STACK TEXT
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): STACK TEXT
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 9.9K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-10-19 22:49:31
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
dea4499da4bc26159d07ad561c3a5e897dffc5273d25b91a35d5a210776c3383
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOLD DISK 7 | STACK TEXT | PRG | Radd Maxx | 27 | 4 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
> DETECTED: COMMODORE BASIC PROGRAM (LOAD ADDRESS $0801)
00000000: 01 08 20 08 05 00 97 35 33 32 38 31 2C 30 3A 99 |.. ....53281,0:.|
00000010: 22 05 0E 0E 08 08 22 3A 51 24 B2 C7 28 33 34 29 |".....":Q$..(34)|
00000020: 00 3F 08 06 00 8F 20 31 30 30 30 30 3D 50 41 55 |.?.... 10000=PAU|
00000030: 53 49 4E 47 20 53 55 42 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 00 |SING SUBROUTINE.|
00000040: 5F 08 0A 00 8F 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 49 4E |_.... PROGRAMMIN|
00000050: 47 20 54 49 50 53 2E 2E 2E 53 54 41 43 4B 53 00 |G TIPS...STACKS.|
00000060: 74 08 14 00 8F 20 42 59 20 46 2E 57 48 49 54 45 |t.... BY F.WHITE|
00000070: 53 49 44 45 00 A2 08 1E 00 53 50 B2 31 3A 99 22 |SIDE.....SP.1:."|
00000080: 93 22 3A 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.":." |
00000090: 12 D0 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 49 4E 47 20 D4 49 50 |..ROGRAMMING .IP|
000000A0: 53 22 00 CC 08 28 00 99 3A 99 3A 99 22 20 20 20 |S"...(..:.:." |
000000B0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 59 20 C6 2E D7 48 | BY ...H|
000000C0: 49 54 45 53 49 44 45 22 3A 99 3A 99 00 FC 08 32 |ITESIDE":.:....2|
000000D0: 00 99 22 20 20 D4 48 49 53 20 4D 4F 4E 54 48 27 |.." .HIS MONTH'|
000000E0: 53 20 54 49 50 20 49 53 20 41 42 4F 55 54 20 12 |S TIP IS ABOUT .|
000000F0: D3 D4 C1 C3 CB D3 92 2E 20 D7 45 22 00 27 09 3C |........ .E".'.<|
00000100: 00 99 22 57 49 4C 4C 20 54 52 59 20 54 4F 20 45 |.."WILL TRY TO E|
00000110: 58 50 4C 41 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 46 55 4E 44 41 |XPLAIN THE FUNDA|
00000120: 4D 45 4E 54 41 4C 22 00 55 09 46 00 99 22 49 44 |MENTAL".U.F.."ID|
00000130: 45 41 53 20 42 45 48 49 4E 44 20 53 54 41 43 4B |EAS BEHIND STACK|
00000140: 53 20 41 53 20 57 45 4C 4C 20 41 53 20 47 49 56 |S AS WELL AS GIV|
00000150: 45 20 41 4E 22 00 82 09 50 00 99 22 45 58 41 4D |E AN"...P.."EXAM|
00000160: 50 4C 45 20 4F 46 20 48 4F 57 20 54 48 45 59 20 |PLE OF HOW THEY |
00000170: 41 52 45 20 55 53 45 44 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 48 4F |ARE USED, AND HO|
00000180: 57 22 00 AB 09 5A 00 99 22 54 48 45 59 20 43 41 |W"...Z.."THEY CA|
00000190: 4E 20 42 45 20 49 4D 50 4C 45 4D 45 4E 54 45 44 |N BE IMPLEMENTED|
000001A0: 20 49 4E 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 2E 22 00 DF 09 6E 00 | IN ......"...n.|
000001B0: 99 3A 99 3A 99 22 20 20 20 D3 4F 20 53 49 54 20 |.:.:." .O SIT |
000001C0: 42 41 43 4B 20 41 4E 44 20 47 45 54 20 52 45 41 |BACK AND GET REA|
000001D0: 44 59 20 54 4F 20 42 45 47 49 4E 2E 2E 2E 22 00 |DY TO BEGIN...".|
000001E0: 11 0A 6F 00 99 3A 99 22 12 CE CF D4 C5 3A 20 C9 |..o..:.".....: .|
000001F0: 46 20 59 4F 55 20 54 59 50 45 20 54 48 45 20 27 |F YOU TYPE THE '|
00000200: 5F 27 20 4B 45 59 20 54 48 45 4E 20 49 54 27 53 |_' KEY THEN IT'S|
00000210: 22 00 42 0A 70 00 99 22 12 42 41 43 4B 20 54 4F |".B.p..".BACK TO|
00000220: 20 54 48 45 20 C7 CF CC C4 20 C4 C9 D3 CB 20 4D | THE .... .... M|
00000230: 41 49 4E 20 4D 45 4E 55 20 57 49 54 48 20 59 4F |AIN MENU WITH YO|
00000240: 55 22 00 6F 0A 71 00 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 12 D4 |U".o.q.." ..|
00000250: 48 45 20 27 5E 27 20 4B 45 59 20 43 41 55 53 45 |HE '^' KEY CAUSE|
00000260: 53 20 54 48 45 20 54 55 54 4F 52 49 41 4C 22 00 |S THE TUTORIAL".|
00000270: 95 0A 72 00 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 12 54 |..r.." .T|
00000280: 4F 20 42 41 43 4B 20 55 50 20 4F 4E 45 20 53 43 |O BACK UP ONE SC|
00000290: 52 45 45 4E 22 00 A0 0A 78 00 89 31 30 30 30 30 |REEN"...x..10000|
000002A0: 00 D5 0A 82 00 99 3A 99 3A 99 3A 99 22 20 20 20 |......:.:.:." |
000002B0: C1 20 12 D3 D4 C1 C3 CB 92 20 49 53 20 28 54 45 |. ....... IS (TE|
000002C0: 43 48 4E 49 43 41 4C 4C 59 29 20 41 20 53 50 45 |CHNICALLY) A SPE|
000002D0: 43 49 41 4C 22 00 01 0B 8C 00 99 22 43 41 53 45 |CIAL"......"CASE|
000002E0: 20 4F 46 20 41 4E 20 4F 52 44 45 52 45 44 20 4C | OF AN ORDERED L|
000002F0: 49 53 54 2E 20 C1 4E 20 41 52 52 41 59 20 49 53 |IST. .N ARRAY IS|
00000300: 22 00 22 0B 96 00 99 22 41 4C 53 4F 20 41 4E 20 |"."...."ALSO AN |
00000310: 4F 52 44 45 52 45 44 20 4C 49 53 54 2E 22 3A 99 |ORDERED LIST.":.|
00000320: 3A 99 00 53 0B 9B 00 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 C1 4E |:..S...." .N|
00000330: 20 12 4F 52 44 45 52 45 44 20 4C 49 53 54 92 20 | .ORDERED LIST. |
00000340: 49 53 20 41 20 47 52 4F 55 50 20 4F 52 20 4C 49 |IS A GROUP OR LI|
00000350: 53 54 22 00 7C 0B A0 00 99 22 4F 46 20 45 4C 45 |ST".|...."OF ELE|
00000360: 4D 45 4E 54 53 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 48 41 56 45 |MENTS WHICH HAVE|
00000370: 20 53 4F 4D 45 20 4F 52 44 45 52 22 00 A9 0B AA | SOME ORDER"....|
00000380: 00 99 22 49 4D 50 4F 53 45 44 20 55 50 4F 4E 20 |.."IMPOSED UPON |
00000390: 54 48 45 4D 2E 20 C9 4E 20 54 48 45 20 43 41 53 |THEM. .N THE CAS|
000003A0: 45 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 22 00 D7 0B AF 00 99 22 |E OF THE"......"|
000003B0: 41 52 52 41 59 2C 20 54 48 45 20 49 4E 44 45 58 |ARRAY, THE INDEX|
000003C0: 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 41 52 52 41 59 20 50 52 | OF THE ARRAY PR|
000003D0: 4F 56 49 44 45 53 22 00 F1 0B B0 00 99 22 54 48 |OVIDES"......"TH|
000003E0: 49 53 20 4F 52 44 45 52 49 4E 47 2E 22 3A 99 3A |IS ORDERING.":.:|
000003F0: 99 00 20 0C B1 00 99 22 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 52 |.. ...." .HE R|
00000400: 45 41 53 4F 4E 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 53 |EASON THAT THE S|
00000410: 54 41 43 4B 20 49 53 20 53 41 49 44 20 54 4F 22 |TACK IS SAID TO"|
00000420: 00 4A 0C B4 00 99 22 42 45 20 53 50 45 43 49 41 |.J...."BE SPECIA|
00000430: 4C 20 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 45 4C 45 4D 45 4E |L IS THAT ELEMEN|
00000440: 54 53 20 4D 41 59 20 42 45 22 00 79 0C BE 00 99 |TS MAY BE".y....|
00000450: 22 41 44 44 45 44 20 4F 52 20 44 45 4C 45 54 45 |"ADDED OR DELETE|
00000460: 44 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 41 54 20 4F 4E 45 20 45 4E |D ONLY AT ONE EN|
00000470: 44 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 22 00 A4 0C C8 00 99 22 |D OF THE"......"|
00000480: 4C 49 53 54 20 43 41 4C 4C 45 44 20 54 48 45 20 |LIST CALLED THE |
00000490: 12 D4 CF D0 92 2E 20 C1 4E 20 41 52 52 41 59 20 |...... .N ARRAY |
000004A0: 4D 41 59 22 00 D3 0C D2 00 99 22 48 41 56 45 20 |MAY"......"HAVE |
000004B0: 45 4C 45 4D 45 4E 54 53 20 41 44 44 45 44 20 4F |ELEMENTS ADDED O|
000004C0: 52 20 52 45 4D 4F 56 45 44 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 41 |R REMOVED FROM A|
000004D0: 4E 59 22 00 E4 0C DC 00 99 22 4C 4F 43 41 54 49 |NY"......"LOCATI|
000004E0: 4F 4E 2E 22 00 EF 0C E4 00 89 31 30 30 30 30 00 |ON."......10000.|
000004F0: F7 0C E5 00 99 3A 99 00 23 0D E6 00 99 22 20 20 |.....:..#...." |
00000500: 20 D4 48 45 20 53 54 41 4E 44 41 52 44 20 41 4E | .HE STANDARD AN|
00000510: 41 4C 4F 47 59 20 55 53 45 44 20 54 4F 20 48 45 |ALOGY USED TO HE|
00000520: 4C 50 22 00 51 0D F0 00 99 22 45 58 50 4C 41 49 |LP".Q...."EXPLAI|
00000530: 4E 20 53 54 41 43 4B 53 20 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 |N STACKS IS THAT|
00000540: 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 50 55 53 48 44 4F 57 4E | OF THE PUSHDOWN|
00000550: 22 00 68 0D FA 00 99 22 44 49 53 48 20 53 54 41 |".h...."DISH STA|
00000560: 43 4B 2E 22 3A 99 3A 99 00 96 0D FF 00 99 22 20 |CK.":.:......." |
00000570: 20 20 20 20 C5 56 45 52 59 4F 4E 45 20 48 41 53 | .VERYONE HAS|
00000580: 20 53 45 45 4E 20 54 48 4F 53 45 20 54 48 49 4E | SEEN THOSE THIN|
00000590: 47 53 20 49 4E 22 00 C3 0D 04 01 99 22 43 41 46 |GS IN"......"CAF|
