GRAPHIC TUT NO 1
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): GRAPHIC TUT NO 1
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 15.9K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 21:15:26
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
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FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VERVOLG PONZO | GRAPHIC TUT NO 1 | PRG | DuncanTwain | 20 | 6 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
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00003940: 44 20 12 38 2A 31 30 32 34 3D 38 31 39 32 92 22 |D .8*1024=8192."|
00003950: 00 7F 41 54 10 99 22 11 53 4F 20 12 43 4D 92 3D |..AT..".SO .CM.=|
00003960: 53 54 41 52 54 20 4F 46 20 12 43 48 41 52 41 43 |START OF .CHARAC|
00003970: 54 45 52 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 92 20 49 53 22 00 |TER MEMORY. IS".|
00003980: B4 41 5E 10 99 22 11 4E 4F 57 20 41 54 20 12 38 |.A^..".NOW AT .8|
00003990: 31 39 32 92 21 21 22 3A 4D 53 24 B2 22 20 20 53 |192.!!":MS$." S|
000039A0: 49 4D 50 4C 45 22 3A 8D 36 33 31 30 30 3A 8D 36 |IMPLE":.63100:.6|
000039B0: 33 30 30 30 00 E1 41 68 10 99 22 93 57 41 4E 54 |3000..Ah..".WANT|
000039C0: 20 54 4F 20 4C 4F 41 44 20 22 C7 28 33 34 29 22 | TO LOAD ".(34)"|
000039D0: D1 47 52 41 50 48 49 43 53 2D 32 22 C7 28 33 34 |.GRAPHICS-2".(34|
000039E0: 29 00 0B 42 72 10 99 22 11 41 4E 44 20 53 45 45 |)..Br..".AND SEE|
000039F0: 20 53 4F 4D 45 20 4E 49 43 45 20 50 49 58 45 4C | SOME NICE PIXEL|
00003A00: 20 50 41 54 54 45 52 4E 53 3F 22 00 26 42 7C 10 | PATTERNS?".&B|.|
00003A10: 85 22 11 11 11 20 20 20 59 45 53 21 9D 9D 9D 9D |."... YES!....|
00003A20: 9D 9D 22 3B 41 24 00 3D 42 86 10 8B C8 28 41 24 |..";A$.=B....(A$|
00003A30: 2C 31 29 B3 B1 22 59 22 A7 34 33 30 30 00 6E 42 |,1).."Y".4300.nB|
00003A40: 87 10 99 22 93 4F 4B 2E 2E 57 45 27 4C 4C 20 12 |...".OK..WE'LL .|
00003A50: 4C 4F 41 44 92 20 27 3E 47 52 41 50 48 49 43 53 |LOAD. '>GRAPHICS|
00003A60: 2D 32 27 20 41 4E 44 20 12 52 55 4E 92 22 00 9C |-2' AND .RUN."..|
00003A70: 42 88 10 99 22 11 49 54 2E 20 54 48 45 20 38 4B |B...".IT. THE 8K|
00003A80: 20 4C 4F 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 53 54 41 52 54 | LOCATIONS START|
00003A90: 49 4E 47 20 41 54 20 38 31 39 32 22 00 CB 42 89 |ING AT 8192"..B.|
00003AA0: 10 99 22 11 57 49 4C 4C 20 42 45 20 27 43 4C 45 |..".WILL BE 'CLE|
00003AB0: 41 52 45 44 27 20 4F 46 20 47 41 52 42 41 47 45 |ARED' OF GARBAGE|
00003AC0: 20 41 4E 44 20 57 45 27 4C 4C 22 00 F8 42 8A 10 | AND WE'LL"..B..|
00003AD0: 99 22 11 47 4F 20 54 4F 20 12 42 49 54 20 4D 41 |.".GO TO .BIT MA|
00003AE0: 50 20 4D 4F 44 45 92 20 41 4E 44 20 50 4C 4F 54 |P MODE. AND PLOT|
00003AF0: 20 41 20 4E 49 43 45 22 00 29 43 8B 10 99 22 11 | A NICE".)C...".|
00003B00: 43 55 52 56 45 20 42 45 46 4F 52 45 20 59 4F 55 |CURVE BEFORE YOU|
00003B10: 52 20 56 45 52 59 20 45 59 45 53 20 42 59 20 12 |R VERY EYES BY .|
00003B20: 50 4F 4B 45 92 49 4E 47 22 00 52 43 8C 10 99 22 |POKE.ING".RC..."|
00003B30: 11 47 4F 4F 44 20 4C 4F 4F 4B 49 4E 27 20 42 49 |.GOOD LOOKIN' BI|
