 CE 02 C0 AD 02 C0 |.P.... .1......|
00001AE0: D0 F3 60 A9 A6 85 14 A9 28 85 15 20 C0 22 A9 1F |..`.....(.. ."..|
00001AF0: 20 A6 31 A9 00 20 A6 31 A9 12 20 A6 31 AC 09 C0 | .1.. .1.. .1...|
00001B00: B1 0E AA 8D 5D C0 BD 00 7B 8D 5C C0 AA E0 00 F0 |....]...{.\.....|
00001B10: 11 18 A5 14 69 09 85 14 A5 15 69 00 85 15 CA 4C |....i.....i....L|
00001B20: 0C 23 A0 00 B1 14 85 10 C8 B1 14 85 11 C8 B1 14 |.#..............|
00001B30: 85 12 C8 B1 14 85 13 20 7D 23 C8 B1 14 85 12 C8 |....... }#......|
00001B40: B1 14 85 13 20 7D 23 C8 B1 14 85 12 C8 B1 14 85 |.... }#.........|
00001B50: 13 20 7D 23 C8 B1 14 8D 5B C0 20 A7 23 A2 00 BD |. }#....[. .#...|
00001B60: 07 27 C9 FF F0 08 CD 5B C0 F0 0F E8 D0 F1 A5 19 |.'.....[........|
00001B70: C9 0C 90 03 4C E1 26 20 57 28 60 6C 10 00 8C 02 |....L.& W(`l....|
00001B80: C0 A0 00 B1 12 C9 FF F0 06 20 10 34 C8 D0 F4 AC |......... .4....|
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00002D30: 20 A6 31 A2 13 A9 20 20 A6 31 CA 10 F8 EE 02 C0 | .1... .1......|
00002D40: AD 02 C0 C9 12 D0 DC A9 1F 20 A6 31 A9 00 20 A6 |......... .1.. .|
00002D50: 31 A9 11 20 A6 31 A2 C8 A9 20 20 A6 31 CA D0 F8 |1.. .1... .1...|
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00002D70: 57 10 20 25 34 4C 4E 0C 1F 00 12 45 4E 44 20 4F |W. %4LN....END O|
00002D80: 46 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 2D 20 50 52 45 53 |F PROGRAM - PRES|
00002D90: 53 20 41 20 4B 45 59 FF 61 63 63 75 6D 75 6C 61 |S A KEY.accumula|
00002DA0: 74 6F 72 20 FF 58 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 20 |tor .X register |
00002DB0: FF 59 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 20 FF 4C 6F 67 |.Y register .Log|
00002DC0: 69 63 61 6C 20 4F 52 20 FF 77 69 74 68 20 6E 75 |ical OR .with nu|
00002DD0: 6D 62 65 72 20 FF 77 69 74 68 20 6D 65 6D 6F 72 |mber .with memor|
00002DE0: 79 20 6C 6F 63 61 74 69 6F 6E FF 41 72 69 74 68 |y location.Arith|
00002DF0: 6D 65 74 69 63 20 73 68 69 66 74 20 6C 65 66 74 |metic shift left|
00002E00: 20 FF 50 75 73 68 20 FF 70 72 6F 63 65 73 73 6F | .Push .processo|
00002E10: 72 20 73 74 61 74 75 73 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 |r status registe|
00002E20: 72 0D FF 6F 6E 74 6F 20 73 74 61 63 6B 20 FF 6D |r..onto stack .m|
00002E30: 65 6D 6F 72 79 20 6C 6F 63 61 74 69 6F 6E 20 FF |emory location .|
00002E40: 42 72 65 61 6B 20 2D 20 77 69 6C 6C 20 73 74 6F |Break - will sto|
00002E50: 70 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 69 6F 6E FF 4E 6F 74 20 |p execution.Not |
00002E60: 61 20 76 61 6C 69 64 20 69 6E 73 74 72 75 63 74 |a valid instruct|
00002E70: 69 6F 6E 20 6F 70 2D 63 6F 64 65 FF 0D 50 52 45 |ion op-code..PRE|
00002E80: 53 53 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 20 4B 45 59 20 54 4F |SS RETURN KEY TO|
00002E90: 20 43 4F 4E 54 49 4E 55 45 FF 63 6C 65 61 72 20 | CONTINUE.clear |
00002EA0: FF 63 61 72 72 79 20 FF 66 6C 61 67 20 FF 72 69 |.carry .flag .ri|
00002EB0: 67 68 74 20 FF 6C 65 66 74 20 FF 52 6F 74 61 74 |ght .left .Rotat|
00002EC0: 65 20 FF 4C 6F 67 69 63 61 6C 20 41 4E 44 20 61 |e .Logical AND a|
00002ED0: 63 63 75 6D 75 6C 61 74 6F 72 20 FF 54 65 73 74 |ccumulator .Test|
00002EE0: 20 42 49 54 73 20 6F 66 20 61 63 63 75 6D 75 6C | BITs of accumul|
00002EF0: 61 74 6F 72 20 61 67 61 69 6E 73 74 20 FF 66 72 |ator against .fr|
00002F00: 6F 6D 20 73 74 61 63 6B FF 50 75 6C 6C 20 FF 4C |om stack.Pull .L|
00002F10: 6F 67 69 63 61 6C 20 73 68 69 66 74 20 FF 45 78 |ogical shift .Ex|
00002F20: 63 6C 75 73 69 76 65 20 4F 52 20 FF 73 65 74 20 |clusive OR .set |
00002F30: FF 77 69 74 68 20 6D 65 6D 6F 72 79 0D 6C 6F 63 |.with memory.loc|
00002F40: 61 74 69 6F 6E FF 41 64 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 FF |ation.Add with .|
00002F50: 69 6E 74 65 72 72 75 70 74 20 64 69 73 61 62 6C |interrupt disabl|
00002F60: 65 20 FF 54 72 61 6E 73 66 65 72 20 FF 53 74 6F |e .Transfer .Sto|
00002F70: 72 65 20 FF 61 74 20 6D 65 6D 6F 72 79 20 6C 6F |re .at memory lo|
00002F80: 63 61 74 69 6F 6E FF 74 6F 20 73 74 61 63 6B 20 |cation.to stack |
00002F90: 70 6F 69 6E 74 65 72 FF 74 6F 20 61 63 63 75 6D |pointer.to accum|
00002FA0: 75 6C 61 74 6F 72 FF 4A 75 6D 70 20 74 6F 20 73 |ulator.Jump to s|
00002FB0: 75 62 72 6F 75 74 69 6E 65 FF 4A 75 6D 70 20 2D |ubroutine.Jump -|
00002FC0: 20 4C 6F 61 64 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 20 63 6F | Load program co|
00002FD0: 75 6E 74 65 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 6E 65 77 0D 61 |unter with new.a|
00002FE0: 64 64 72 65 73 73 FF 44 65 63 72 65 6D 65 6E 74 |ddress.Decrement|
00002FF0: 20 FF 4C 6F 61 64 20 FF 73 74 61 63 6B 20 70 6F | .Load .stack po|
00003000: 69 6E 74 65 72 20 FF 74 6F 20 58 20 72 65 67 69 |inter .to X regi|