000005A0: 45 54 45 52 49 41 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 48 4F 4C |ETERIAS THAT HOL|
000005B0: 44 20 50 49 4C 45 53 20 4F 46 20 50 4C 41 54 45 |D PILES OF PLATE|
000005C0: 53 2E 22 00 F2 0D 0E 01 99 22 D4 48 45 59 20 48 |S."......".HEY H|
000005D0: 41 56 45 20 41 20 54 4F 57 45 52 20 4F 46 20 50 |AVE A TOWER OF P|
000005E0: 4C 41 54 45 53 20 49 4E 20 41 20 48 4F 4C 44 45 |LATES IN A HOLDE|
000005F0: 52 22 00 1E 0E 18 01 99 22 41 4E 44 20 41 53 20 |R"......"AND AS |
00000600: 54 48 45 20 54 4F 50 20 50 4C 41 54 45 20 49 53 |THE TOP PLATE IS|
00000610: 20 52 45 4D 4F 56 45 44 2C 20 54 48 45 22 00 4D | REMOVED, THE".M|
00000620: 0E 22 01 99 22 50 4C 41 54 45 20 55 4E 44 45 52 |.".."PLATE UNDER|
00000630: 4E 45 41 54 48 20 41 55 54 4F 4D 41 54 49 43 41 |NEATH AUTOMATICA|
00000640: 4C 4C 59 20 50 52 45 53 45 4E 54 53 22 00 7D 0E |LLY PRESENTS".}.|
00000650: 2C 01 99 22 49 54 53 45 4C 46 2E 20 D4 48 49 53 |,.."ITSELF. .HIS|
00000660: 20 49 53 20 41 20 12 53 54 41 43 4B 92 20 4F 46 | IS A .STACK. OF|
00000670: 20 50 4C 41 54 45 53 2E 22 3A 99 3A 99 00 AB 0E | PLATES.":.:....|
00000680: 2D 01 99 22 20 20 D4 48 45 20 49 4D 50 4F 52 54 |-.." .HE IMPORT|
00000690: 41 4E 54 20 54 48 49 4E 47 20 41 42 4F 55 54 20 |ANT THING ABOUT |
000006A0: 54 48 49 53 20 53 54 41 43 4B 22 00 DA 0E 2E 01 |THIS STACK".....|
000006B0: 99 22 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 50 4C |."IS THAT THE PL|
000006C0: 41 54 45 53 20 4D 41 59 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 42 45 |ATES MAY ONLY BE|
000006D0: 20 41 44 44 45 44 20 4F 52 22 00 09 0F 2F 01 99 | ADDED OR".../..|
000006E0: 22 52 45 4D 4F 56 45 44 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 54 48 |"REMOVED FROM TH|
000006F0: 45 20 54 4F 50 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 |E TOP OF THE STA|
00000700: 43 4B 2E 20 D4 48 49 53 22 00 35 0F 30 01 99 22 |CK. .HIS".5.0.."|
00000710: 49 53 20 54 48 45 20 44 49 53 54 49 4E 47 55 49 |IS THE DISTINGUI|
00000720: 53 48 49 4E 47 20 46 45 41 54 55 52 45 20 4F 46 |SHING FEATURE OF|
00000730: 20 41 4E 59 22 00 43 0F 31 01 99 22 53 54 41 43 | ANY".C.1.."STAC|
00000740: 4B 2E 22 00 4E 0F 35 01 89 31 30 30 30 30 00 84 |K.".N.5..10000..|
00000750: 0F 36 01 99 3A 99 3A 99 3A 99 22 D4 57 4F 20 51 |.6..:.:.:.".WO Q|
00000760: 55 45 53 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 49 4E 53 54 41 4E 54 |UESTIONS INSTANT|
00000770: 4C 59 20 42 45 47 20 54 4F 20 42 45 20 41 53 4B |LY BEG TO BE ASK|
00000780: 45 44 3A 22 00 BF 0F 40 01 99 22 20 31 29 20 12 |ED:"...@.." 1) .|
00000790: C8 CF D7 92 20 44 4F 45 53 20 4F 4E 45 20 4D 41 |.... DOES ONE MA|
000007A0: 4B 45 20 41 20 53 54 41 43 4B 3F 22 3A 99 22 20 |KE A STACK?":." |
000007B0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 4E 44 22 00 | AND".|
000007C0: EC 0F 4A 01 99 22 20 32 29 20 12 D7 C8 D9 92 20 |..J.." 2) ..... |
000007D0: 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 4F 4E 45 20 57 41 4E 54 20 54 |WOULD ONE WANT T|
000007E0: 4F 20 4D 41 4B 45 20 4F 4E 45 3F 22 00 1E 10 54 |O MAKE ONE?"...T|
000007F0: 01 99 3A 99 3A 99 3A 99 22 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 |..:.:.:." .HE |
00000800: 46 49 52 53 54 20 51 55 45 53 54 49 4F 4E 20 49 |FIRST QUESTION I|
00000810: 53 20 53 49 4D 50 4C 45 2E 20 CF 4E 45 22 00 49 |S SIMPLE. .NE".I|
00000820: 10 56 01 99 22 4D 41 4B 45 53 20 41 20 53 54 41 |.V.."MAKES A STA|
00000830: 43 4B 20 4F 55 54 20 4F 46 20 41 4E 20 41 52 52 |CK OUT OF AN ARR|
00000840: 41 59 20 41 4E 44 20 41 22 00 76 10 58 01 99 22 |AY AND A".v.X.."|
00000850: 50 4F 49 4E 54 45 52 20 28 D4 CF D0 29 20 49 4E |POINTER (...) IN|
00000860: 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 41 52 52 41 59 2E 20 D4 48 |TO THE ARRAY. .H|
00000870: 55 53 20 57 45 22 00 A5 10 5E 01 99 22 48 41 56 |US WE"...^.."HAV|
00000880: 45 20 54 48 45 20 4F 52 44 45 52 45 44 20 4C 49 |E THE ORDERED LI|
00000890: 53 54 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 54 48 45 20 50 4C 41 43 |ST, AND THE PLAC|
000008A0: 45 20 54 4F 22 00 D2 10 68 01 99 22 50 45 52 46 |E TO"...h.."PERF|
000008B0: 4F 52 4D 20 41 44 44 49 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 41 4E |ORM ADDITIONS AN|
000008C0: 44 20 44 45 4C 45 54 49 4F 4E 53 2E 20 D4 48 45 |D DELETIONS. .HE|
000008D0: 20 22 00 00 11 72 01 99 22 50 4F 49 4E 54 45 52 | "...r.."POINTER|
000008E0: 20 D4 CF D0 20 49 53 20 4D 4F 56 45 44 20 44 4F | ... IS MOVED DO|
000008F0: 57 4E 20 54 48 45 20 41 52 52 41 59 20 41 53 22 |WN THE ARRAY AS"|
00000900: 00 2E 11 7C 01 99 22 45 4C 45 4D 45 4E 54 53 20 |...|.."ELEMENTS |
00000910: 41 52 45 20 41 44 44 45 44 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 |ARE ADDED TO THE|
00000920: 20 53 54 41 43 4B 20 41 4E 44 20 49 53 22 00 58 | STACK AND IS".X|
00000930: 11 7D 01 99 22 4D 4F 56 45 44 20 55 50 20 54 48 |.}.."MOVED UP TH|
00000940: 45 20 41 52 52 41 59 20 41 53 20 45 4C 45 4D 45 |E ARRAY AS ELEME|
00000950: 4E 54 53 20 41 52 45 22 00 70 11 86 01 99 22 52 |NTS ARE".p...."R|
00000960: 45 4D 4F 56 45 44 2E 22 3A 89 20 31 30 30 30 30 |EMOVED.":. 10000|
00000970: 00 A0 11 AE 01 99 3A 99 22 20 20 20 20 D4 48 45 |......:." .HE|
00000980: 20 41 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F 46 20 50 55 54 54 49 | ACTION OF PUTTI|
00000990: 4E 47 20 41 4E 20 49 54 45 4D 20 4F 4E 54 4F 22 |NG AN ITEM ONTO"|
000009A0: 00 CA 11 B3 01 99 22 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 43 4B |......"THE STACK|
000009B0: 20 49 53 20 43 41 4C 4C 45 44 20 12 D0 D5 D3 C8 | IS CALLED .....|
000009C0: 49 4E 47 92 20 54 48 45 20 22 00 F5 11 B8 01 99 |ING. THE "......|
000009D0: 22 45 4C 45 4D 45 4E 54 20 4F 4E 54 4F 20 54 48 |"ELEMENT ONTO TH|
000009E0: 45 20 53 54 41 43 4B 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 57 48 45 |E STACK, AND WHE|
000009F0: 4E 20 57 45 22 00 25 12 C2 01 99 22 52 45 4D 4F |N WE".%...."REMO|
00000A00: 56 45 20 41 4E 20 49 54 45 4D 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 |VE AN ITEM FROM |
00000A10: 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 43 4B 2C 20 57 45 20 12 D0 |THE STACK, WE ..|
00000A20: CF D0 92 20 22 00 53 12 CC 01 99 22 54 48 45 20 |... ".S...."THE |
00000A30: 53 54 41 43 4B 2E 20 D4 48 49 53 20 4E 4F 4D 45 |STACK. .HIS NOME|
00000A40: 4E 43 4C 41 54 55 52 45 20 49 53 20 44 55 45 20 |NCLATURE IS DUE |
00000A50: 54 4F 22 00 80 12 D1 01 99 22 54 48 45 20 44 49 |TO"......"THE DI|
00000A60: 53 48 20 53 54 41 43 4B 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 |SH STACK OF THE |
00000A70: 41 4E 41 4C 4F 47 59 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 49 53 22 |ANALOGY, AND IS"|
00000A80: 00 9A 12 D2 01 99 22 49 4E 20 43 4F 4D 4D 4F 4E |......"IN COMMON|
00000A90: 20 55 53 41 47 45 2E 22 3A 99 00 C7 12 D6 01 99 | USAGE.":.......|
00000AA0: 22 20 20 20 D4 48 55 53 20 57 45 20 48 41 56 45 |" .HUS WE HAVE|
00000AB0: 20 41 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 45 52 20 54 4F 20 57 48 | A POINTER TO WH|
00000AC0: 49 43 48 20 57 45 22 00 F5 12 E0 01 99 22 41 44 |ICH WE"......"AD|
00000AD0: 44 20 4F 4E 45 20 57 48 45 4E 20 57 45 20 57 41 |D ONE WHEN WE WA|
00000AE0: 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 41 44 44 20 41 4E 20 45 4C 45 |NT TO ADD AN ELE|
00000AF0: 4D 45 4E 54 22 00 24 13 EA 01 99 22 54 4F 20 54 |MENT".$...."TO T|
00000B00: 48 45 20 53 54 41 43 4B 2C 20 4F 52 20 46 52 4F |HE STACK, OR FRO|
00000B10: 4D 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 57 45 20 53 55 42 54 52 |M WHICH WE SUBTR|
00000B20: 41 43 54 22 00 53 13 F4 01 99 22 4F 4E 45 20 57 |ACT".S...."ONE W|
00000B30: 48 45 4E 20 57 45 20 57 49 53 48 20 54 4F 20 52 |HEN WE WISH TO R|
00000B40: 45 4D 4F 56 45 20 41 4E 20 49 54 45 4D 20 46 52 |EMOVE AN ITEM FR|
00000B50: 4F 4D 22 00 7D 13 FE 01 99 22 54 48 45 20 53 54 |OM".}...."THE ST|
00000B60: 41 43 4B 2E 20 C9 4E 20 41 44 44 49 54 49 4F 4E |ACK. .N ADDITION|
00000B70: 2C 20 57 45 20 48 41 56 45 20 41 4E 22 00 A8 13 |, WE HAVE AN"...|
00000B80: 08 02 99 22 41 52 52 41 59 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 |..."ARRAY WHICH |