00003B40: 54 53 20 49 4E 54 4F 20 4F 55 52 20 27 4E 45 57 |TS INTO OUR 'NEW|
00003B50: 27 22 00 6E 43 8D 10 99 22 11 12 43 48 41 52 41 |'".nC..."..CHARA|
00003B60: 43 54 45 52 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 92 2E 22 00 97 |CTER MEMORY.."..|
00003B70: 43 8E 10 99 22 11 11 59 4F 55 20 4D 41 59 20 57 |C..."..YOU MAY W|
00003B80: 41 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 44 45 46 49 4E 45 20 59 4F |ANT TO DEFINE YO|
00003B90: 55 52 20 4F 57 4E 22 00 B1 43 8F 10 99 22 11 43 |UR OWN"..C...".C|
00003BA0: 55 52 56 45 20 54 4F 4F 21 22 3A 8D 36 33 30 30 |URVE TOO!":.6300|
00003BB0: 30 00 ED 43 90 10 99 22 93 11 11 11 4C 4F 41 44 |0..C..."....LOAD|
00003BC0: 22 C7 28 33 34 29 22 47 52 41 50 48 49 43 20 54 |".(34)"GRAPHIC T|
00003BD0: 55 54 20 4E 4F 20 32 22 C7 28 33 34 29 22 2C 38 |UT NO 2".(34)",8|
00003BE0: 22 3A 99 22 11 11 11 11 52 55 4E 13 22 00 0A 44 |":."....RUN."..D|
00003BF0: 9A 10 97 31 39 38 2C 33 3A 97 36 33 31 2C 31 33 |...198,3:.631,13|
00003C00: 3A 97 36 33 32 2C 31 33 3A 80 00 32 44 CC 10 99 |:.632,13:..2D...|
00003C10: 22 93 22 3A 4D 53 24 B2 22 41 55 20 52 45 56 4F |".":MS$."AU REVO|
00003C20: 49 52 21 22 3A 8D 36 33 31 30 30 3A 99 22 13 22 |IR!":.63100:."."|
00003C30: 3A 80 00 43 44 60 EA 8F 20 49 4E 49 54 49 41 4C |:..CD`.. INITIAL|
00003C40: 49 5A 45 00 65 44 61 EA 42 54 24 B2 22 13 22 3A |IZE.eDa.BT$.".":|
00003C50: 81 49 B2 31 A4 32 34 3A 42 54 24 B2 42 54 24 AA |.I.1.24:BT$.BT$.|
00003C60: 22 11 22 3A 82 00 AF 44 62 EA 50 54 24 B2 22 9E |".":...Db.PT$.".|
00003C70: B0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 AE 11 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003C80: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D DD 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003C90: 1D 1D 1D 1D DD 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003CA0: 9D 9D AD B2 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 B2 BD 22 00 |..............".|
00003CB0: F7 44 63 EA 50 54 24 B2 50 54 24 AA 22 11 9D 9D |.Dc.PT$.PT$."...|
00003CC0: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D CE A3 A3 A3 A3 |................|
00003CD0: A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 CD 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003CE0: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D A5 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D |.........=======|
00003CF0: 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D A7 22 00 33 45 64 EA 50 54 24 B2 |=====.".3Ed.PT$.|
00003D00: 50 54 24 AA 22 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |PT$."...........|
00003D10: 9D 9D 9D 9D D0 CF A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 |................|
00003D20: D0 CF 91 91 91 91 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003D30: 9D 9D 22 00 6A 45 65 EA 50 54 24 B2 42 54 24 AA |..".jEe.PT$.BT$.|
00003D40: 22 91 91 91 91 91 91 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |"...............|
00003D50: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003D60: 1D 22 AA 50 54 24 AA 22 9F 22 00 9A 45 67 EA 4D |.".PT$."."..Eg.M|