00003010: 73 74 65 72 FF 6F 76 65 72 66 6C 6F 77 20 FF 4E |ster.overflow .N|
00003020: 6F 20 6F 70 65 72 61 74 69 6F 6E FF 49 6E 63 72 |o operation.Incr|
00003030: 65 6D 65 6E 74 20 FF 64 65 63 69 6D 61 6C 20 6D |ement .decimal m|
00003040: 6F 64 65 20 FF 6E 75 6D 62 65 72 20 FF 53 75 62 |ode .number .Sub|
00003050: 74 72 61 63 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 FF 43 6F 6D 70 |tract with .Comp|
00003060: 61 72 65 20 FF 6E 6F 74 20 65 71 75 61 6C 20 74 |are .not equal t|
00003070: 6F 20 7A 65 72 6F 20 28 5A 3D 30 29 FF 65 71 75 |o zero (Z=0).equ|
00003080: 61 6C 20 74 6F 20 7A 65 72 6F 20 28 5A 3D 31 29 |al to zero (Z=1)|
00003090: FF 42 72 61 6E 63 68 20 69 66 20 FF 70 6F 73 69 |.Branch if .posi|
000030A0: 74 69 76 65 20 28 4E 3D 30 29 FF 6D 69 6E 75 73 |tive (N=0).minus|
000030B0: 20 28 4E 3D 31 29 FF 52 65 74 75 72 6E 20 66 72 | (N=1).Return fr|
000030C0: 6F 6D 20 73 75 62 72 6F 75 74 69 6E 65 FF 74 6F |om subroutine.to|
000030D0: 20 59 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 FF 73 65 74 20 | Y register.set |
000030E0: 28 43 3D 31 29 FF 63 6C 65 61 72 20 28 43 3D 30 |(C=1).clear (C=0|
000030F0: 29 FF 6F 76 65 72 66 6C 6F 77 20 66 6C 61 67 20 |).overflow flag |
00003100: 63 6C 65 61 72 20 28 56 3D 30 29 FF 6F 76 65 72 |clear (V=0).over|
00003110: 66 6C 6F 77 20 66 6C 61 67 20 73 65 74 20 28 56 |flow flag set (V|
00003120: 3D 31 29 FF 00 A9 01 8D 02 C0 A9 14 8D 0B C0 A9 |=1).............|
00003130: 00 8D 14 C0 4C 4E 39 A9 1F 20 A6 31 AD 0B C0 20 |....LN9.. .1... |
00003140: A6 31 AD 02 C0 20 A6 31 A9 87 20 9E 34 8A 60 20 |.1... .1.. .4.` |
00003150: 36 39 AE 14 C0 9D 51 C0 EE 14 C0 EE 0B C0 AD 14 |69....Q.........|
00003160: C0 C9 06 D0 EA AD 51 C0 C9 20 D0 03 4C AA 39 A9 |......Q.. ..L.9.|
00003170: 01 8D 63 C0 A9 14 8D 0B C0 A9 00 8D 14 C0 AD 63 |..c............c|
00003180: C0 CD 02 C0 F0 1B 20 00 3A AE 14 C0 DD 51 C0 D0 |...... .:....Q..|
00003190: 10 EE 14 C0 EE 0B C0 AD 14 C0 C9 06 D0 E8 4C B8 |..............L.|
000031A0: 39 EE 63 C0 AD 63 C0 C9 11 D0 C9 EE 02 C0 AD 02 |9.c..c..........|
000031B0: C0 C9 11 F0 03 4C 29 39 60 A9 DD 85 12 A9 39 85 |.....L)9`.....9.|
000031C0: 13 20 57 10 A2 00 BD 51 C0 20 A6 31 E8 E0 06 D0 |. W....Q. .1....|
000031D0: F5 A9 22 20 A6 31 20 25 34 68 68 4C 4E 0C 1F 00 |.." .1 %4hhLN...|
000031E0: 12 45 52 52 4F 52 20 2D 20 44 55 50 4C 49 43 41 |.ERROR - DUPLICA|
000031F0: 54 45 20 4C 41 42 45 4C 20 46 4F 55 4E 44 20 22 |TE LABEL FOUND "|
00003200: FF A9 1F 20 A6 31 AD 0B C0 20 A6 31 AD 63 C0 20 |... .1... .1.c. |
00003210: A6 31 A9 87 20 9E 34 8A 60 A9 1F 20 A6 31 A9 1A |.1.. .4.`.. .1..|
00003220: 20 A6 31 AD 28 C0 20 A6 31 A9 87 20 9E 34 E0 20 | .1.(. .1.. .4. |
00003230: F0 03 4C CC 3B A2 03 BD 15 C0 C9 20 F0 1B 4C 47 |..L.;...... ..LG|
00003240: 3B AD 15 C0 C9 42 F0 07 C9 4A F0 03 4C A6 3A E8 |;....B...J..L.:.|
00003250: BD 15 C0 C9 20 D0 F8 F0 4E E8 BD 15 C0 E0 05 F0 |.... ...N.......|
00003260: 08 C9 20 F0 42 C9 41 B0 D8 C9 24 F0 13 E0 05 F0 |.. .B.A...$.....|
00003270: 08 C9 28 F0 41 C9 23 F0 E0 C9 30 B0 06 4C 1D 3B |..(.A.#...0..L.;|
00003280: 4C 22 3B C9 3A B0 F6 E8 E0 0D F0 F1 BD 15 C0 C9 |L";.:...........|
00003290: 20 F0 14 C9 2C F0 0F C9 30 B0 03 4C 1D 3B C9 3A | ...,...0..L.;.:|
000032A0: B0 DB 4C 86 3A 60 E8 E8 E0 0D F0 F9 BD 15 C0 C9 |..L.:`..........|
000032B0: 20 F0 F4 4C 1D 3B E8 BD 15 C0 C9 29 F0 0B C9 28 | ..L.;.....)...(|
000032C0: F0 BB E0 0C D0 F0 4C 1D 3B E8 BD 15 C0 C9 29 F0 |......L.;.....).|
000032D0: AC C9 28 F0 A8 E0 0C D0 F0 A2 05 BD 15 C0 C9 24 |..(............$|
000032E0: F0 1D BD 15 C0 C9 29 F0 0F C9 2C F0 0B C9 30 90 |......)...,...0.|
000032F0: 0B C9 3A B0 07 E8 D0 EA E8 4C A5 3A 4C 1D 3B E8 |..:......L.:L.;.|
00003300: BD 15 C0 C9 29 F0 F1 C9 2C F0 ED C9 30 90 ED C9 |....)...,...0...|
00003310: 47 B0 E9 C9 41 B0 E8 C9 3A B0 E1 4C FE 3A 68 68 |G...A...:..L.:hh|
00003320: 4C 9D 14 E8 BD 15 C0 C9 20 F0 17 C9 2C F0 16 C9 |L....... ...,...|
00003330: 30 90 C9 C9 3A 90 EC C9 41 90 C1 C9 47 B0 BD 4C |0...:...A...G..L|
00003340: 22 3B 4C A6 3A 4C A5 3A A9 55 85 12 A9 3B 85 13 |";L.:L.:.U...;..|
00003350: 20 57 10 4C D7 3B 1F 00 12 54 48 45 52 45 20 53 | W.L.;...THERE S|
00003360: 48 4F 55 4C 44 20 42 45 20 41 20 53 50 41 43 45 |HOULD BE A SPACE|
00003370: 20 42 45 54 57 45 45 4E 20 54 48 45 0D 0A 4D 4E | BETWEEN THE..MN|
00003380: 45 4D 4F 4E 49 43 20 41 4E 44 20 4F 50 45 52 41 |EMONIC AND OPERA|
00003390: 4E 44 2E 20 54 48 45 20 48 49 47 48 4C 49 47 48 |ND. THE HIGHLIGH|
000033A0: 54 45 44 0D 0A 4C 49 4E 45 20 49 4E 44 49 43 41 |TED..LINE INDICA|
000033B0: 54 45 53 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 48 |TES WHICH LINE H|
000033C0: 41 53 20 41 4E 20 45 52 52 4F 52 2E FF A9 03 85 |AS AN ERROR.....|
000033D0: 12 A9 3C 85 13 20 57 10 A9 1F 20 A6 31 A9 10 20 |..<.. W... .1.. |