00000B90: 57 49 4C 4C 20 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E 20 54 48 45 |WILL CONTAIN THE|
00000BA0: 20 53 54 41 43 4B 2E 22 00 D7 13 12 02 99 3A 99 | STACK."......:.|
00000BB0: 22 20 CE 4F 57 20 54 48 45 20 51 55 45 53 54 49 |" .OW THE QUESTI|
00000BC0: 4F 4E 20 4F 46 20 D7 C8 D9 20 41 4E 59 4F 4E 45 |ON OF ... ANYONE|
00000BD0: 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 22 00 02 14 1C 02 99 22 57 41 | WOULD"......"WA|
00000BE0: 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 55 53 45 20 53 55 43 48 20 41 |NT TO USE SUCH A|
00000BF0: 20 4D 45 43 48 41 4E 49 53 4D 2E 20 C1 53 20 49 | MECHANISM. .S I|
00000C00: 54 22 00 2F 14 26 02 99 22 48 41 50 50 45 4E 53 |T"./.&.."HAPPENS|
00000C10: 2C 20 54 48 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 41 20 56 45 52 |, THERE IS A VER|
00000C20: 59 20 47 4F 4F 44 20 55 53 45 20 46 4F 52 22 00 |Y GOOD USE FOR".|
00000C30: 5D 14 28 02 99 22 53 54 41 43 4B 53 20 4F 54 48 |].(.."STACKS OTH|
00000C40: 45 52 20 54 48 41 4E 20 54 48 45 4F 52 45 54 49 |ER THAN THEORETI|
00000C50: 43 41 4C 20 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 45 52 22 00 6D 14 |CAL COMPUTER".m.|
00000C60: 29 02 99 22 53 43 49 45 4E 43 45 2E 22 00 78 14 |).."SCIENCE.".x.|
00000C70: 2B 02 89 31 30 30 30 30 00 AB 14 30 02 99 3A 99 |+..10000...0..:.|
00000C80: 3A 99 3A 99 22 20 20 D4 48 45 52 45 20 41 52 45 |:.:." .HERE ARE|
00000C90: 20 54 57 4F 20 53 54 41 4E 44 41 52 44 20 41 50 | TWO STANDARD AP|
00000CA0: 50 4C 49 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 22 00 D6 14 35 02 |PLICATIONS"...5.|
00000CB0: 99 22 54 48 41 54 20 41 42 53 4F 4C 55 54 45 4C |."THAT ABSOLUTEL|
00000CC0: 59 20 52 45 51 55 49 52 45 20 53 54 41 43 4B 53 |Y REQUIRE STACKS|
00000CD0: 2E 20 D4 48 45 22 00 05 15 44 02 99 22 46 49 52 |. .HE"...D.."FIR|
00000CE0: 53 54 20 49 53 20 57 48 45 4E 20 4F 4E 45 20 49 |ST IS WHEN ONE I|
00000CF0: 53 20 55 53 49 4E 47 20 12 D2 C5 C3 D5 D2 D3 C9 |S USING ........|
00000D00: CF CE 92 2E 22 00 32 15 4E 02 99 22 D2 45 43 55 |....".2.N..".ECU|
00000D10: 52 53 49 4F 4E 20 4D 41 4B 45 53 20 55 53 45 20 |RSION MAKES USE |
00000D20: 4F 46 20 53 54 41 43 4B 53 20 54 4F 20 4B 45 45 |OF STACKS TO KEE|
00000D30: 50 22 00 60 15 50 02 99 22 54 52 41 43 4B 20 4F |P".`.P.."TRACK O|
00000D40: 46 20 54 48 45 20 56 41 4C 55 45 53 20 4F 46 20 |F THE VALUES OF |
00000D50: 4C 4F 43 41 4C 20 56 41 52 49 41 42 4C 45 53 22 |LOCAL VARIABLES"|
00000D60: 00 8A 15 51 02 99 22 41 4E 44 20 52 45 54 55 52 |...Q.."AND RETUR|
00000D70: 4E 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 45 53 20 41 4E 44 20 |N ADDRESSES AND |
00000D80: 54 48 45 20 4C 49 4B 45 2E 22 00 BA 15 52 02 99 |THE LIKE."...R..|
00000D90: 3A 99 3A 99 22 20 20 C6 4F 52 20 52 45 41 53 4F |:.:." .OR REASO|
00000DA0: 4E 53 20 4F 46 20 53 49 4D 50 4C 49 43 49 54 59 |NS OF SIMPLICITY|
00000DB0: 2C 20 57 45 20 57 49 4C 4C 22 00 E9 15 58 02 99 |, WE WILL"...X..|
00000DC0: 22 43 4F 4E 53 49 44 45 52 20 54 48 45 20 4F 54 |"CONSIDER THE OT|
00000DD0: 48 45 52 20 41 4C 54 45 52 4E 41 54 49 56 45 20 |HER ALTERNATIVE |
00000DE0: 49 4E 53 54 45 41 44 2E 22 00 17 16 62 02 99 22 |INSTEAD."...b.."|
00000DF0: D4 48 45 20 4F 54 48 45 52 20 54 49 4D 45 20 54 |.HE OTHER TIME T|
00000E00: 48 41 54 20 53 54 41 43 4B 53 20 41 52 45 20 55 |HAT STACKS ARE U|
00000E10: 53 45 44 20 49 53 22 00 43 16 6C 02 99 22 57 48 |SED IS".C.l.."WH|
00000E20: 45 4E 20 4F 4E 45 20 49 53 20 45 56 41 4C 55 41 |EN ONE IS EVALUA|
00000E30: 54 49 4E 47 20 41 4E 20 41 52 49 54 48 4D 45 54 |TING AN ARITHMET|
00000E40: 49 43 22 00 70 16 76 02 99 22 45 58 50 52 45 53 |IC".p.v.."EXPRES|
00000E50: 53 49 4F 4E 2E 20 CF 4E 45 20 55 53 45 53 20 41 |SION. .NE USES A|
00000E60: 20 53 54 41 43 4B 20 54 4F 20 4B 45 45 50 20 22 | STACK TO KEEP "|
00000E70: 00 9D 16 77 02 99 22 54 48 45 20 4F 50 45 52 41 |...w.."THE OPERA|
00000E80: 4E 44 53 20 28 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 29 20 55 4E |NDS (NUMBERS) UN|
00000E90: 54 49 4C 20 54 48 45 59 20 41 52 45 22 00 CC 16 |TIL THEY ARE"...|
00000EA0: 78 02 99 22 4E 45 45 44 45 44 2E 20 D7 45 20 57 |x.."NEEDED. .E W|
00000EB0: 49 4C 4C 20 41 4C 53 4F 20 52 45 51 55 49 52 45 |ILL ALSO REQUIRE|
00000EC0: 20 41 20 53 45 50 45 52 41 54 45 22 00 FA 16 79 | A SEPERATE"...y|
00000ED0: 02 99 22 53 54 41 43 4B 20 46 4F 52 20 54 48 45 |.."STACK FOR THE|
00000EE0: 20 4F 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 53 2E 20 D4 48 55 53 | OPERATORS. .HUS|
00000EF0: 20 57 45 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 22 00 28 17 7A 02 99 | WE WILL ".(.z..|
00000F00: 22 48 41 56 45 20 54 57 4F 20 53 54 41 43 4B 53 |"HAVE TWO STACKS|
00000F10: 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 54 57 4F 20 D4 CF D0 20 50 4F |, AND TWO ... PO|
00000F20: 49 4E 54 45 52 53 2E 22 00 33 17 7B 02 89 31 30 |INTERS.".3.{..10|
00000F30: 30 30 30 00 65 17 80 02 99 3A 99 3A 99 22 20 20 |000.e....:.:." |
00000F40: 20 C5 56 41 4C 55 41 54 49 4E 47 20 41 4E 20 41 | .VALUATING AN A|
00000F50: 52 49 54 48 4D 45 54 49 43 20 45 58 50 52 45 53 |RITHMETIC EXPRES|
00000F60: 53 49 4F 4E 22 00 94 17 8A 02 99 22 49 53 20 53 |SION"......"IS S|
00000F70: 4F 4D 45 54 48 49 4E 47 20 54 48 41 54 20 57 45 |OMETHING THAT WE|
00000F80: 20 4E 45 45 44 20 54 4F 20 44 4F 20 4F 4E 20 52 | NEED TO DO ON R|
00000F90: 41 52 45 22 00 C3 17 94 02 99 22 4F 43 43 41 53 |ARE"......"OCCAS|
00000FA0: 49 4F 4E 53 20 57 48 45 4E 20 57 45 20 41 52 45 |IONS WHEN WE ARE|
00000FB0: 20 52 55 4E 4E 49 4E 47 20 41 20 50 52 4F 47 52 | RUNNING A PROGR|
00000FC0: 41 4D 22 00 F1 17 9E 02 99 22 41 4E 44 20 57 45 |AM"......"AND WE|
00000FD0: 20 44 4F 4E 27 54 20 57 41 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 4C | DON'T WANT TO L|
00000FE0: 45 41 56 45 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D |EAVE THE PROGRAM|
00000FF0: 22 00 16 18 A8 02 99 22 54 4F 20 55 53 45 20 C2 |"......"TO USE .|
00001000: C1 D3 C9 C3 20 41 53 20 41 20 43 41 4C 43 55 4C |.... AS A CALCUL|
00001010: 41 54 4F 52 2E 22 00 46 18 B2 02 99 3A 99 3A 99 |ATOR.".F....:.:.|
00001020: 22 20 20 C1 20 53 49 4D 50 4C 45 20 43 41 4C 43 |" . SIMPLE CALC|
00001030: 55 4C 41 54 4F 52 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 43 |ULATOR PROGRAM C|
00001040: 41 4E 20 42 45 22 00 73 18 BC 02 99 22 57 52 49 |AN BE".s...."WRI|
00001050: 54 54 45 4E 20 49 4E 20 56 45 52 59 20 46 45 57 |TTEN IN VERY FEW|
00001060: 20 4C 49 4E 45 53 20 4F 46 20 43 4F 44 45 20 41 | LINES OF CODE A|
00001070: 4E 44 22 00 A0 18 C6 02 99 22 43 41 4E 20 48 41 |ND"......"CAN HA|
00001080: 4E 44 4C 45 20 41 4C 4D 4F 53 54 20 41 4E 59 20 |NDLE ALMOST ANY |
00001090: 45 58 50 52 45 53 53 49 4F 4E 2E 20 D4 48 45 22 |EXPRESSION. .HE"|
000010A0: 00 CB 18 D0 02 99 22 53 41 4D 50 4C 45 20 50 52 |......"SAMPLE PR|
000010B0: 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 47 49 56 45 4E 20 49 53 20 4D |OGRAM GIVEN IS M|
000010C0: 55 43 48 20 4C 4F 4E 47 45 52 22 00 F9 18 DA 02 |UCH LONGER".....|
000010D0: 99 22 54 48 41 4E 20 4E 45 43 45 53 53 41 52 59 |."THAN NECESSARY|
000010E0: 2C 20 4D 4F 53 54 4C 59 20 54 4F 20 4D 41 4B 45 |, MOSTLY TO MAKE|
000010F0: 20 49 54 20 4D 4F 52 45 22 00 24 19 E4 02 99 22 | IT MORE".$...."|
00001100: 45 41 53 49 4C 59 20 55 4E 44 45 52 53 54 4F 4F |EASILY UNDERSTOO|
00001110: 44 2E 20 C9 54 20 41 4C 53 4F 20 48 41 53 20 4D |D. .T ALSO HAS M|
00001120: 41 4E 59 22 00 51 19 EE 02 99 22 43 4F 4D 4D 45 |ANY".Q...."COMME|
00001130: 4E 54 53 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 54 41 4B 45 20 55 |NTS WHICH TAKE U|
00001140: 50 20 53 50 41 43 45 20 41 4E 44 20 53 4C 4F 57 |P SPACE AND SLOW|
00001150: 22 00 79 19 F0 02 99 22 54 48 45 20 52 4F 55 54 |".y...."THE ROUT|
00001160: 49 4E 45 20 44 4F 57 4E 20 53 4C 49 47 48 54 4C |INE DOWN SLIGHTL|
00001170: 59 2E 20 C9 54 20 49 53 22 00 A7 19 F1 02 99 22 |Y. .T IS"......"|
00001180: 49 4E 54 45 4E 44 45 44 20 41 53 20 41 20 4C 45 |INTENDED AS A LE|
00001190: 41 52 4E 49 4E 47 20 45 58 41 4D 50 4C 45 2C 20 |ARNING EXAMPLE, |
000011A0: 4E 4F 54 20 41 53 22 00 D6 19 F2 02 99 22 41 4E |NOT AS"......"AN|