00003D70: 4C 24 B2 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1D 1D |L$."............|
00003D80: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003D90: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 22 00 AD 45 68 EA 57 |........."..Eh.W|
00003DA0: 44 B2 34 30 3A 43 52 54 B2 31 30 32 34 00 E7 45 |D.40:CRT.1024..E|
00003DB0: 69 EA 57 32 B2 57 44 AD 32 3A 57 33 B2 57 44 AB |i.W2.WD.2:W3.WD.|
00003DC0: 31 3A 57 31 24 B2 CA 28 C4 28 57 44 29 2C 32 29 |1:W1$..(.(WD),2)|
00003DD0: 3A 97 35 33 32 38 31 2C 36 3A 97 35 33 32 38 30 |:.53281,6:.53280|
00003DE0: 2C 36 3A 99 22 05 22 00 04 46 6A EA 56 B2 35 33 |,6:."."..Fj.V.53|
00003DF0: 32 34 38 3A 81 49 B2 30 A4 31 36 3A 97 56 AA 49 |248:.I.0.16:.V.I|
00003E00: 2C 30 3A 82 00 2B 46 6B EA 97 56 AA 32 33 2C 30 |,0:..+Fk..V.23,0|
00003E10: 3A 97 56 AA 32 39 2C 30 3A 81 49 B2 30 A4 37 3A |:.V.29,0:.I.0.7:|
00003E20: 97 56 AA 33 39 AA 49 2C 30 3A 82 00 31 46 74 EA |.V.39.I,0:..1Ft.|
00003E30: 8E 00 3C 46 30 F2 8D 36 33 30 30 30 00 52 46 31 |..<F0..63000.RF1|
00003E40: F2 99 53 44 24 43 4C 24 3A 99 43 4C 24 3A 99 43 |..SD$CL$:.CL$:.C|
00003E50: 4C 24 00 58 46 33 F2 8E 00 92 46 18 F6 99 22 13 |L$.XF3....F...".|
00003E60: 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 |................|
00003E70: 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 48 49 54 20 12 52 45 54 |........HIT .RET|
00003E80: 55 52 4E 92 20 54 4F 20 43 4F 4E 54 49 4E 55 45 |URN. TO CONTINUE|
00003E90: 22 3B 00 A8 46 19 F6 A1 41 24 3A 8B 41 24 B3 B1 |";..F...A$:.A$..|
00003EA0: 22 22 A7 36 33 30 30 31 00 BD 46 1A F6 A1 41 24 |"".63001..F...A$|
00003EB0: 3A 8B 41 24 B2 22 22 A7 36 33 30 30 32 00 C3 46 |:.A$."".63002..F|
00003EC0: 1B F6 8E 00 D7 46 7C F6 81 54 B2 31 A4 35 3A 99 |.....F|..T.1.5:.|
00003ED0: 50 54 24 4D 53 24 3B 00 ED 46 7D F6 99 50 54 24 |PT$MS$;..F}..PT$|
00003EE0: 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 3B 00 FC 46 |" ";..F|
00003EF0: 7E F6 99 50 54 24 4D 53 24 3B 3A 82 00 07 47 7F |~..PT$MS$;:...G.|
00003F00: F6 99 22 05 22 3A 8E 00 54 47 9C F9 53 44 24 B2 |..".":..TG..SD$.|
00003F10: 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 |"...............|
00003F20: 11 11 11 11 22 3A 43 4C 24 B2 22 92 20 20 20 20 |....":CL$.". |
00003F30: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00003F40: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00003F50: 20 20 92 22 00 87 47 9D F9 53 52 24 B2 22 1D 1D | ."..G..SR$."..|
00003F60: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003F70: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003F80: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 22 00 8D 47 9E F9 8E 00 00 00 |......"..G......|
..!...."....... PONZO*82*WATERLOO......"
.......X....60000:.". ..GRAP
HICS-1."......".........................
..............".K....". .. GRAPH
ICS AND STUFF .. .":MS$." WELCOME
! "......"..............................
.........":.63100......63000.1....".
.THE VIDEO SCREEN".A....".LET'S F
IND OUT HOW THE C64 DECIDES WHAT"......"