000033E0: A6 31 AD 28 C0 20 A6 31 A9 88 20 A6 31 A9 81 20 |.1.(. .1.. .1.. |
000033F0: A6 31 A9 9D 20 A6 31 A9 87 20 A6 31 20 25 34 68 |.1.. .1.. .1 %4h|
00003400: 68 4C 4E 0C 1F 00 12 41 20 4C 41 42 45 4C 20 53 |hLN....A LABEL S|
00003410: 48 4F 55 4C 44 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 42 45 20 55 50 |HOULD ONLY BE UP|
00003420: 54 4F 20 53 49 58 20 4C 45 54 54 45 52 53 20 4C |TO SIX LETTERS L|
00003430: 4F 4E 47 2E 20 54 48 45 20 48 49 47 48 4C 49 47 |ONG. THE HIGHLIG|
00003440: 48 54 45 44 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 49 4E 44 49 43 41 |HTED LINE INDICA|
00003450: 54 45 53 20 54 48 45 4C 49 4E 45 20 57 48 49 43 |TES THELINE WHIC|
00003460: 48 20 48 41 53 20 41 20 4C 41 42 45 4C 20 54 4F |H HAS A LABEL TO|
00003470: 4F 20 4C 4F 4E 47 2E FF 0B 8E 3C AB 3C CD 3C F0 |O LONG....<.<.<.|
00003480: 3C 17 3D 3A 3D 5D 3D 80 3D A9 3D CC 3D F3 3D 01 |<.=:=]=.=.=.=.=.|
00003490: 20 20 20 4C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 38 20 2D 20 54 72 | Lesson 8 - Tr|
000034A0: 61 6E 73 66 65 72 73 0D 0A FF 16 3E 02 20 20 20 |ansfers....>. |
000034B0: 20 20 45 78 65 72 63 69 73 65 20 31 20 66 6F 72 | Exercise 1 for|
000034C0: 20 6C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 38 0D 0A FF CC 3F 01 20 | lesson 8....?. |
000034D0: 20 20 4C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 39 20 2D 20 42 69 6E | Lesson 9 - Bin|
000034E0: 61 72 79 20 6E 6F 74 61 74 69 6F 6E 0D 0A FF 55 |ary notation...U|
000034F0: 40 01 20 20 20 4C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 31 30 20 2D |@. Lesson 10 -|
00003500: 20 53 68 69 66 74 73 20 61 6E 64 20 72 6F 74 61 | Shifts and rota|
00003510: 74 65 73 0D 0A FF B3 4A 02 20 20 20 20 20 45 78 |tes....J. Ex|
00003520: 65 72 63 69 73 65 20 31 20 66 6F 72 20 6C 65 73 |ercise 1 for les|
00003530: 73 6F 6E 20 31 30 0D 0A FF 9B 53 01 20 20 20 4C |son 10....S. L|
00003540: 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 31 31 20 2D 20 54 77 6F 20 6D |esson 11 - Two m|
00003550: 6F 72 65 20 66 6C 61 67 73 0D 0A FF 70 54 02 20 |ore flags...pT. |
00003560: 20 20 20 20 45 78 65 72 63 69 73 65 20 31 20 66 | Exercise 1 f|
00003570: 6F 72 20 6C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 31 31 0D 0A FF F7 |or lesson 11....|
00003580: 58 01 20 20 20 4C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 31 32 20 2D |X. Lesson 12 -|
00003590: 20 4C 6F 67 69 63 61 6C 20 69 6E 73 74 72 75 63 | Logical instruc|
000035A0: 74 69 6F 6E 73 0D 0A FF AA 59 02 20 20 20 20 20 |tions....Y. |
000035B0: 45 78 65 72 63 69 73 65 20 31 20 66 6F 72 20 6C |Exercise 1 for l|
000035C0: 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 31 32 0D 0A FF E9 64 01 20 20 |esson 12....d. |
000035D0: 20 4C 65 73 73 6F 6E 20 31 33 20 2D 20 49 6E 64 | Lesson 13 - Ind|
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000063F0: 20 28 37 31 30 2B 32 35 29 2E 0D 0A 53 69 6D 69 | (710+25)...Simi|
00006400: 6C 61 72 6C 79 2C 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 |larly, with the |
00006410: 73 65 63 6F 6E 64 20 65 78 61 6D 70 6C 65 20 74 |second example t|
00006420: 68 65 0D 0A 59 20 72 65 67 69 73 74 65 72 20 69 |he..Y register i|
00006430: 73 20 61 64 64 65 64 20 74 6F 20 36 35 34 20 74 |s added to 654 t|
00006440: 6F 20 67 69 76 65 20 61 0D 0A 6D 65 6D 6F 72 79 |o give a..memory|
00006450: 20 6C 6F 63 61 74 69 6F 6E 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 | location addres|
00006460: 73 2E 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 59 0D 0A 72 65 67 |s. If the Y..reg|
00006470: 69 73 74 65 72 20 63 6F 6E 74 61 69 6E 73 20 32 |ister contains 2|
00006480: 31 36 20 77 68 65 6E 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6F 67 |16 when the prog|
00006490: 72 61 6D 20 20 69 73 20 72 75 6E 6E 69 6E 67 20 |ram is running |
000064A0: 74 68 65 6E 20 74 68 65 20 61 63 63 75 6D 75 6C |then the accumul|
000064B0: 61 74 6F 72 20 77 69 6C 6C 20 62 65 0D 0A 4F 52 |ator will be..OR|
000064C0: 65 64 20 61 67 61 69 6E 73 74 20 6D 65 6D 6F 72 |ed against memor|
000064D0: 79 20 6C 6F 63 61 74 69 6F 6E 20 38 37 30 0D 0A |y location 870..|
000064E0: 28 36 35 34 2B 32 31 36 29 2E 20 41 6E 20 65 78 |(654+216). An ex|
000064F0: 61 6D 70 6C 65 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 20 73 68 |ample program sh|
00006500: 6F 77 73 0D 0A 69 6E 64 65 78 65 64 20 61 64 64 |ows..indexed add|
00006510: 72 65 73 73 69 6E 67 20 69 6E 20 75 73 65 2E FF |ressing in use..|
00006520: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4C 44 41 20 23 36 0D 20 20 | LDA #6. |
00006530: 20 20 20 20 20 53 54 41 20 36 30 35 0D 20 20 20 | STA 605. |
00006540: 20 20 20 20 43 4C 43 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 | CLC. A|