000011B0: 20 45 58 41 4D 50 4C 45 20 4F 46 20 47 52 45 41 | EXAMPLE OF GREA|
000011C0: 54 20 4F 52 20 45 46 46 49 43 49 45 4E 54 20 53 |T OR EFFICIENT S|
000011D0: 54 59 4C 45 2E 22 00 E2 19 02 03 89 20 31 30 30 |TYLE."...... 100|
000011E0: 30 30 00 10 1A 0C 03 99 3A 99 3A 99 22 20 20 20 |00......:.:." |
000011F0: D4 48 45 20 4D 45 54 48 4F 44 20 4F 46 20 4F 50 |.HE METHOD OF OP|
00001200: 45 52 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F 46 20 4D 4F 53 54 22 |ERATION OF MOST"|
00001210: 00 3D 1A 16 03 99 22 43 41 4C 43 55 4C 41 54 4F |.=...."CALCULATO|
00001220: 52 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 53 20 49 53 20 54 48 |R PROGRAMS IS TH|
00001230: 45 20 53 41 4D 45 2E 20 C1 53 20 41 22 00 6C 1A |E SAME. .S A".l.|
00001240: 20 03 99 22 54 4F 4B 45 4E 20 49 53 20 4C 4F 4F | .."TOKEN IS LOO|
00001250: 4B 45 44 20 41 54 2C 20 49 54 20 49 53 20 44 45 |KED AT, IT IS DE|
00001260: 54 45 52 4D 49 4E 45 44 20 54 4F 22 00 98 1A 2A |TERMINED TO"...*|
00001270: 03 99 22 42 45 20 41 4E 20 12 4F 50 45 52 41 54 |.."BE AN .OPERAT|
00001280: 4F 52 92 20 28 45 47 2E 20 2A 20 2B 20 2F 20 5E |OR. (EG. * + / ^|
00001290: 29 20 4F 52 20 41 4E 22 00 C6 1A 34 03 99 22 12 |) OR AN"...4..".|
000012A0: 4F 50 45 52 41 4E 44 92 20 28 45 47 2E 20 41 20 |OPERAND. (EG. A |
000012B0: 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 29 2E 20 CE 4F 54 45 20 54 48 |NUMBER). .OTE TH|
000012C0: 41 54 20 41 20 22 00 F4 1A 3E 03 99 22 54 4F 4B |AT A "...>.."TOK|
000012D0: 45 4E 20 49 53 20 41 4E 59 20 49 4E 44 49 56 49 |EN IS ANY INDIVI|
000012E0: 53 49 42 4C 45 20 55 4E 49 54 2C 20 53 55 43 48 |SIBLE UNIT, SUCH|
000012F0: 20 41 53 22 00 24 1B 48 03 99 22 41 20 4E 55 4D | AS".$.H.."A NUM|
00001300: 42 45 52 20 4F 52 20 41 4E 20 41 52 49 54 48 4D |BER OR AN ARITHM|
00001310: 45 54 49 43 20 4F 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 2C 20 45 |ETIC OPERATOR, E|
00001320: 54 43 2E 22 00 53 1B 52 03 99 22 20 20 D7 48 45 |TC.".S.R.." .HE|
00001330: 4E 20 57 45 20 48 41 56 45 20 43 41 54 45 47 4F |N WE HAVE CATEGO|
00001340: 52 49 5A 45 44 20 54 48 45 20 54 4F 4B 45 4E 20 |RIZED THE TOKEN |
00001350: 41 53 22 00 82 1B 5C 03 99 22 41 4E 20 4F 50 45 |AS"...\.."AN OPE|
00001360: 52 41 54 4F 52 20 4F 52 20 41 4E 20 4F 50 45 52 |RATOR OR AN OPER|
00001370: 41 4E 44 2C 20 57 45 20 54 48 45 4E 20 4D 55 53 |AND, WE THEN MUS|
00001380: 54 22 00 B1 1B 66 03 99 22 44 4F 20 53 4F 4D 45 |T"...f.."DO SOME|
00001390: 54 48 49 4E 47 20 57 49 54 48 20 49 54 2E 20 C9 |THING WITH IT. .|
000013A0: 46 20 49 54 20 49 53 20 41 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 |F IT IS A NUMBER|
000013B0: 22 00 E0 1B 70 03 99 22 54 48 45 4E 20 57 45 20 |"...p.."THEN WE |
000013C0: D0 D5 D3 C8 20 54 48 45 20 54 4F 4B 45 4E 20 4F |.... THE TOKEN O|
000013D0: 4E 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 4F 50 45 52 41 4E 44 22 |NTO THE OPERAND"|
000013E0: 00 0E 1C 7A 03 99 22 53 54 41 43 4B 2E 20 D7 45 |...z.."STACK. .E|
000013F0: 20 41 4C 57 41 59 53 20 D0 D5 D3 C8 20 4F 50 45 | ALWAYS .... OPE|
00001400: 52 41 4E 44 53 20 42 45 43 41 55 53 45 22 00 3A |RANDS BECAUSE".:|
00001410: 1C 84 03 99 22 54 48 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 4E 4F |...."THERE IS NO|
00001420: 20 50 52 45 43 45 44 45 4E 43 45 20 4F 46 20 4F | PRECEDENCE OF O|
00001430: 4E 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 22 00 4F 1C 8E 03 99 |NE NUMBER".O....|
00001440: 22 4F 56 45 52 20 41 4E 4F 54 48 45 52 2E 22 00 |"OVER ANOTHER.".|
00001450: 7D 1C 98 03 99 22 20 20 20 C9 46 20 54 48 45 20 |}...." .F THE |
00001460: 54 4F 4B 45 4E 20 49 53 20 41 4E 20 4F 50 45 52 |TOKEN IS AN OPER|
00001470: 41 54 4F 52 2C 20 54 48 4F 55 47 48 22 00 A9 1C |ATOR, THOUGH"...|
00001480: A2 03 99 22 49 54 20 49 53 20 41 20 44 49 46 46 |..."IT IS A DIFF|
00001490: 45 52 45 4E 54 20 53 49 54 55 41 54 49 4F 4E 2E |ERENT SITUATION.|
000014A0: 20 D7 45 20 54 48 45 4E 22 00 D4 1C AC 03 99 22 | .E THEN"......"|
000014B0: 4D 55 53 54 20 4C 4F 4F 4B 20 41 54 20 54 48 45 |MUST LOOK AT THE|
000014C0: 20 50 52 45 53 45 4E 54 20 D4 CF D0 20 4F 46 20 | PRESENT ... OF |
000014D0: 54 48 45 22 00 03 1D B6 03 99 22 4F 50 45 52 41 |THE"......"OPERA|
000014E0: 54 4F 52 20 53 54 41 43 4B 2C 20 54 4F 20 44 45 |TOR STACK, TO DE|
000014F0: 54 45 52 4D 49 4E 45 20 57 48 45 54 48 45 52 20 |TERMINE WHETHER |
00001500: 54 4F 22 00 2C 1D C0 03 99 22 D0 D5 D3 C8 20 54 |TO".,....".... T|
00001510: 48 45 20 50 52 45 53 45 4E 54 20 4F 50 45 52 41 |HE PRESENT OPERA|
00001520: 54 4F 52 20 4F 52 20 4E 4F 54 2E 22 00 37 1D C5 |TOR OR NOT.".7..|
00001530: 03 89 31 30 30 30 30 00 67 1D CA 03 99 3A 99 22 |..10000.g....:."|
00001540: 20 20 D4 48 45 20 45 58 50 52 45 53 53 49 4F 4E | .HE EXPRESSION|
00001550: 20 32 2A 33 2B 34 2A 35 20 53 48 4F 55 4C 44 20 | 2*3+4*5 SHOULD |
00001560: 47 49 56 45 20 41 22 00 93 1D D4 03 99 22 52 45 |GIVE A"......"RE|
00001570: 53 55 4C 54 20 4F 46 20 32 36 2C 20 53 49 4E 43 |SULT OF 26, SINC|
00001580: 45 20 54 48 45 20 4F 50 45 52 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 |E THE OPERATION |
00001590: 4F 46 22 00 C1 1D DE 03 99 22 4D 55 4C 54 49 50 |OF"......"MULTIP|
000015A0: 4C 49 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 48 41 53 20 50 52 45 |LICATION HAS PRE|
000015B0: 43 45 44 45 4E 43 45 20 4F 56 45 52 20 54 48 45 |CEDENCE OVER THE|
000015C0: 22 00 EC 1D E8 03 99 22 4F 50 45 52 41 54 49 4F |"......"OPERATIO|
000015D0: 4E 20 4F 46 20 41 44 44 49 54 49 4F 4E 2E 20 C9 |N OF ADDITION. .|
000015E0: 4E 20 46 41 43 54 20 45 41 43 48 22 00 1B 1E F2 |N FACT EACH"....|
000015F0: 03 99 22 4F 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 20 48 41 53 20 |.."OPERATOR HAS |
00001600: 41 20 50 52 49 4F 52 49 54 59 20 41 53 53 4F 43 |A PRIORITY ASSOC|
00001610: 49 41 54 45 44 20 57 49 54 48 22 00 48 1E FC 03 |IATED WITH".H...|
00001620: 99 22 49 54 2E 20 C1 44 44 49 54 49 4F 4E 20 41 |."IT. .DDITION A|
00001630: 4E 44 20 53 55 42 54 52 41 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 48 |ND SUBTRACTION H|
00001640: 41 56 45 20 54 48 45 22 00 75 1E 06 04 99 22 53 |AVE THE".u...."S|
00001650: 41 4D 45 20 50 52 49 4F 52 49 54 59 2C 20 41 4E |AME PRIORITY, AN|
00001660: 44 20 4D 55 4C 54 49 50 4C 49 43 41 54 49 4F 4E |D MULTIPLICATION|
00001670: 20 41 4E 44 22 00 A2 1E 10 04 99 22 44 49 56 49 | AND"......"DIVI|
00001680: 53 49 4F 4E 20 48 41 56 45 20 54 48 45 20 53 41 |SION HAVE THE SA|
00001690: 4D 45 20 50 52 49 4F 52 49 54 59 20 57 48 49 43 |ME PRIORITY WHIC|
000016A0: 48 22 00 D1 1E 1A 04 99 22 49 53 20 48 49 47 48 |H"......"IS HIGH|
000016B0: 45 52 20 54 48 41 4E 20 53 55 42 54 52 41 43 54 |ER THAN SUBTRACT|
000016C0: 49 4F 4E 2E 20 D7 45 20 4D 41 59 20 47 49 56 45 |ION. .E MAY GIVE|
000016D0: 22 00 FE 1E 24 04 99 22 54 48 45 20 46 4F 4C 4C |"...$.."THE FOLL|
000016E0: 4F 57 49 4E 47 20 4E 55 4D 45 52 49 43 41 4C 20 |OWING NUMERICAL |
000016F0: 56 41 4C 55 45 53 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 22 00 22 |VALUES TO THE"."|
00001700: 1F 2E 04 99 22 50 52 49 4F 52 49 54 49 45 53 20 |...."PRIORITIES |
00001710: 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 4F 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 53 |OF THE OPERATORS|
00001720: 3A 22 00 4C 1F 38 04 99 3A 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 |:".L.8..:." |
00001730: 20 20 20 2B 2E 2E 2E 2E 31 22 3A 99 22 20 20 20 | +....1":." |
00001740: 20 20 20 20 20 2D 2E 2E 2E 2E 31 22 00 74 1F 3B | -....1".t.;|
00001750: 04 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2A 2E 2E 2E 2E |.." *....|
00001760: 32 22 3A 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2F 2E 2E |2":." /..|
00001770: 2E 2E 32 22 00 B3 1F 42 04 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 |..2"...B.." |
00001780: 20 20 20 5E 2E 2E 2E 2E 33 22 3A 99 3A 99 22 20 | ^....3":.:." |
00001790: 20 D4 48 45 20 56 41 4C 55 45 53 20 41 52 45 20 | .HE VALUES ARE |
000017A0: 41 52 42 49 54 52 41 52 59 2C 20 42 55 54 20 54 |ARBITRARY, BUT T|
000017B0: 48 45 22 00 E0 1F 4C 04 99 22 52 45 4C 41 54 49 |HE"...L.."RELATI|
000017C0: 56 45 20 53 49 5A 45 53 20 41 52 45 20 49 4D 50 |VE SIZES ARE IMP|