.TO PUT IN ONE OF THE 1000 SCREEN"......
".LOCATIONS..SAY LOCATION #K.".U....".(W
HERE K=0 OR 1 OR 2 OR.. 999)"......"..1.
:LOOK IN .S.CREEN .M.EMORY., IN LOCATION
".8.$..". .SM.+K, AND GET 1 BYTE:N (0<=
N<=255)".G...."..2..:LOOK IN .C.HARACTER
.M.EMORY., IN"...8..". LOCATIONS .CM.+
8*N,.CM.+8*N+1,...CM.+8*N+7".D.B..". AN
D GET 8 BYTES:P,P+1,..,P+7."...L.."..3.:
LOOK IN .COLOUR MEMORY., IN LOCATION".&.
V..". 55296+K, AND GET 1 NYBBLE:C (0<=C
<=15)".1.`..63000.`.J..".THEN, ARMED WIT
H 8 BYTES P,P+1,...,P+7"...T..".AND 1 NY
BBLE C (4 BITS), THE C64"...~..".USES TH
E 64 BITS OF P,P+1,...,P+7"......".TO DE
TERMINE WHICH 'DOTS' OR 'PIXELS'"......"
.AT SCREEN LOCATION K ARE TO BE .ON.".1.
...".AND WHICH ARE TURNED .OFF..".B...."
.THE .OFF. PIXELS ARE IN THE .BACKGROUND
."......".COLOUR, AND THE .ON. PIXELS AR
E IN"......"..THE COLOUR GIVEN BY THE NY
BBLE C.!".D.D..63000...N..".IF THE 8 BYT
ES P,P+1,...,P+7 TAKEN FROM".&.X.."..CHA
RACTER MEMORY., WHICH STARTS AT .CM.,".V
....".GIVE THE 'PIXEL PATTERN' FOR THE L
ETTER"......".'P', AND THE NYBBLE TAKEN
FROM .COLOUR"......"..MEMORY., WHICH STA
RTS AT 55296, IS"......".C='10' (LIGHT R
ED), A LIGHT RED 'P'"......".WILL APPEAR
ON THE SCREEN IN THE K'TH".G....".SCREE
N POSITION.":MS$."1=.ON. 0=.OFF.":.63100
:.63000.T....".'NORMALLY' .SCREEN MEMORY
. STARTS AT"...(.."..SM=1024.. THESE 100
0 MEMORY LOCATIONS,".O.2..".FROM 1024 TO
2023, HOLD 'CHARACTER"...<..".NUMBERS'.
IF THE LOCATION 1039 HOLDS".).F..".N=17
THEN, SINCE 1039=1024+15 IS THE".S.P.."
.15'TH SCREEN POSITION, THIS 15'TH".{.Z.
.".POSITION WILL DISPLAY THE 17'TH"...D.
.".CHARACTER IN .CHARACTER MEMORY.!".Q.N
..".(NOTE: SCREEN POSITIONS ARE NUMBERED
"...X..". 0,1,...999 SO #15 IS".'.
}..". REALLY THE 16'TH POSITION!)"
:.63000.W....".'NORMALLY' .CHARACTER MEM
ORY. STARTS AT"......".CM=53248 IF YOU'R
E USING 'UPPER CASE"......".AND GRAPHICS
', AND STARTS AT".U. ..".CM=55296 IF YOU
'RE USING 'LOWER AND"......".UPPER CASE'
.".!....".NOTE..........:FROM 53248 TO 5
5295 IS 2K BYTES".N....". :FROM 55296
TO 57343 IS 2K BYTES".X....". (2K FO
R EACH 'CHARACTER SET')".....MS$." I CM
":.63100:.63000.A...."....HOW DO YOU KN
OW WHAT 'SM' IS?"......".(WHERE .SCREEN
MEMORY. STARTS?)":...C.MS$." GUESS!":.6
3100:.63000.>.H..".........LOOK IN .V+24
., THE 24'TH REGISTER".Z.R..".IN THE .VI
DEO CHIP..":MS$."53248+24! ":.63100:.630
00......"....HOW DO YOU KNOW WHAT 'CM' I
S?"......".(WHERE .CHARACTER MEMORY. STA
RTS?)":MS$."CM=???????":.63100.!....6300
0: .".........LOOK IN .V+24., THE 24'TH
REGISTER".]....".IN THE .VIDEO CHIP..":M
S$."53248+24!!":.63100:.63000......".IN
FACT THIS REGISTER, .V+24.,"......".(.V=
53248. IS THE 'START' OF THE ".Z....".VI
DEO CHIP) IS 8 BITS WIDE (1 BYTE)"..."..