00006550: 44 43 20 23 32 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 54 41 |DC #2. STA|
00006560: 20 36 30 36 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 44 43 20 | 606. ADC |
00006570: 23 32 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 54 41 20 36 30 |#2. STA 60|
00006580: 37 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4C 44 58 20 23 30 0D |7. LDX #0.|
00006590: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 58 41 0D 20 20 20 20 20 | TXA. |
000065A0: 20 20 4C 44 41 20 36 30 35 2C 58 0D 20 20 20 20 | LDA 605,X. |
000065B0: 20 20 20 49 4E 58 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 44 | INX. AD|
000065C0: 43 20 36 30 35 2C 58 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 |C 605,X. I|
000065D0: 4E 58 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 44 43 20 36 30 |NX. ADC 60|
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00006B60: B6 C5 B5 90 14 A8 F0 25 E6 E4 20 6F B3 4C 58 B3 |.......%.. o.LX.|
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00006BA0: B5 B4 A6 D4 A5 D5 05 A2 F0 07 C0 05 90 03 C8 C8 |................|
00006BB0: C8 A5 D5 60 A5 D5 A6 D4 A4 E5 99 00 01 C8 8A 99 |...`............|
00006BC0: 00 01 C8 84 E5 60 A4 E5 88 B9 00 01 AA 88 B9 00 |.....`..........|
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00006BE0: 85 D5 60 B4 B4 B5 B5 B5 00 B5 B6 B6 B5 B6 B6 B4 |..`.............|
00006BF0: B3 B5 00 00 00 B5 B5 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00006C00: B5 B5 B5 B6 B6 B4 B4 E2 FE 16 37 5D 00 92 11 38 |..........7]...8|
00006C10: AA 01 0A F1 76 CB 00 00 00 D5 E3 00 00 00 00 00 |....v...........|
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00006C30: C9 0B B0 0E 4A 20 28 9E AA B0 03 A9 00 60 18 4C |....J (......`.L|
00006C40: 28 9E C9 0D F0 03 90 31 60 18 A5 AE 65 99 AA A5 |(......1`...e...|
00006C50: AF 69 00 60 20 BE B6 B1 93 90 05 A9 81 18 90 04 |.i.` ...........|
00006C60: 29 01 05 A2 85 A2 A0 01 B1 93 AA C8 B1 93 60 A9 |).............`.|
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00006C80: 20 28 9E 20 53 B4 E6 92 D0 05 20 33 B4 D0 E0 8A | (. S..... 3....|
00006C90: A4 A3 D1 88 F0 02 B0 D7 A6 A0 F0 D3 0A 0A 18 65 |...............e|
00006CA0: A3 A8 B1 88 C8 AA B1 88 48 C8 B1 88 85 93 C8 B1 |........H.......|
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00006CC0: 30 04 BC 91 B4 60 18 60 03 02 06 05 04 07 07 FB |0....`.`........|
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00006CE0: 00 4C B7 B3 20 D3 B3 18 8A 65 E0 AA A5 D5 65 E1 |.L.. ....e....e.|
00006CF0: 4C B7 B3 20 C5 B3 86 E0 85 E1 A2 00 86 D5 F0 03 |L.. ............|
00006D00: 20 D3 B3 38 8A E5 E0 AA A5 D5 E5 E1 4C B7 B3 A9 | ..8........L...|
00006D10: 00 85 D6 85 D7 A0 10 60 20 D3 B3 20 0E B5 46 D7 |.......` .. ..F.|
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00006D30: 75 D8 95 D8 E8 D0 F7 F0 E5 20 D3 B3 20 0E B5 06 |u........ .. ...|
00006D40: D4 26 D5 26 D6 26 D7 38 A5 D6 E5 E0 AA A5 D7 E5 |.&.&.&.8........|
00006D50: E1 90 06 85 D7 86 D6 E6 D4 88 D0 E3 4C B3 B3 20 |............L.. |
00006D60: D3 B3 8A 25 E0 AA A5 D5 25 E1 4C B7 B3 20 C5 B3 |...%....%.L.. ..|
00006D70: A0 03 A2 00 24 A4 70 12 A5 D2 D0 0E 24 A2 86 A2 |....$.p.....$...|
00006D80: 30 08 A9 10 11 93 91 93 D0 15 B1 93 86 A2 29 10 |0.............).|
00006D90: D0 0D F0 12 20 FF B4 20 C5 B3 D0 0A 8A D0 07 A2 |.... .. ........|
00006DA0: 01 A9 00 4C B7 B3 A2 00 8A 4C B7 B3 20 FF B4 20 |...L.....L.. .. |
00006DB0: C5 B3 D0 EB 8A D0 E8 4C B7 B3 20 C5 B3 A0 03 B1 |.......L.. .....|
00006DC0: 93 29 01 49 01 AA A9 00 85 A2 4C B7 B3 A4 E4 68 |.).I......L....h|
00006DD0: 68 BE 00 01 4C 67 B3 20 D3 B3 8A 05 E0 AA A5 D5 |h...Lg. ........|
00006DE0: 05 E1 4C B7 B3 20 D3 B3 8A 45 E0 AA A5 D5 45 E1 |..L.. ...E....E.|
00006DF0: 4C B7 B3 20 D3 B3 A5 D5 C5 E1 90 06 D0 04 A5 D4 |L.. ............|
00006E00: C5 E0 60 20 F2 B5 F0 3A 90 38 B0 33 20 F2 B5 90 |..` ...:.8.3 ...|
00006E10: 2E B0 2F 20 F2 B5 F0 27 90 25 B0 26 20 D3 B3 05 |../ ...'.%.& ...|
00006E20: D4 F0 1F A5 E0 05 E1 F0 19 D0 14 20 D3 B3 05 D4 |........... ....|
00006E30: D0 0D A5 E0 05 E1 D0 07 F0 08 20 F2 B5 90 03 4C |.......... ....L|
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00006E50: 09 0A 0A 08 00 07 07 07 07 07 07 0F 0F 04 00 00 |................|
00006E60: 00 08 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0F 0F 0B 06 |................|
00006E70: 05 0F 0F 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 09 09 0A 0A |................|
00006E80: 08 00 07 07 07 07 07 07 0D 03 0E 00 00 00 08 08 |................|
00006E90: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 02 0B 06 05 02 02 |................|
00006EA0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 29 7F 85 B1 A2 00 A4 |.........)......|