000017D0: 4F 52 54 41 4E 54 2E 22 3A 89 20 31 30 30 30 30 |ORTANT.":. 10000|
000017E0: 00 11 20 56 04 99 3A 99 3A 99 3A 99 22 20 20 20 |.. V..:.:.:." |
000017F0: CF 4E 43 45 20 57 45 20 48 41 56 45 20 54 48 45 |.NCE WE HAVE THE|
00001800: 20 50 52 49 4F 52 49 54 59 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 | PRIORITY OF THE|
00001810: 22 00 3E 20 60 04 99 22 4F 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 |".> `.."OPERATOR|
00001820: 2C 20 57 45 20 43 41 4E 20 44 45 54 45 52 4D 49 |, WE CAN DETERMI|
00001830: 4E 45 20 57 48 41 54 20 54 4F 20 44 4F 22 00 6C |NE WHAT TO DO".l|
00001840: 20 6A 04 99 22 49 4E 20 41 20 47 49 56 45 4E 20 | j.."IN A GIVEN |
00001850: 53 49 54 55 41 54 49 4F 4E 2E 20 D7 48 45 4E 20 |SITUATION. .HEN |
00001860: 54 48 45 20 50 52 45 53 45 4E 54 22 00 98 20 74 |THE PRESENT".. t|
00001870: 04 99 22 4F 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 27 53 20 50 52 |.."OPERATOR'S PR|
00001880: 49 4F 52 49 54 59 20 49 53 20 4C 45 53 53 20 54 |IORITY IS LESS T|
00001890: 48 41 4E 20 54 48 45 22 00 C6 20 7E 04 99 22 50 |HAN THE".. ~.."P|
000018A0: 52 49 4F 52 49 54 59 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 4F |RIORITY OF THE O|
000018B0: 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 54 |PERATOR ON THE T|
000018C0: 4F 50 20 4F 46 22 00 F4 20 88 04 99 22 4F 50 45 |OP OF".. ..."OPE|
000018D0: 52 41 54 4F 52 20 53 54 41 43 4B 2C 20 54 48 45 |RATOR STACK, THE|
000018E0: 4E 20 57 45 20 4D 41 59 20 53 41 46 45 4C 59 20 |N WE MAY SAFELY |
000018F0: 41 4E 44 22 00 20 21 92 04 99 22 43 4F 52 52 45 |AND". !..."CORRE|
00001900: 43 54 4C 59 20 45 56 41 4C 55 41 54 45 20 54 48 |CTLY EVALUATE TH|
00001910: 45 20 45 58 50 52 45 53 53 49 4F 4E 20 53 4F 22 |E EXPRESSION SO"|
00001920: 00 30 21 9C 04 99 22 46 41 52 2E 22 3A 99 3A 99 |.0!..."FAR.":.:.|
00001930: 00 5F 21 9D 04 99 22 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 41 43 |._!..." .HE AC|
00001940: 54 20 4F 46 20 45 56 41 4C 55 41 54 49 4E 47 20 |T OF EVALUATING |
00001950: 54 48 45 20 45 58 50 52 45 53 53 49 4F 4E 22 00 |THE EXPRESSION".|
00001960: 8E 21 A6 04 99 22 53 4F 20 46 41 52 20 49 53 20 |.!..."SO FAR IS |
00001970: 53 49 4D 50 4C 45 2E 20 CF 4E 45 20 4D 45 52 45 |SIMPLE. .NE MERE|
00001980: 4C 59 20 12 D0 CF D0 53 92 20 54 48 45 22 00 BA |LY ....S. THE"..|
00001990: 21 B0 04 99 22 54 4F 50 20 D4 D7 CF 20 49 54 45 |!..."TOP ... ITE|
000019A0: 4D 53 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 54 48 45 20 4F 50 45 52 |MS FROM THE OPER|
000019B0: 41 4E 44 20 53 54 41 43 4B 22 00 E4 21 BA 04 99 |AND STACK"..!...|
000019C0: 22 41 4E 44 20 41 50 50 4C 49 45 53 20 54 48 45 |"AND APPLIES THE|
000019D0: 20 54 4F 50 20 49 54 45 4D 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 54 | TOP ITEM FROM T|
000019E0: 48 45 20 22 00 11 22 C4 04 99 22 4F 50 45 52 41 |HE ".."..."OPERA|
000019F0: 54 4F 52 20 53 54 41 43 4B 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 |TOR STACK TO THE|
00001A00: 4D 2E 20 D4 48 45 20 52 45 53 55 4C 54 20 49 53 |M. .HE RESULT IS|
00001A10: 22 00 3E 22 C5 04 99 22 12 D0 D5 D3 C8 45 44 92 |".>"...".....ED.|
00001A20: 20 4F 4E 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 4F 50 45 52 41 4E | ONTO THE OPERAN|
00001A30: 44 20 53 54 41 43 4B 2E 20 D4 48 45 20 22 00 6C |D STACK. .HE ".l|
00001A40: 22 C6 04 99 22 4F 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 20 57 41 |"..."OPERATOR WA|
00001A50: 53 20 4F 46 20 43 4F 55 52 53 45 20 D0 CF D0 45 |S OF COURSE ...E|
00001A60: 44 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 49 54 27 53 22 00 7A 22 C7 |D FROM IT'S".z".|
00001A70: 04 99 22 53 54 41 43 4B 2E 22 00 86 22 C9 04 89 |.."STACK.".."...|
00001A80: 20 31 30 30 30 30 00 B9 22 CE 04 99 3A 99 3A 99 | 10000.."...:.:.|
00001A90: 22 20 20 D3 49 4E 43 45 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 49 |" .INCE THE PRI|
00001AA0: 4F 52 49 54 49 45 53 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 4F |ORITIES OF THE O|
00001AB0: 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 53 22 00 E8 22 D8 04 99 22 |PERATORS".."..."|
00001AC0: 41 52 45 20 4E 4F 54 20 55 4E 49 51 55 45 2C 20 |ARE NOT UNIQUE, |
00001AD0: 54 48 45 59 20 41 52 45 20 4E 4F 54 20 53 55 46 |THEY ARE NOT SUF|
00001AE0: 46 49 43 49 45 4E 54 22 00 16 23 E2 04 99 22 54 |FICIENT"..#..."T|
00001AF0: 4F 20 49 44 45 4E 54 49 46 59 20 54 48 45 20 4F |O IDENTIFY THE O|
00001B00: 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 53 2E 20 D7 45 20 57 49 4C |PERATORS. .E WIL|
00001B10: 4C 20 55 53 45 22 00 45 23 EC 04 99 22 41 20 53 |L USE".E#..."A S|
00001B20: 49 4D 50 4C 45 20 53 43 48 45 4D 45 20 54 4F 20 |IMPLE SCHEME TO |
00001B30: 49 44 45 4E 54 49 46 59 20 54 48 45 4D 2E 20 C9 |IDENTIFY THEM. .|
00001B40: 46 20 57 45 22 00 70 23 F6 04 99 22 41 53 53 49 |F WE".p#..."ASSI|
00001B50: 47 4E 20 54 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 32 |GN THE NUMBERS 2|
00001B60: 2C 33 2C 34 2C 35 2C 36 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 22 |,3,4,5,6 TO THE"|
00001B70: 00 9D 23 00 05 99 22 4F 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 53 |..#..."OPERATORS|
00001B80: 20 2B 2C 2D 2C 2A 2C 2F 2C 5E 20 54 48 45 4E 20 | +,-,*,/,^ THEN |
00001B90: 54 48 45 20 56 41 4C 55 45 20 4F 46 22 00 C6 23 |THE VALUE OF"..#|
00001BA0: 0A 05 99 22 54 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 44 |..."THE NUMBER D|
00001BB0: 49 56 49 44 45 44 20 42 59 20 32 20 28 57 49 54 |IVIDED BY 2 (WIT|
00001BC0: 48 20 54 48 45 22 00 F4 23 14 05 99 22 52 45 4D |H THE"..#..."REM|
00001BD0: 41 49 4E 44 45 52 20 54 52 55 4E 43 41 54 45 44 |AINDER TRUNCATED|
00001BE0: 29 20 47 49 56 45 53 20 54 48 45 20 43 4F 52 52 |) GIVES THE CORR|
00001BF0: 45 43 54 22 00 0F 24 1E 05 99 22 50 52 49 4F 52 |ECT"..$..."PRIOR|
00001C00: 49 54 59 20 4F 52 44 45 52 2E 22 3A 99 3A 99 00 |ITY ORDER.":.:..|
00001C10: 3B 24 28 05 99 22 20 20 20 D4 4F 20 43 55 54 20 |;$(.." .O CUT |
00001C20: 44 4F 57 4E 20 4F 4E 20 53 50 41 43 45 2C 20 57 |DOWN ON SPACE, W|
00001C30: 45 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 4E 4F 54 22 00 6A 24 32 05 |E WILL NOT".j$2.|
00001C40: 99 22 53 54 41 43 4B 20 54 48 45 20 53 59 4D 42 |."STACK THE SYMB|
00001C50: 4F 4C 53 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 4F 50 45 52 41 |OLS OF THE OPERA|
00001C60: 54 4F 52 53 2C 20 42 55 54 22 00 97 24 3C 05 99 |TORS, BUT"..$<..|
00001C70: 22 54 48 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 4D 45 4E |"THE NUMBERS MEN|
00001C80: 54 49 4F 4E 45 44 20 41 42 4F 56 45 2E 20 D4 48 |TIONED ABOVE. .H|
00001C90: 55 53 20 57 45 20 22 00 C5 24 46 05 99 22 48 41 |US WE "..$F.."HA|
00001CA0: 56 45 20 54 57 4F 20 41 52 52 41 59 53 20 4F 46 |VE TWO ARRAYS OF|
00001CB0: 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 2C 20 CE D5 CD 20 41 4E | NUMBERS, ... AN|
00001CC0: 44 20 CF D0 22 00 F2 24 50 05 99 22 57 48 49 43 |D .."..$P.."WHIC|
00001CD0: 48 20 41 52 45 20 54 48 45 20 53 54 41 43 4B 53 |H ARE THE STACKS|
00001CE0: 20 46 4F 52 20 54 48 45 20 4F 50 45 52 41 4E 44 | FOR THE OPERAND|
00001CF0: 53 22 00 21 25 5A 05 99 22 41 4E 44 20 54 48 45 |S".!%Z.."AND THE|
00001D00: 20 4F 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 53 20 52 45 53 50 45 | OPERATORS RESPE|
00001D10: 43 54 49 56 45 4C 59 2E 22 3A 89 20 31 30 30 30 |CTIVELY.":. 1000|
00001D20: 30 00 4D 25 64 05 99 22 20 20 D0 41 52 45 4E 54 |0.M%d.." .ARENT|
00001D30: 48 45 53 49 53 20 41 52 45 20 41 20 53 45 50 45 |HESIS ARE A SEPE|
00001D40: 52 41 54 45 20 4D 41 54 54 45 52 2E 22 00 79 25 |RATE MATTER.".y%|
00001D50: 65 05 99 22 D4 48 45 59 20 41 52 45 20 4E 4F 54 |e..".HEY ARE NOT|
00001D60: 20 50 52 4F 50 45 52 4C 59 20 4F 50 45 52 41 54 | PROPERLY OPERAT|
00001D70: 4F 52 53 2C 20 42 55 54 22 00 A4 25 66 05 99 22 |ORS, BUT"..%f.."|
00001D80: 41 52 45 20 44 45 4C 49 4D 49 54 45 52 53 20 4F |ARE DELIMITERS O|
00001D90: 46 20 41 20 53 55 42 2D 53 54 41 43 4B 2E 20 D4 |F A SUB-STACK. .|
00001DA0: 48 49 53 22 00 CD 25 67 05 99 22 4D 45 41 4E 53 |HIS"..%g.."MEANS|
00001DB0: 20 54 48 41 54 20 57 48 45 4E 20 57 45 20 53 45 | THAT WHEN WE SE|