".AND THE .UPPER 4 BITS. (NYBBLE) GIVES"
.2.,..".THE START OF .SCREEN MEMORY., SM
,".[.6..".AND THE .LOWER 4 BITS. GIVES T
HE"...@..".START OF .CHARACTER MEMORY.,
CM.":MS$."<SM>+<CM>":.63100.O.J..63000:.
".SINCE 4 BITS CAN HAVE ONLY 16 VALUES".
..T..".THEN .SCREEN MEMORY. CAN BE IN ON
E OF".$.^..".16 POSSIBLE LOCATIONS, NAME
LY:".M.H..".0,1024,2048,3072,4096,....,1
6384".X.R..".WHICH IS MORE EASILY THOUGH
T OF AS". .|..".1024 TIMES 0 OR 1 OR 2 .
.OR 15.".O....".SINCE .SCREEN MEMORY. IS
'NORMALLY' AT"......".1024 THEN THIS 'U
PPER NYBBLE' CONTAINS".1....".'0001' IN
BINARY OR '1' IN DECIMAL.":.63000.`...."
.SIMILARLY, .CHARACTER MEMORY. CAN HAVE"
......".ONE OF 16 'STARTING ADDRESSES'..
."......".RIGHT?".M...MS$." .RIGHT.":.63
100:.63000:."......WRONG.!!!"...B..".THE
.L.EAST .S.IGNIFICANT .B.IT IN .V+24.".
'.L..".ISN'T USED, SO THE .8. POSSIBLE".
L.V..".LOWER NYBBLES IN .V+24. ARE:".|..
..".000V,001V,010V,011V,100V,101V,110V,1
11V"......".EACH GIVING A DIFFERENT 'STA
RTING".V....".ADDRESS' FOR .CHARACTER ME
MORY.,NAMELY:"......".0,2048,4096,6144,.
...14336"."....".OR 2048*(0 OR 1 OR ...
7)":.63000.N....".'NORMALLY' .CHARACTER
MEMORY. IS AT".S....".CM=53248 (UPPER/GR
APHICS) OR"...&..".CM=55296 (LOWER/UPPER
) AND THE ".C.0..".BIT PATTERNS 001V AND
011V WILL"...:.."..AUTOMATICALLY. SET C
M=55396 OR CM=55296!".#.D..".ALSO YOU WO
N'T WANT TO USE 000V WHICH".M.N..".MEANS
CM=0.(THE C64 .NEEDS. THESE".H.X..".MEM
ORY LOCATIONS!)"...B..".SO YOU CAN STORE
'PIXEL PATTERNS' AT:".D.L..".2048,8192,
10240,12288 OR 14336":.63000...V..".IN F
ACT (!), EVEN .SCREEN MEMORY. CAN"......
".NOT HAVE ALL 16 POSSIBLE 'STARTING".I.
...".POSITIONS'. THE BIT PATTERNS IN THE
".P....".UPPER NYBBLE OF REGISTER V+24:"
......".0100,0101,0110,0111"......".MEAN
.SCREEN MEMORY. AT:".I....".4096,5120,6
144,7168"......".AND THESE MEMORY LOCATI
ONS ARE NOT"...F..".AVAILABLE FOR THE SC
REEN!".,.P..".MORAL?":.63000.P.Z..".....
.................DO NOT USE 1024*(4 OR 5
OR 6).!":.63000......".OK...SO YOU WANT
TO 'DESIGN' YOUR"......".OWN CHARACTER
SET?"......".JUST .POINT THE VIDEO CHIP.
TO"......".YOUR.......... 'PIXEL PATTER
NS'.".2....".MAKE UP THE 'DOTS ON' AND '
DOTS OFF'".B....".WHICH DEFINE ALL 256 O
R YOUR CHARACTERS"... ..".& POKE THESE B
ITS (8-AT-ATIME=1 BYTE!)...*..".INTO CM,
CM+1,...,CM+4095, CHOOSING"...4.."..CM.