00006EB0: 92 B1 80 9D 80 05 E8 C8 E4 B1 90 F5 84 92 60 20 |..............` |
00006EC0: A8 B6 AD 80 05 C9 3F D0 08 AD F8 04 F0 03 8D 80 |......?.........|
00006ED0: 05 8A 18 69 06 85 9A AE 80 05 E0 3F B0 04 A2 3F |...i.......?...?|
00006EE0: D0 06 E0 5B 90 02 A2 5A BC DD 04 C0 FF F0 38 BD |...[...Z......8.|
00006EF0: C1 04 18 65 8C 85 93 98 65 8D 85 94 A2 00 A5 9A |...e....e.......|
00006F00: C1 FF DC FB FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF |................|
00006F10: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF |................|
00006F20: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF 00 |................|
00006F30: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF |................|
00006F40: FF 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 FF 80 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00006F50: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00006F60: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 FF 00 |................|
00006F70: 00 00 00 00 48 00 00 00 5D 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |....H...].......|
00006F80: FF FF DC F9 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF |................|
00006F90: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF |................|
00006FA0: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF 00 |................|
00006FB0: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF |................|
00006FC0: FF 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 FF 80 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00006FD0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00006FE0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 FF 00 |................|
00006FF0: 00 00 00 00 48 00 00 00 5D 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |....H...].......|
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....`........THE COMPLETE MACHINE CODE T
UTOR ........**************************
***** ....... BY PAUL BUNN..
... (C) 1984 NEW GENERATION SOFTWARE...
CHOOSE SELECTION BY PRESSING RETURN...WH
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ACCUMULATOR :000.. ..X
- REGISTER :000.. ..Y -
REGISTER :000.. ..CARRY
FLAG :0 ..DECIMAL MODE :0 ..INTERRUP
TS :0 ..ZERO FLAG :0 ..NEGATIVE F
LAG:0 ..OVERFLOW FLAG:0 ..
...F3/F7 FOR MODES...'RETURN' TO RU
N ...'_' TO EDIT .........LABELS INS
TRUCTIONS.....PRESS KEYS:........ F1 .
..ASSEMBLES PROGRAM........ F3 ...FOR
MAIN MENU........ F5 ...TO ERASE PROGR
AM............... ...EDIT MODE .... ...
********* .....TYPE IN PROGRAM, USING T
HE CURSOR KEYS..TO EDIT PROGRAM......ACC
UMULATOR X-REGISTER Y-REGISTER ..
.000 .. ...000 .. ...000 ..
NEG ZERO DEC O/F CARRY I/DISABLEFLA
GS:...0 0 0 0 0 0.ERROR
- INSTRUCTION NOT RECOGNISED :.ERROR -
NUMBER BIGGER THAN 255:.ERROR - LABEL NO
T FOUND : .ERROR - RESULTING ADDRESS GRE
ATER THAN..1024 (DECIMAL) OR $400 (HEX).
BRK.CLC.CLDXCLIXCLV.DEXJDEY.INX.INYHNOP.
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...END OF PROGRAM - PRESS A KEY.ACCUMULA
TOR .X REGISTER .Y REGISTER .LOGICAL OR
.WITH NUMBER .WITH MEMORY LOCATION.ARITH
METIC SHIFT LEFT .PUSH .PROCESSOR STATUS
REGISTER..ONTO STACK .MEMORY LOCATION .
BREAK - WILL STOP EXECUTION.NOT A VALID
INSTRUCTION OP-CODE..PRESS RETURN KEY TO
CONTINUE.CLEAR .CARRY .FLAG .RIGHT .LEF
T .ROTATE .LOGICAL AND ACCUMULATOR .TEST
BITS OF ACCUMULATOR AGAINST .FROM STACK
.PULL .LOGICAL SHIFT .EXCLUSIVE OR .SET
.WITH MEMORY.LOCATION.ADD WITH .INTERRUP
T DISABLE .TRANSFER .STORE .AT MEMORY LO
CATION.TO STACK POINTER.TO ACCUMULATOR.J
UMP TO SUBROUTINE.JUMP - LOAD PROGRAM CO
UNTER WITH NEW.ADDRESS.DECREMENT .LOAD .
STACK POINTER .TO X REGISTER.OVERFLOW .N
O OPERATION.INCREMENT .DECIMAL MODE .NUM
BER .SUBTRACT WITH .COMPARE .NOT EQUAL T
O ZERO (Z=0).EQUAL TO ZERO (Z=1).BRANCH
IF .POSITIVE (N=0).MINUS (N=1).RETURN FR
OM SUBROUTINE.TO Y REGISTER.SET (C=1).CL
EAR (C=0).OVERFLOW FLAG CLEAR (V=0).OVER
FLOW FLAG SET (V=1).................LN9.
. .1... .1... .1.. .4.` 69....Q.........
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:....Q.P..........I.P.L.9.C..C.I.PI.....
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4HHLN....ERROR - DUPLICATE LABEL FOUND "
... .1... .1.C. .1.. .4.`.. .1.. .1.(. .
1.. .4. ..LL;.....I ..LG;...IB..IJ..L.:.
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";L.:L.:.U...;.. W.LW;...THERE SHOULD BE
A SPACE BETWEEN THE..MNEMONIC AND OPERA
ND. THE HIGHLIGHTED..LINE INDICATES WHIC
H LINE HAS AN ERROR.......<.. W... .1..
.1.(. .1.. .1.. .1.. .1.. .1 %4HHLN....A
LABEL SHOULD ONLY BE UPTO SIX LETTERS L
ONG. THE HIGHLIGHTED LINE INDICATES THEL
INE WHICH HAS A LABEL TOO LONG....<.<M<.
<.=:=]=.=.=L=.=. LESSON 8 - TRANSFERS.
...>. EXERCISE 1 FOR LESSON 8...L?.