00001DC0: 45 20 41 4E 20 4F 50 45 4E 49 4E 47 22 00 FA 25 |E AN OPENING"..%|
00001DD0: 68 05 99 22 50 41 52 45 4E 54 48 45 53 49 53 2C |h.."PARENTHESIS,|
00001DE0: 20 57 45 20 4D 55 53 54 20 50 55 53 48 20 49 54 | WE MUST PUSH IT|
00001DF0: 20 4F 4E 54 4F 20 54 48 45 22 00 27 26 69 05 99 | ONTO THE".'&i..|
00001E00: 22 4F 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 20 53 54 41 43 4B 20 |"OPERATOR STACK |
00001E10: 54 4F 20 49 4E 44 49 43 41 54 45 20 54 48 41 54 |TO INDICATE THAT|
00001E20: 20 54 48 45 52 45 22 00 52 26 6A 05 99 22 49 53 | THERE".R&j.."IS|
00001E30: 20 41 20 53 55 42 2D 53 54 41 43 4B 20 53 54 41 | A SUB-STACK STA|
00001E40: 52 54 49 4E 47 20 48 45 52 45 2E 20 D7 48 45 4E |RTING HERE. .HEN|
00001E50: 20 22 00 7D 26 6B 05 99 22 54 48 45 20 4D 41 54 | ".}&k.."THE MAT|
00001E60: 43 48 49 4E 47 20 43 4C 4F 53 49 4E 47 20 50 41 |CHING CLOSING PA|
00001E70: 52 45 4E 54 48 45 53 49 53 20 49 53 22 00 AB 26 |RENTHESIS IS"..&|
00001E80: 6C 05 99 22 45 4E 43 4F 55 4E 54 45 52 45 44 2C |l.."ENCOUNTERED,|
00001E90: 20 54 48 45 4E 20 54 48 45 20 45 4E 54 49 52 45 | THEN THE ENTIRE|
00001EA0: 20 53 55 42 2D 53 54 41 43 4B 22 00 D9 26 6D 05 | SUB-STACK"..&m.|
00001EB0: 99 22 49 53 20 45 56 41 4C 55 41 54 45 44 2E 20 |."IS EVALUATED. |
00001EC0: D4 48 45 20 54 4F 4B 45 4E 20 46 4F 52 20 41 4E |.HE TOKEN FOR AN|
00001ED0: 20 4F 50 45 4E 49 4E 47 22 00 06 27 6E 05 99 22 | OPENING"..'n.."|
00001EE0: 50 41 52 45 4E 54 48 45 53 49 53 20 49 53 20 41 |PARENTHESIS IS A|
00001EF0: 20 4C 4F 57 20 56 41 4C 55 45 20 53 4F 20 54 48 | LOW VALUE SO TH|
00001F00: 41 54 20 4E 4F 22 00 31 27 6F 05 99 22 4F 54 48 |AT NO".1'o.."OTH|
00001F10: 45 52 20 4F 50 45 52 41 54 4F 52 53 20 57 49 4C |ER OPERATORS WIL|
00001F20: 4C 20 43 41 55 53 45 20 49 54 20 54 4F 20 42 45 |L CAUSE IT TO BE|
00001F30: 22 00 43 27 70 05 99 22 45 56 41 4C 55 41 54 45 |".C'p.."EVALUATE|
00001F40: 44 2E 22 00 74 27 76 05 99 3A 99 22 20 20 20 D4 |D.".t'v..:." .|
00001F50: 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 49 54 53 45 4C |HE PROGRAM ITSEL|
00001F60: 46 20 49 53 20 43 4F 4D 4D 45 4E 54 45 44 20 56 |F IS COMMENTED V|
00001F70: 45 52 59 22 00 A3 27 77 05 99 22 48 45 41 56 49 |ERY"..'w.."HEAVI|
00001F80: 4C 59 20 41 4E 44 20 53 48 4F 55 4C 44 20 42 45 |LY AND SHOULD BE|
00001F90: 20 45 41 53 49 4C 59 20 55 4E 44 45 52 53 54 4F | EASILY UNDERSTO|
00001FA0: 4F 44 22 00 D2 27 78 05 99 22 42 59 20 41 4C 4C |OD"..'x.."BY ALL|
00001FB0: 2E 20 D4 48 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 41 20 46 41 49 |. .HERE IS A FAI|
00001FC0: 52 4C 59 20 4C 41 52 47 45 20 53 45 43 54 49 4F |RLY LARGE SECTIO|
00001FD0: 4E 22 00 FE 27 82 05 99 22 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 |N"..'..."OF THE |
00001FE0: 43 4F 44 45 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 44 45 41 4C 53 |CODE WHICH DEALS|
00001FF0: 20 57 49 54 48 20 50 41 52 53 49 4E 47 22 00 2B | WITH PARSING".+|
00002000: 28 8C 05 99 22 54 48 45 20 4E 45 58 54 20 54 4F |(..."THE NEXT TO|
00002010: 4B 45 4E 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 54 48 45 20 49 4E 50 |KEN FROM THE INP|
00002020: 55 54 20 53 54 52 49 4E 47 2E 22 00 5A 28 96 05 |UT STRING.".Z(..|
00002030: 99 22 D4 48 49 53 20 44 4F 45 53 4E 27 54 20 42 |.".HIS DOESN'T B|
00002040: 45 41 52 20 44 49 52 45 43 54 4C 59 20 55 50 4F |EAR DIRECTLY UPO|
00002050: 4E 20 53 54 41 43 4B 53 2C 22 00 83 28 A0 05 99 |N STACKS,"..(...|
00002060: 22 42 55 54 20 49 53 20 41 20 4E 45 43 45 53 53 |"BUT IS A NECESS|
00002070: 41 52 59 20 52 4F 55 54 49 4E 45 20 49 46 20 54 |ARY ROUTINE IF T|
00002080: 48 45 22 00 AA 28 AA 05 99 22 52 45 53 55 4C 54 |HE"..(..."RESULT|
00002090: 49 4E 47 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 49 53 20 54 |ING PROGRAM IS T|
000020A0: 4F 20 42 45 20 45 56 45 4E 22 00 CC 28 B4 05 99 |O BE EVEN"..(...|
000020B0: 22 4D 41 52 47 49 4E 41 4C 4C 59 20 55 53 45 46 |"MARGINALLY USEF|
000020C0: 55 4C 2E 22 3A 89 20 31 30 30 30 30 00 FF 28 BE |UL.":. 10000..(.|
000020D0: 05 99 3A 99 3A 99 3A 99 22 20 20 20 D4 48 45 20 |..:.:.:." .HE |
000020E0: 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 41 53 20 49 54 20 53 54 |PROGRAM AS IT ST|
000020F0: 41 4E 44 53 20 44 4F 45 53 20 12 CE CF 92 22 00 |ANDS DOES ....".|
00002100: 2E 29 C8 05 99 22 45 52 52 4F 52 20 43 48 45 43 |.)..."ERROR CHEC|
00002110: 4B 49 4E 47 2E 20 C9 4E 20 41 20 50 52 4F 44 55 |KING. .N A PRODU|
00002120: 43 54 49 4F 4E 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 22 00 5D |CTION PROGRAM".]|
00002130: 29 D2 05 99 22 54 48 49 53 20 49 53 20 55 4E 46 |)..."THIS IS UNF|
00002140: 4F 52 47 49 56 41 42 4C 45 2E 20 C9 4E 20 54 48 |ORGIVABLE. .N TH|
00002150: 49 53 20 43 41 53 45 2C 20 54 48 45 22 00 89 29 |IS CASE, THE"..)|
00002160: DC 05 99 22 45 52 52 4F 52 20 43 48 45 43 4B 49 |..."ERROR CHECKI|
00002170: 4E 47 20 57 41 53 20 4F 4D 49 54 54 45 44 20 54 |NG WAS OMITTED T|
00002180: 4F 20 42 45 54 54 45 52 22 00 B5 29 E6 05 99 22 |O BETTER"..)..."|
00002190: 49 4C 4C 55 4D 49 4E 41 54 45 20 54 48 45 20 49 |ILLUMINATE THE I|
000021A0: 44 45 41 53 20 4F 46 20 53 54 41 43 4B 53 2E 20 |DEAS OF STACKS. |
000021B0: D4 48 45 20 22 00 E4 29 F0 05 99 22 4F 54 48 45 |.HE "..)..."OTHE|
000021C0: 52 20 46 4C 41 57 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 |R FLAW OF THE PR|
000021D0: 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 20 49 54 |OGRAM IS THAT IT|
000021E0: 20 49 53 22 00 13 2A FA 05 99 22 4E 4F 54 20 41 | IS"..*..."NOT A|
000021F0: 42 4C 45 20 54 4F 20 52 45 43 4F 47 4E 49 5A 45 |BLE TO RECOGNIZE|
00002200: 20 4E 45 47 41 54 49 56 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 | NEGATIVE NUMBER|
00002210: 53 2E 22 00 41 2A 04 06 99 22 D4 48 45 20 52 45 |S.".A*...".HE RE|
00002220: 43 4F 47 4E 49 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F 46 20 4E 45 47 |COGNITION OF NEG|
00002230: 41 54 49 56 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 49 53 |ATIVE NUMBERS IS|
00002240: 22 00 6E 2A 0E 06 99 22 4E 4F 54 20 41 20 50 41 |".n*..."NOT A PA|
00002250: 52 54 49 43 55 4C 41 52 4C 59 20 44 49 46 46 49 |RTICULARLY DIFFI|
00002260: 43 55 4C 54 20 54 48 49 4E 47 20 54 4F 22 00 9C |CULT THING TO"..|
00002270: 2A 18 06 99 22 44 4F 2C 20 42 55 54 20 41 47 41 |*..."DO, BUT AGA|
00002280: 49 4E 20 49 4E 20 54 48 45 20 49 4E 54 45 52 45 |IN IN THE INTERE|
00002290: 53 54 53 20 4F 46 20 4D 4F 52 45 22 00 C7 2A 22 |STS OF MORE"..*"|
000022A0: 06 99 22 43 4C 41 52 49 54 59 2C 20 54 48 45 20 |.."CLARITY, THE |
000022B0: 43 41 50 41 42 49 4C 49 54 59 20 49 53 20 4F 4D |CAPABILITY IS OM|
000022C0: 49 54 54 45 44 2E 22 00 F8 2A 2C 06 99 3A 99 22 |ITTED."..*,..:."|
000022D0: C9 4E 20 54 48 45 20 57 4F 52 44 53 20 4F 46 20 |.N THE WORDS OF |
000022E0: 4D 41 4E 59 20 41 20 46 41 4D 4F 55 53 20 4C 45 |MANY A FAMOUS LE|
000022F0: 43 54 55 52 45 52 3A 22 00 28 2B 36 06 99 3A 99 |CTURER:".(+6..:.|
00002300: 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 51 24 22 D4 48 49 53 |" "Q$".HIS|
00002310: 20 49 53 20 4C 45 46 54 20 41 53 20 41 4E 20 45 | IS LEFT AS AN E|
00002320: 58 45 52 43 49 53 45 22 00 56 2B 40 06 99 22 20 |XERCISE".V+@.." |
00002330: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 46 4F 52 20 54 | FOR T|
00002340: 48 45 20 53 54 55 44 45 4E 54 2E 22 51 24 3A 89 |HE STUDENT."Q$:.|
00002350: 20 31 30 30 30 30 00 86 2B 4A 06 99 3A 99 22 20 | 10000..+J..:." |
00002360: 20 C6 4F 52 20 54 48 45 20 50 45 52 53 4F 4E 20 | .OR THE PERSON |
00002370: 57 48 4F 20 48 41 53 20 4C 4F 4F 4B 45 44 20 41 |WHO HAS LOOKED A|
00002380: 54 20 41 4E 44 22 00 B3 2B 54 06 99 22 55 4E 44 |T AND"..+T.."UND|
00002390: 45 52 53 54 4F 4F 44 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 |ERSTOOD THE PROG|
000023A0: 52 41 4D 2C 20 54 48 45 20 46 4F 4C 4C 4F 57 49 |RAM, THE FOLLOWI|
000023B0: 4E 47 22 00 C9 2B 5E 06 99 22 4C 49 54 54 4C 45 |NG"..+^.."LITTLE|
000023C0: 20 50 55 5A 5A 4C 45 3A 22 00 F9 2B 68 06 99 3A | PUZZLE:"..+h..:|
000023D0: 99 22 20 20 20 C1 53 20 49 54 20 53 54 41 4E 44 |." .S IT STAND|
000023E0: 53 2C 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 45 |S, THE PROGRAM E|