LESSON 9 - BINARY NOTATION...U@. LES
SON 10 - SHIFTS AND ROTATES....J. EX
ERCISE 1 FOR LESSON 10....S. LESSON 11
- TWO MORE FLAGS...PT. EXERCISE 1 F
OR LESSON 11....X. LESSON 12 - LOGICAL
INSTRUCTIONS....Y. EXERCISE 1 FOR L
ESSON 12....D. LESSON 13 - INDEXED ADD
RESSING....E. EXERCISE 1 FOR LESSON
13....M...TRANSFERS... THERE ARE QUITE A
FEW TRANSFER..INSTRUCTIONS ON THE 6502.
A TRANSFER IS THE COPYING OF ONE VALUE
OF A REGISTER INTO ANOTHER REGISTER....
THE FOLLOWING TRANSFERS ARE AVAILABLE...
.TAX.-TRANSFER ACCUMULATOR TO X-REGISTER
..TXA.-TRANSFER X-REGISTER TO ACCUMULATO
R..TAY.-TRANSFER ACCUMULATOR TO Y-REGIST
ER..TYA.-TRANSFER Y-REGISTER TO ACCUMULA
TOR.. THERE ARE ALSO TWO OTHER TRANSFER.
.INSTRUCTIONS THAT WILL BE DISCUSSED..LA
TER.. LDA #104. TXA. L
DX #40. TXA. CLC. ADC
#20. TAX. TAY. LDY #3.
TYA. BRK....BINARY NOTATION
... DECIMAL IS A SYSTEM OF USING 10..DIF
FERENT NUMBERS IN EACH NUMBER COLUMN.THI
S SYSTEM IS CALLED BASE 10. HOWEVER, THI
S IS NOT THE SYSTEM USED BY A..COMPUTER,
WHICH USES BASE 2. THIS SYSTEMUSES ONLY
TWO DIFFERENT NUMBERS FOR EACHNUMBER CO
LUMN, ONE AND ZERO. BECAUSE OF THIS, THE
COLUMN HEADINGS WILL BE..DIFFERENT. THE
COLUMN HEADINGS FOR..DECIMAL ARE:...100
0 100 10 1....BINARY NOTATION... S
O THE DECIMAL NUMBER 2398 IS ACTUALLY CA
LCULATED THUS:...2 TIMES 1000 = 200
0..3 TIMES 100 = 300..9 TIMES 10
= 90..8 TIMES 1 = + 8.
. ----..GIVING A RESU
LT OF 2398....BINARY NOTATION... IN BIN
ARY THE COLUMN HEADINGS ARE LIKE THIS:..
.128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1...HERE IS A
N EXAMPLE OF CONVERTING BINARY TO DECIMA
L:...1 128..0 +0..0 +0
SO THE BINARY NUMBER..1 +16 100
10111 WOULD BE..0 +0 151 (128+16
+4+2+1)..1 +4 IN DECIMAL..1
+2..1 +1.. ---.. 151
....BINARY NOTATION... EACH BINARY DIGIT
(1 OR 0) IS CALLED..A BIT. THE PREVIOUS
EXAMPLE WAS AN EIGHTBIT NUMBER. THE BIT
S ARE NUMBERED FROM RIGHT TO LEFT AS BI
T 0 TO BIT 7. ALL..THE REGISTERS AND MEM
ORY LOCATIONS..ON THE 6502 ARE EIGHT BIT
S IN LENGTH...SO THE MAXIMUM VALUE THEY
CAN HOLD IS..11111111 BINARY, OR 255 DEC
IMAL (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1). A GROUP OF
EIGHT BITS..IS COMMONLY CALLED A BYTE...
IN THE WAY BINARY IS USED ABOVE A BYTE
COULD ONLY BE USED TO REPRESENT A..POSIT
IVE NUMBER. HOWEVER, BY USING A..TECHNIQ
UE CALLED TWO'S COMPLEMENT..NEGATIVE NUM
BERS CAN ALSO BE STORED.....BINARY NOTAT
ION... WHEN USING TWO'S COMPLEMENT TO..R
EPRESENT NEGATIVE NUMBERS, BIT 7 (THE..F
AR LEFT MOST BIT OF A BYTE) REPRESENTS..
THE SIGN. ON THE 6502 A ONE IS USED FOR.
.A NEGATIVE NUMBER AND A ZERO FOR A..POS
ITIVE NUMBER. TO CHANGE THE SIGN OF ANUM
BER IS QUITE SIMPLE. FIRST YOU HAVE..TO
REVERSE EVERY DIGIT SO THAT A ONE..BECOM
ES A ZERO AND A ZERO BECOMES A ONE.THE.
YOU HAVE TO ADD ONE FOR THE FINAL..RESUL
T.....BINARY NOTATION...00011010 WOULD B
E:... REVERSE 00011010 TO GIVE..
11100101 AND THEN ADD ONE.. +
00000001.. --------..
11100110...THEREFORE THE NEGATIVE EQUIVA
LENT OF..00011010 IS 11100110.....BINARY
NOTATION... USING TWO'S COMPLEMENT YOU
CAN USE..ADDITION TO SIMULATE SUBTRACTIO
N. TAKE..THE EXAMPLE OF 43-1. THE NEGATI
VE OF..POSITIVE ONE IS 11111111. AND 43
IN..BINARY IS 00101011. THEREFORE, ADDIN
G..THEM TOGETHER GIVES :... 00101011
+.. 11111111.. --------..(1)00101010
...NOTE THAT THERE IS A CARRY, WHICH MUS
T..BE IGNORED IF USING TWO'S COMPLEMENT.
SOTHE RESULT OF THE ADDITION IS 0010101
0..WHICH IS 42, THE CORRECT ANSWER.....S
HIFTS AND ROTATES... SHIFTS AND ROTATES
ARE INSTRUCTIONS..THAT DIRECTLY RELATE T
O CHANGING OF..BINARY NUMBERS. EACH INST
RUCTION WILL..NOW BE DESCRIBED... NOTE T
HAT THE INSTRUCTION MAY BE..FOLLOWED BY
A NUMBER REPRESENTING A..MEMORY LOCATION
, OR THE LETTER A..REPRESENTING ACCUMULA
TOR. THE FUNCTION..OF THE INSTRUCTION WI
LL THEN BE CARRIED..OUT ON THE MEMORY LO
CATION OR THE..ACCUMULATOR.....ROTATE RI
GHT.. ...ROR ... ...*** .... THIS INST
RUCTION PERFORMS WHAT IS KNOWNAS A NINE
BIT ROTATION. ALL THE BITS IN..THE BINAR
Y NUMBER ARE ROTATED ONE PLACE..TO THE R
IGHT. THE CARRY HOLDS THE DATA..CONTAINE
D IN BIT 0. THE OLD DATA OF THE CARRY FL
AG IS THEN STORED IN BIT 7...THE FOLLOWI
NG EXAMPLE SHOULD MAKE..THINGS CLEARER:.
..BEFORE: CARRY NUMBER.. .1.
0.1.0.1.1.0.1.0...AFTER: .0 .1.
0.1.0.1.1.0.1....ROTATE LEFT.. ...ROL .
.. ...*** .... THIS INSTRUCTION IS ALSO
KNOWN AS A..NINE BIT ROTATION. IT IS TH
E SAME AS THEROR INSTRUCTION EXCEPT THE
BITS ARE..ROTATED LEFT. THE FOLLOWING EX
AMPLE..SHOULD MAKE THIS CLEAR:...BEFORE:
NUMBER CARRY.. .0.1.
1.1.1.1.0.1 .1...AFTER: .1.1.1.1.1.0
.1.1 .0....LOGICAL SHIFT RIGHT.. ...L
SR ... ...*** .... THIS INSTRUCTION IS
SIMILAR TO THE ROR INSTRUCTION, EXCEPT
THAT IT IS A EIGHT BIT ROTATION (A SHIF
T). A ZERO ENTERS..THE LEFT END, BIT 7,
AND SHIFTS ALL THE OTHER NUMBERS ONE PLA
CE TO THE RIGHT...THE DIGIT THAT FALLS O
FF THE RIGHT END..GOES INTO THE CARRY. T
HE LSR INSTRUCTIONHAS THE EFFECT OF DIVI
DING A NUMBER BY TWO, WITH THE CARRY HO
LDING A RESULT..REPRESENTING THE HALF DI
GIT. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE DEMONSTRATING LS
R:...BEFORE: CARRY NUMBER.. .
X. 1.1.1.0.0.1.0.0...AFTER: .0. 0
.1.1.1.0.0.1.0....ARITHMETIC SHIFT LEFT.
. ...ASL ... ...*** .... THIS INSTRUCT
ION IS SIMILAR TO LSR..EXCEPT THAT THE B
ITS ARE SHIFTED TO THE LEFT. THIS HAS TH
E EFFECT OF MULTIPLYINGTHE NUMBER BY TWO
. IF THE CARRY IS SET AFTER THE INSTRUC
TION, THIS INDICATES..TOO LARGE A RESULT
, AND THAT 256 SHOULD BE ADDED TO THE RE
SULT TO GET THE..CORRECT ANSWER... WITH
ASL A ZERO ENTERS THE FAR RIGHT..END, BI
T 0, AND SHIFTS ALL THE OTHER..BITS ONE
PLACE TO THE LEFT. WHAT WAS IN BIT 7 IS
PLACED IN THE CARRY FLAG....BEFORE: CAR
RY NUMBER.. .X .1.0.0.0.0.1.1
.0...AFTER: .1 .0.0.0.0.1.1.0.0.
LDA #1. ROL A. ROL A.
STA 100. ROL A. SEC.
ASL 100. LDA 100. ROR A.
LDA #128. ASL A. CLC.
LDA #2. LSR A. ROR A.
BRK....TWO MORE FLAGS....THE NEGATI
VE FLAG... THIS FLAG ALWAYS REFLECTS THE
STATUS OFBIT 7 AFTER AN INSTRUCTION. IF
BIT 7 IS SET AFTER AN INSTRUCTION THEN
THIS FLAG WILL BE SET. IF BIT 7 IS CLEAR
ED AFTER..AN INSTRUCTION THEN THIS FLAG
WILL BE..CLEARED.....THE OVERFLOW FLAG..
. THIS FLAG IS SET IF THE NEGATIVE FLAG
HAS BEEN SET OR CLEARED BY AN ARITHMETI
COPERATION, WHOSE RESULT THEN HAS THE..W
RONG SIGN.....TWO MORE FLAGS...IF YOU AD
D TWO LARGE NUMBERS TOGETHER..THEN THERE
IS A CHANCE OF THE OVERFLOW FLAG BEING
SET. TAKE THIS EXAMPLE:-... 01000011
(+67).. +01000000 (+64).. ---------..
10000011 (-125)......TWO MORE FLAGS...
IN THE EXAMPLE THE TWO POSITIVE..NUMBER
S ADDED TOGETHER HAVE PRODUCED A..NEGATI
VE RESULT. IF THIS HAPPENS THEN..THE OVE
RFLOW FLAG WILL BECOME SET. THIS FLAG WI
LL BECOME SET IF:-...ADDING LARGE POSITI
VE NUMBERS..ADDING LARGE NEGATIVE NUMBER
S..SUBTRACTING A LARGE POSITIVE NUMBER F
ROMA LARGE NEGATIVE NUMBER..SUBTRACTING
A LARGE NEGATIVE NUMBER FROMA LARGE POSI
TIVE NUMBER.... NOTE THAT THE INSTRUCTIO
N CLV STANDS..FOR CLEAR OVERFLOW FLAG. T
HERE IS A..DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM SHOWING
WHEN THE OVERFLOW AND NEGATIVE FLAGS A
RE SET.. SEC. LDA #130.
SBC #20. CLC. LDA #65.
CLV. ADC #67. SEC.
CLV. SBC #120. CLV. CL
C. ADC #1. BRK....LOGICAL IN
STRUCTIONS... LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS ARE B
ASED ON THE MATHEMATICAL WORK OF GEORGE
BOOLE. EACH LOGIC INSTRUCTION RELIES ON
WHAT IS..KNOWN AS A 'TRUTH TABLE'. THE
TWO INPUTSARE SHOWN AT THE TOP, WITH THE
RELATING RESULT AT THE BOTTOM. ALL LOGI
CAL..INSTRUCTIONS ARE PERFORMED BETWEEN
THE ACCUMULATOR AND A MEMORY LOCATION O
R AN IMMEDIATE NUMBER. EACH PAIR OF BITS
ARE DONE SEPARATELY BY THE 6502.... EAC
H LOGICAL INSTRUCTION AVAILABLE TO THE
6502 WILL NOW BE DESCRIBED.....LOGICAL I
NSTRUCTIONS... ..AND .... ..*** .... W
ITH THE AND INSTRUCTION, EACH PAIR OF BI
TS OF THE ACCUMULATOR AND MEMORY..LOCATI
ON OR NUMBER ARE COMPARED. IF THEYARE BO
TH ONES, THEN THE OUTPUT WILL BE ONE, O
THERWISE THE OUTPUT WILL BE ZERO. HERE I
S THE TRUTH TABLE FOR AND:-...INPUT 1:
0 0 1 1..INPUT 2: 0 1 0 1..