000023F0: 56 41 4C 55 41 54 45 53 22 00 26 2C 72 06 99 22 |VALUATES".&,r.."|
00002400: 45 58 50 4F 4E 45 4E 54 49 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 49 |EXPONENTIATION I|
00002410: 4E 20 54 48 45 20 46 41 53 48 49 4F 4E 20 54 48 |N THE FASHION TH|
00002420: 41 54 20 49 54 22 00 56 2C 7C 06 99 22 49 53 20 |AT IT".V,|.."IS |
00002430: 45 56 41 4C 55 41 54 45 44 20 42 59 20 C2 C1 D3 |EVALUATED BY ...|
00002440: C9 C3 2E 20 49 45 29 20 12 34 5E 33 5E 32 92 20 |... IE) .4^3^2. |
00002450: 48 41 53 20 41 22 00 85 2C 86 06 99 22 56 41 4C |HAS A"..,..."VAL|
00002460: 55 45 20 4F 46 20 12 28 34 5E 33 29 5E 32 92 2E |UE OF .(4^3)^2..|
00002470: 20 CD 41 54 48 45 4D 41 54 49 43 41 4C 4C 59 2C | .ATHEMATICALLY,|
00002480: 20 54 48 45 22 00 B6 2C 90 06 99 22 43 4F 52 52 | THE"..,..."CORR|
00002490: 45 43 54 20 41 4E 53 57 45 52 20 53 48 4F 55 4C |ECT ANSWER SHOUL|
000024A0: 44 20 42 45 20 12 34 5E 28 33 5E 32 29 92 2E 20 |D BE .4^(3^2).. |
000024B0: D4 48 45 53 45 22 00 DE 2C 9A 06 99 22 54 57 4F |.HESE"..,..."TWO|
000024C0: 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 41 52 45 20 34 30 39 | NUMBERS ARE 409|
000024D0: 36 20 41 4E 44 20 32 36 32 31 34 34 20 22 00 0C |6 AND 262144 "..|
000024E0: 2D A4 06 99 22 52 45 53 50 45 43 54 49 56 45 4C |-..."RESPECTIVEL|
000024F0: 59 2E 20 D4 48 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 47 |Y. .HE PROGRAM G|
00002500: 49 56 45 4E 20 4D 41 59 20 42 45 22 00 38 2D AE |IVEN MAY BE".8-.|
00002510: 06 99 22 4D 4F 44 49 46 49 45 44 20 54 4F 20 50 |.."MODIFIED TO P|
00002520: 52 4F 44 55 43 45 20 45 58 41 43 54 4C 59 20 54 |RODUCE EXACTLY T|
00002530: 48 45 20 53 41 4D 45 22 00 67 2D B8 06 99 22 52 |HE SAME".g-..."R|
00002540: 45 53 55 4C 54 53 20 41 53 20 42 45 46 4F 52 45 |ESULTS AS BEFORE|
00002550: 20 57 49 54 48 20 54 48 45 20 45 58 43 45 50 54 | WITH THE EXCEPT|
00002560: 49 4F 4E 20 4F 46 22 00 92 2D C2 06 99 22 44 4F |ION OF"..-..."DO|
00002570: 49 4E 47 20 54 48 49 53 20 50 41 52 54 49 43 55 |ING THIS PARTICU|
00002580: 4C 41 52 20 54 59 50 45 20 4F 46 20 43 41 4C 43 |LAR TYPE OF CALC|
00002590: 2D 22 00 BF 2D CC 06 99 22 55 4C 41 54 49 4F 4E |-"..-..."ULATION|
000025A0: 20 43 4F 52 52 45 43 54 4C 59 20 42 59 20 54 48 | CORRECTLY BY TH|
000025B0: 45 20 41 44 44 49 54 49 4F 4E 20 4F 46 20 22 00 |E ADDITION OF ".|
000025C0: EC 2D D6 06 99 22 4F 4E 45 20 28 31 29 20 43 48 |.-..."ONE (1) CH|
000025D0: 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 53 |ARACTER TO THE S|
000025E0: 4F 55 52 43 45 20 43 4F 44 45 2E 22 00 18 2E E0 |OURCE CODE."....|
000025F0: 06 99 3A 99 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 C3 41 4E 20 59 |..:." .AN Y|
00002600: 4F 55 20 46 49 4E 44 20 54 48 41 54 20 43 48 41 |OU FIND THAT CHA|
00002610: 52 41 43 54 45 52 3F 22 00 48 2E EA 06 99 20 22 |RACTER?".H.... "|
00002620: 11 11 D3 4F 55 52 43 45 20 C3 4F 44 45 20 46 4F |...OURCE .ODE FO|
00002630: 55 4E 44 20 49 4E 20 46 49 4C 45 3A 20 12 20 D3 |UND IN FILE: . .|
00002640: D4 C1 C3 CB D3 20 92 22 00 77 2E F4 06 99 20 22 |..... .".w.... "|
00002650: 11 11 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.. |
00002660: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 4F 20 C7 C4 | TO ..|
00002670: 20 CD 45 4E 55 22 3B 00 83 2E FE 06 89 20 31 30 | .ENU";...... 10|
00002680: 30 30 30 00 96 2E 0F 27 99 20 22 93 22 3A 20 9E |000....'. ".": .|
00002690: 20 34 39 31 35 32 00 D8 2E 10 27 53 50 B2 53 50 | 49152....'SP.SP|
000026A0: AA 31 3A 99 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 |.1:."...........|
000026B0: 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 D4 59 |...............Y|
000026C0: 50 45 20 41 4E 59 20 4B 45 59 20 54 4F 20 43 4F |PE ANY KEY TO CO|
000026D0: 4E 54 49 4E 55 45 22 3B 00 F1 2E 11 27 A1 4B 45 |NTINUE";....'.KE|
000026E0: 59 24 3A 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 22 A7 31 30 30 30 |Y$:.KEY$."".1000|
000026F0: 31 00 0B 2F 12 27 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 5F 22 A7 |1../.'.KEY$."_".|
00002700: 99 22 93 22 3A 9E 34 39 31 35 32 00 24 2F 13 27 |.".":.49152.$/.'|
00002710: 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 5E 22 AF 53 50 B3 B2 32 A7 |.KEY$."^".SP..2.|
00002720: 53 50 B2 31 00 3F 2F 14 27 8B 4B 45 59 24 B2 22 |SP.1.?/.'.KEY$."|
00002730: 5E 22 AF 53 50 B1 32 A7 53 50 B2 53 50 AB 32 00 |^".SP.2.SP.SP.2.|
00002740: 58 2F 15 27 99 22 93 22 3B 3A 97 35 33 32 38 30 |X/.'.".";:.53280|
00002750: 2C BB 28 31 29 AC 31 35 00 A2 2F 16 27 91 20 53 |,.(1).15../.'. S|
00002760: 50 89 33 30 2C 31 33 30 2C 32 32 39 2C 33 31 30 |P.30,130,229,310|
00002770: 2C 34 33 30 2C 35 36 30 2C 36 34 30 2C 37 38 30 |,430,560,640,780|
00002780: 2C 39 37 30 2C 31 31 31 30 2C 31 32 33 30 2C 31 |,970,1110,1230,1|
00002790: 33 38 30 2C 31 34 37 30 2C 31 36 31 30 2C 39 39 |380,1470,1610,99|
000027A0: 39 39 00 C1 2F 19 27 99 22 45 52 52 4F 52 2A 2A |99../.'."ERROR**|
000027B0: 2A 45 52 52 4F 52 2A 2A 2A 45 52 52 4F 52 22 3A |*ERROR***ERROR":|
000027C0: 90 00 00 00 |.... |
.. ....53281,0:.".....":Q$.G(34).?.... 1
0000=PAUSING SUBROUTINE._.... PROGRAMMIN
G TIPS...STACKS.T.... BY F.WHITESIDE....
.SP.1:.".":." .PROGRAMMING TIP
S".L.(..:.:." BY F.WHITESIDE"
:.:....2.." THIS MONTH'S TIP IS ABOUT .
STACKS.. WE".'.<.."WILL TRY TO EXPLAIN T
HE FUNDAMENTAL".U.F.."IDEAS BEHIND STACK
S AS WELL AS GIVE AN"...P.."EXAMPLE OF H
OW THEY ARE USED, AND HOW"...Z.."THEY CA
N BE IMPLEMENTED IN BASIC."...N..:.:."
SO SIT BACK AND GET READY TO BEGIN...".
..O..:.".NOTE: IF YOU TYPE THE '_' KEY T
HEN IT'S".B.P..".BACK TO THE GOLD DISK M
AIN MENU WITH YOU".O.Q.." .THE '^' K
EY CAUSES THE TUTORIAL"...R.." .T
O BACK UP ONE SCREEN". .X..10000.U....:.
:.:." A .STACK. IS (TECHNICALLY) A SPE
CIAL"......"CASE OF AN ORDERED LIST. AN
ARRAY IS"."...."ALSO AN ORDERED LIST.":.
:..S...." AN .ORDERED LIST. IS A GRO
UP OR LIST".|. .."OF ELEMENTS WHICH HAVE
SOME ORDER"......"IMPOSED UPON THEM. IN
THE CASE OF THE".W...."ARRAY, THE INDEX
OF THE ARRAY PROVIDES"......"THIS ORDER
ING.":.:.. ...." THE REASON THAT THE S
TACK IS SAID TO".J...."BE SPECIAL IS THA
T ELEMENTS MAY BE".Y...."ADDED OR DELETE
D ONLY AT ONE END OF THE"...H.."LIST CAL
LED THE .TOP.. AN ARRAY MAY".S.R.."HAVE
ELEMENTS ADDED OR REMOVED FROM ANY".....
."LOCATION."......10000......:..#...."
THE STANDARD ANALOGY USED TO HELP".Q...
."EXPLAIN STACKS IS THAT OF THE PUSHDOWN
".H...."DISH STACK.":.:......." EVER
YONE HAS SEEN THOSE THINGS IN".C...."CAF
ETERIAS THAT HOLD PILES OF PLATES.".....
."THEY HAVE A TOWER OF PLATES IN A HOLDE
R"......"AND AS THE TOP PLATE IS REMOVED
, THE".M.".."PLATE UNDERNEATH AUTOMATICA
LLY PRESENTS".}.,.."ITSELF. THIS IS A .S
TACK. OF PLATES.":.:....-.." THE IMPORT
ANT THING ABOUT THIS STACK".Z...."IS THA
T THE PLATES MAY ONLY BE ADDED OR".../..
"REMOVED FROM THE TOP OF THE STACK. THIS
".5.0.."IS THE DISTINGUISHING FEATURE OF
ANY".C.1.."STACK.".N.5..10000...6..:.:.
:."TWO QUESTIONS INSTANTLY BEG TO BE ASK
ED:"...@.." 1) .HOW. DOES ONE MAKE A STA
CK?":." AND"...J.." 2) .WHY.
WOULD ONE WANT TO MAKE ONE?"...T..:.:.:.
" THE FIRST QUESTION IS SIMPLE. ONE".I
.V.."MAKES A STACK OUT OF AN ARRAY AND A
".V.X.."POINTER (TOP) INTO THE ARRAY. TH
US WE"...^.."HAVE THE ORDERED LIST, AND
THE PLACE TO".R.H.."PERFORM ADDITIONS AN
D DELETIONS. THE "...R.."POINTER TOP IS
MOVED DOWN THE ARRAY AS"...|.."ELEMENTS
ARE ADDED TO THE STACK AND IS".X.}.."MOV
ED UP THE ARRAY AS ELEMENTS ARE".P...."R
EMOVED.":. 10000. ....:." THE ACTION
OF PUTTING AN ITEM ONTO".J...."THE STACK
IS CALLED .PUSHING. THE "......"ELEMENT
ONTO THE STACK, AND WHEN WE".%.B.."REMO
VE AN ITEM FROM THE STACK, WE .POP. ".S.
L.."THE STACK. THIS NOMENCLATURE IS DUE
TO"...Q.."THE DISH STACK OF THE ANALOGY,
AND IS"...R.."IN COMMON USAGE.":..G.V..
" THUS WE HAVE A POINTER TO WHICH WE".
....."ADD ONE WHEN WE WANT TO ADD AN ELE
MENT".$...."TO THE STACK, OR FROM WHICH
WE SUBTRACT".S...."ONE WHEN WE WISH TO R
EMOVE AN ITEM FROM".}...."THE STACK. IN
ADDITION, WE HAVE AN"......"ARRAY WHICH
WILL CONTAIN THE STACK.".W....:." NOW TH
E QUESTION OF WHY ANYONE WOULD"......"WA
NT TO USE SUCH A MECHANISM. AS IT"./.&..