-------------..RESULTS: 0 0
0 1...AN EXAMPLE:..10101101 ANDED W
ITH..11110001 GIVES:..10100001....LOGICA
L INSTRUCTIONS... THE AND INSTRUCTION IS
USEFUL WHEN YOU WANT TO 'MASK OFF' CERT
AIN BITS OF A..BINARY NUMBER. FOR EXAMPL
E, SAY BITS 7 TO 4 ARE UNIMPORTANT, THE
N YOU COULD USETHE AND INSTRUCTION TO ER
ASE THE BITS..THAT ARE NOT WANTED. THE F
OLLOWING..EXAMPLE SHOWS THIS:...11011010
- ORIGINAL NUMBER..00001111 - THE '
MASK' BYTE..00001010 - THE RESULT... T
HE RESULT NOW HAS THE UPPER FOUR BITS MI
SSING. NOTE THAT IN THE EXAMPLE..PROGRAM
S YOU WILL HAVE TO CONVERT FROM DECIMAL
TO BINARY FOR THE RESULTS TO..MAKE SENS
E.....LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS.. ...ORA ...
...*** .... WITH THE INSTRUCTION ORA,
WHICH STANDS FOR OR ACCUMULATOR, EACH PA
IR OF BITS..ARE COMPARED, IF ONE OR BOTH
THE BITS..ARE SET THEN THE RESULT WILL
BE A ONE... HERE IS THE TRUTH TABLE FOR
ORA:...INPUT 1: 0 0 1 1..INPUT 2:
0 1 0 1.. -------------
..RESULTS: 0 1 1 1....LOGICAL INS
TRUCTIONS...HERE IS AN EXAMPLE USING ORA
:...10101011 - NUMBER TO BE ORED WITH:..
00001111 - THIS NUMBER GIVES..10101111 -
THIS RESULT.... THE ORA INSTRUCTION IS
USEFUL IF YOU..WANT TO MAKE SURE CERTAIN
BITS ARE A ONEAS IN THE PREVIOUS EXAMPL
E.....LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS.. ...EOR ...
...*** .... THIS INSTRUCTION IS SIMILA
R TO THE ORA INSTRUCTION, EXCEPT THAT IF
BOTH INPUTS ARE ONES, THEN THE RESULT W
ILL BE ZERO. THE TRUTH TABLE FOR EOR IS
:...INPUT 1: 0 0 1 1..INPUT 2: 0
1 0 1.. -------------..R
ESULTS: 0 1 1 0... EOR ACTUALLY S
TANDS FOR EXCLUSIVE OR...ONE OF ITS USES
IS FOR REVERSING..SELECTED BITS. EACH B
IT THAT YOU WANT..REVERSED HAS TO BE IN
THE NUMBER..OR THE MEMORY LOCATION.....L
OGICAL INSTRUCTIONS...HERE IS AN EXAMPLE
OF USING THE EOR..INSTRUCTION TO REVERS
E EVERY BIT. IF YOUWERE TO ADD ONE TO TH
E RESULT YOU WOULD HAVE THE OPPOSITE SIG
N OF THE NUMBER. IFIT HAD BEEN POSITIVE
IT WOULD NOW BE..NEGATIVE AND VICE VERSA
....01101110 - NUMBER TO BE EXCLUSIVE OR
ED..11111111 - WITH THIS NUMBER TO GIVE:
..10010001 - THIS NUMBER.. LDA #1.
ORA #2. ORA #4. ORA #
4. AND #3. AND #2. AND
#0. LDA #255. STA 1000.
LDA #190. EOR 1000. EOR #
255. BRK....INDEXED ADDRESSING...
SO FAR ONLY THREE ADDRESSING MODES HAVEB
EEN USED, IMMEDIATE, ABSOLUTE AND..IMPLI
ED. THE IMPLIED FORM OF ADDRESSING IS TH
E EASIEST TO UNDERSTAND, IT IS JUSTA THR
EE LETTER MNEMONIC, LIKE TXA. THE..ADDRE
SSING MODE DETERMINES WHERE THE..6502 WI
LL FETCH ITS DATA FROM, FOR THE..INSTRUC
TION ABOUT TO BE EXECUTED. WITH..THE IMM
EDIATE FORM OF ADDRESSING, THE..6502 USE
S THE ACTUAL NUMBER SPECIFIED...SO IF TH
E INSTRUCTION WAS LDA #20, THE 6502 WOU
LD LOAD THE ACCUMULATOR WITH THENUMBER 2
0, NOT THE MEMORY LOCATION.....INDEXED A
DDRESSING... WITH ABSOLUTE ADDRESSING TH
E NUMBER..GIVEN AFTER THE INSTRUCTION IS
A MEMORY..LOCATION. WITH THE INSTRUCTIO
N LDA 20..THE 6502 WILL LOAD THE ACCUMUL
ATOR WITH THE NUMBER CONTAINED IN THE ME
MORY..LOCATION NUMBER 20, WHICH COULD BE
ANY..NUMBER BETWEEN 0 AND 255, WHICH NE
ED NOTBE THE ACTUAL NUMBER 20.....INDEXE
D ADDRESSING... INDEXED ADDRESSING IS SI
MILAR TO..ABSOLUTE ADDRESSING IN THE FAC
T THAT THE6502 FETCHES THE DATA FROM A M
EMORY..LOCATION. THE X AND Y REGISTERS A
RE..SOMETIMES CALLED INDEX REGISTERS,..B
ECAUSE OF THEIR USE WITH THIS FORM OF..A
DDRESSING. TWO EXAMPLES OF USING..INDEXE
D ADDRESSING ARE ABOUT TO BE..GIVEN, WIT
H AN EXPLANATION SHOWING HOW..THEY ARE U
SED, AND HOW THEY WORK.....INDEXED ADDRE
SSING... ONE EXAMPLE OF USING INDEXED AD
DRESSINGIS LDA 710,X AND ANOTHER EXAMPLE
IS..ORA 654,Y. IN THE FIRST EXAMPLE THE
..CONTENTS OF THE X REGISTER ARE ADDED T
O 710 TO GIVE A MEMORY LOCATION ADDRESS.
..SO, IF THE X REGISTER HOLDS 25 WHEN TH
E..PROGRAM IS RUNNING THEN THE 6502 WILL
..LOAD THE ACCUMULATOR WITH THE CONTENTS
OF MEMORY LOCATION 735 (710+25)...SIMI
LARLY, WITH THE SECOND EXAMPLE THE..Y RE
GISTER IS ADDED TO 654 TO GIVE A..MEMORY
LOCATION ADDRESS. IF THE Y..REGISTER CO
NTAINS 216 WHEN THE PROGRAM IS RUNNING
THEN THE ACCUMULATOR WILL BE..ORED AGAIN
ST MEMORY LOCATION 870..(654+216). AN EX
AMPLE PROGRAM SHOWS..INDEXED ADDRESSING
IN USE.. LDA #6. STA 605.
CLC. ADC #2. STA 606.
ADC #2. STA 607. LDX #0.
TXA. LDA 605,X. INX.
ADC 605,X. INX. ADC 60
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