"HAPPENS, THERE IS A VERY GOOD USE FOR".
].(.."STACKS OTHER THAN THEORETICAL COMP
UTER".M.).."SCIENCE.".X.+..10000...0..:.
:.:." THERE ARE TWO STANDARD APPLICATIO
NS".V.5.."THAT ABSOLUTELY REQUIRE STACKS
. THE"...D.."FIRST IS WHEN ONE IS USING
.RECURSION..".2.N.."RECURSION MAKES USE
OF STACKS TO KEEP".`.P.."TRACK OF THE VA
LUES OF LOCAL VARIABLES"...Q.."AND RETUR
N ADDRESSES AND THE LIKE."...R..:.:." F
OR REASONS OF SIMPLICITY, WE WILL"...X..
"CONSIDER THE OTHER ALTERNATIVE INSTEAD.
"...B.."THE OTHER TIME THAT STACKS ARE U
SED IS".C.L.."WHEN ONE IS EVALUATING AN
ARITHMETIC".P.V.."EXPRESSION. ONE USES A
STACK TO KEEP "...W.."THE OPERANDS (NUM
BERS) UNTIL THEY ARE".L.X.."NEEDED. WE W
ILL ALSO REQUIRE A SEPERATE"...Y.."STACK
FOR THE OPERATORS. THUS WE WILL ".(.Z..
"HAVE TWO STACKS, AND TWO TOP POINTERS."
.3.{..10000.E....:.:." EVALUATING AN A
RITHMETIC EXPRESSION"......"IS SOMETHING
THAT WE NEED TO DO ON RARE".C...."OCCAS
IONS WHEN WE ARE RUNNING A PROGRAM".....
."AND WE DON'T WANT TO LEAVE THE PROGRAM
"......"TO USE BASIC AS A CALCULATOR.".F
....:.:." A SIMPLE CALCULATOR PROGRAM C
AN BE".S...."WRITTEN IN VERY FEW LINES O
F CODE AND". .F.."CAN HANDLE ALMOST ANY
EXPRESSION. THE".K.P.."SAMPLE PROGRAM GI
VEN IS MUCH LONGER"...Z.."THAN NECESSARY
, MOSTLY TO MAKE IT MORE".$...."EASILY U
NDERSTOOD. IT ALSO HAS MANY".Q...."COMME
NTS WHICH TAKE UP SPACE AND SLOW".Y...."
THE ROUTINE DOWN SLIGHTLY. IT IS"......"
INTENDED AS A LEARNING EXAMPLE, NOT AS".
V...."AN EXAMPLE OF GREAT OR EFFICIENT S
TYLE."...... 10000......:.:." THE METH
OD OF OPERATION OF MOST".=...."CALCULATO
R PROGRAMS IS THE SAME. AS A".L. .."TOKE
N IS LOOKED AT, IT IS DETERMINED TO"...*
.."BE AN .OPERATOR. (EG. * + / ^) OR AN"
.F.4..".OPERAND. (EG. A NUMBER). NOTE TH
AT A "...>.."TOKEN IS ANY INDIVISIBLE UN
IT, SUCH AS".$.H.."A NUMBER OR AN ARITHM
ETIC OPERATOR, ETC.".S.R.." WHEN WE HAV
E CATEGORIZED THE TOKEN AS"...\.."AN OPE
RATOR OR AN OPERAND, WE THEN MUST"...F..
"DO SOMETHING WITH IT. IF IT IS A NUMBER
"...P.."THEN WE PUSH THE TOKEN ONTO THE
OPERAND"...Z.."STACK. WE ALWAYS PUSH OPE
RANDS BECAUSE".:...."THERE IS NO PRECEDE
NCE OF ONE NUMBER".O...."OVER ANOTHER.".
}...." IF THE TOKEN IS AN OPERATOR, TH
OUGH"......"IT IS A DIFFERENT SITUATION.
WE THEN".T...."MUST LOOK AT THE PRESENT
TOP OF THE"......"OPERATOR STACK, TO DE
TERMINE WHETHER TO".,...."PUSH THE PRESE
NT OPERATOR OR NOT.".7.E..10000.G.J..:."
THE EXPRESSION 2*3+4*5 SHOULD GIVE A".
..T.."RESULT OF 26, SINCE THE OPERATION
OF".A...."MULTIPLICATION HAS PRECEDENCE
OVER THE"......"OPERATION OF ADDITION. I
N FACT EACH"......"OPERATOR HAS A PRIORI
TY ASSOCIATED WITH".H...."IT. ADDITION A
ND SUBTRACTION HAVE THE".U...."SAME PRIO
RITY, AND MULTIPLICATION AND"......"DIVI
SION HAVE THE SAME PRIORITY WHICH".Q....
"IS HIGHER THAN SUBTRACTION. WE MAY GIVE
"...$.."THE FOLLOWING NUMERICAL VALUES T
O THE"."...."PRIORITIES OF THE OPERATORS
:".L.8..:." +....1":." -..
..1".T.;.." *....2":." /..
..2"...B.." ^....3":.:." THE VAL
UES ARE ARBITRARY, BUT THE"...L.."RELATI
VE SIZES ARE IMPORTANT.":. 10000.. V..:.
:.:." ONCE WE HAVE THE PRIORITY OF THE
".> `.."OPERATOR, WE CAN DETERMINE WHAT
TO DO".L J.."IN A GIVEN SITUATION. WHEN
THE PRESENT".. T.."OPERATOR'S PRIORITY I
S LESS THAN THE".F ~.."PRIORITY OF THE O
PERATOR ON THE TOP OF".. ..."OPERATOR ST
ACK, THEN WE MAY SAFELY AND". !..."CORRE
CTLY EVALUATE THE EXPRESSION SO".0!..."F
AR.":.:.._!..." THE ACT OF EVALUATING
THE EXPRESSION"..!..."SO FAR IS SIMPLE.
ONE MERELY .POPS. THE"..!..."TOP TWO ITE
MS FROM THE OPERAND STACK"..!..."AND APP
LIES THE TOP ITEM FROM THE ".."D.."OPERA
TOR STACK TO THEM. THE RESULT IS".>"E.."
.PUSHED. ONTO THE OPERAND STACK. THE ".L
"F.."OPERATOR WAS OF COURSE POPED FROM I
T'S".Z"G.."STACK.".."I.. 10000.."N..:.:.
" SINCE THE PRIORITIES OF THE OPERATORS
".."X.."ARE NOT UNIQUE, THEY ARE NOT SUF
FICIENT"..#..."TO IDENTIFY THE OPERATORS
. WE WILL USE".E#..."A SIMPLE SCHEME TO
IDENTIFY THEM. IF WE".P#..."ASSIGN THE N
UMBERS 2,3,4,5,6 TO THE"..#..."OPERATORS
+,-,*,/,^ THEN THE VALUE OF".F#..."THE
NUMBER DIVIDED BY 2 (WITH THE"..#..."REM
AINDER TRUNCATED) GIVES THE CORRECT"..$.
.."PRIORITY ORDER.":.:..;$(.." TO CUT
DOWN ON SPACE, WE WILL NOT".J$2.."STACK
THE SYMBOLS OF THE OPERATORS, BUT"..$<..
"THE NUMBERS MENTIONED ABOVE. THUS WE ".
E$F.."HAVE TWO ARRAYS OF NUMBERS, NUM AN
D OP"..$P.."WHICH ARE THE STACKS FOR THE
OPERANDS".!%Z.."AND THE OPERATORS RESPE
CTIVELY.":. 10000.M%D.." PARENTHESIS AR
E A SEPERATE MATTER.".Y%E.."THEY ARE NOT
PROPERLY OPERATORS, BUT"..%F.."ARE DELI
MITERS OF A SUB-STACK. THIS".M%G.."MEANS
THAT WHEN WE SEE AN OPENING"..%H.."PARE
NTHESIS, WE MUST PUSH IT ONTO THE".'&I..
"OPERATOR STACK TO INDICATE THAT THERE".
R&J.."IS A SUB-STACK STARTING HERE. WHEN
".}&K.."THE MATCHING CLOSING PARENTHESI
S IS"..&L.."ENCOUNTERED, THEN THE ENTIRE
SUB-STACK".Y&M.."IS EVALUATED. THE TOKE
N FOR AN OPENING"..'N.."PARENTHESIS IS A
LOW VALUE SO THAT NO".1'O.."OTHER OPERA
TORS WILL CAUSE IT TO BE".C'P.."EVALUATE
D.".T'V..:." THE PROGRAM ITSELF IS COM
MENTED VERY"..'W.."HEAVILY AND SHOULD BE
EASILY UNDERSTOOD".R'X.."BY ALL. THERE
IS A FAIRLY LARGE SECTION"..'..."OF THE
CODE WHICH DEALS WITH PARSING".+(..."THE
NEXT TOKEN FROM THE INPUT STRING.".Z(..
."THIS DOESN'T BEAR DIRECTLY UPON STACKS
,"..( .."BUT IS A NECESSARY ROUTINE IF T
HE"..(..."RESULTING PROGRAM IS TO BE EVE
N".L(..."MARGINALLY USEFUL.":. 10000..(.
..:.:.:." THE PROGRAM AS IT STANDS DOE
S .NO."..)H.."ERROR CHECKING. IN A PRODU
CTION PROGRAM".])R.."THIS IS UNFORGIVABL
E. IN THIS CASE, THE"..)..."ERROR CHECKI
NG WAS OMITTED TO BETTER"..)..."ILLUMINA
TE THE IDEAS OF STACKS. THE "..)..."OTHE
R FLAW OF THE PROGRAM IS THAT IT IS"..*.
.."NOT ABLE TO RECOGNIZE NEGATIVE NUMBER
S.".A*..."THE RECOGNITION OF NEGATIVE NU
MBERS IS".N*..."NOT A PARTICULARLY DIFFI
CULT THING TO"..*..."DO, BUT AGAIN IN TH
E INTERESTS OF MORE".G*".."CLARITY, THE
CAPABILITY IS OMITTED."..*,..:."IN THE W
ORDS OF MANY A FAMOUS LECTURER:".(+6..:.
" "Q$"THIS IS LEFT AS AN EXERCISE"
.V+@.." FOR THE STUDENT."Q$:.
10000..+J..:." FOR THE PERSON WHO HAS
LOOKED AT AND"..+T.."UNDERSTOOD THE PROG
RAM, THE FOLLOWING".I+^.."LITTLE PUZZLE:
"..+H..:." AS IT STANDS, THE PROGRAM E
VALUATES".&,R.."EXPONENTIATION IN THE FA
SHION THAT IT".V,|.."IS EVALUATED BY BAS
IC. IE) .4^3^2. HAS A"..,..."VALUE OF .(
4^3)^2.. MATHEMATICALLY, THE"..,..."CORR
ECT ANSWER SHOULD BE .4^(3^2).. THESE"..
,..."TWO NUMBERS ARE 4096 AND 262144 "..
-..."RESPECTIVELY. THE PROGRAM GIVEN MAY
BE".8-..."MODIFIED TO PRODUCE EXACTLY T
HE SAME".G-..."RESULTS AS BEFORE WITH TH
E EXCEPTION OF"..-B.."DOING THIS PARTICU
LAR TYPE OF CALC-"..-L.."ULATION CORRECT
LY BY THE ADDITION OF "..-V.."ONE (1) CH
ARACTER TO THE SOURCE CODE."......:."
CAN YOU FIND THAT CHARACTER?".H.... "
..SOURCE CODE FOUND IN FILE: . STACKS ."
.W.... ".. TO GD
MENU";...... 10000....'. ".": . 49152.X
..'SP.SP.1:.".........................TY
PE ANY KEY TO CONTINUE";....'.KEY$:.KEY$
."".10001../.'.KEY$."_"..".":.49152.$/.'
.KEY$."^".SP..2.SP.1.?/.'.KEY$."^".SP.2.
SP.SP.2.X/.'.".";:.53280,.(1).15../.'. S
P.30,130,229,310,430,560,640,780,970,111
0,1230,1380,1470,1610,9999.A/.'."ERROR**
*ERROR***ERROR":....
> CLICK IMAGE PREVIEW FOR FULL MODAL