AS ONE OF THE AVAILABLE 'STARTING"...>..
".ADDRESSES' FOR .CHARACTER MEMORY.".:.H
..".THEN .TELL THE VIDEO CHIP. BY".M.R..
".SETTING THE LOWER 4 BITS OF .V+24..":.
63000...\..". .MULTI COLOUR MO
DE".C.F..".SINCE .COLOUR MEMORY. HAS 100
0 NYBBLES,"...P..".ONE FOR EACH OF THE 1
000 SCREEN POS'NS,".!.Z..".THEN EACH CHA
RACTER ON THE SCREEN CAN".K....".HAVE ON
E OF 16 DIFFERENT COLOURS.".V....".(BUT
ALL CHARACTERS SHARE THE SAME"......".'B
ACKGROUND COLOUR').".C....".SUPPOSE YOU
WANT MORE THAN .2. COLOURS"......".WITHI
N A SINGLE 'CURSOR POSITION'."......".TH
EN .TELL THE VIDEO CHIP.!":.63000.D...."
.IN REGISTER .V+22. IS A MAGIC BIT,".T.J
.."..BIT 4., WHICH TURNS ON .MULTI-COLOU
R.."...T..".DON'T DISTURB THE OTHER BITS
IN .V+22.".J....".SO .POKE V+22,PEEK(V+
22)OR16.."......".IN THIS MODE LET'S SEE
HOW THE C64"." ...".DETERMINES WHAT TO
PUT IN ONE OF THE".I ...".1000 SCREEN PO
SITIONS, SAY #K.".. ...".(REMEMBER: K=0,
1,2,....,999)":MS$."K=0 IS 1ST":.63100..
...63000:."..1.:LOOK IN .SCREEN MEMORY.
AND GET".. ...". THE K'TH BYTE, SAY IT
'S N."..!$.."..2.:LOOK IN .CHARACTER MEM
ORY.,".(!)..". FROM CM+8*N TO CM+8*N+7"
.R!...". AND GET 8 BYTES: P,P+1,...,P+7
.".~!8..".THE BITS IN P,P+1,...,P+7 DETE
RMINE"..!B.."THE 'PIXEL .AND. COLOUR PAT
TERN':".Q!L.."..00. SETS .2. PIXELS TO C
OLOUR #0"..!V..".01. SETS .2. PIXELS TO
COLOUR #1".#"`..".10. SETS .2. PIXELS TO
COLOUR #2".Z"J..".11. SETS .2. PIXELS T
O COLOUR #3":.63000:."...".R"T.."???????
??":.63000.."~..".LET'S SAY THAT AGAIN!"
.."...".SUPPOSE THE FIRST BYTE,P,IS:".X"
...".P=11 10 00 01 (IN BINARY)."..#...".
THEN THE FIRST ROW OF PIXELS WILL BE:"..
#..."... . . . . _SEE, 4 COLOURS!".Z
#...".NOTE THAT 'PIXEL ON' OR 'PIXEL OFF
'".{#...".IS NO LONGER MEANINGFUL."..#D.
.".THERE ARE .4. POSSIBILITIES FOR".B#N.
.".EACH .PAIR. OF PIXELS!"..#X..".NOTE,T
OO,THAT THE HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION"..$...
".IS NOT AS 'DETAILED' AS IN 'NORMAL'".<
$...".COLOUR MODE (BIT4=0).".L$...63000:
.".SUPPOSE THE NUMBER .N. READ FROM"..$.
.."..SCREEN MEMORY. IS A .1.."..$...".TH
EN THE 8 BYTES READ FROM CM+8-CM+15,"..$
...".IN .CHARACTER MEMORY., WILL HAVE TH
E"..%...".BIT PATTERN DEFINING THE LETTE
R 'A'.".D%(..".(IF 'NORMAL' CHAR. MEMORY
:CM=53248).".I%2.."..NOTE:0='@',1='A',2=
'B', ETC...%7..".THE SAME NUMBERS YOU 'P
OKE' TO"..%8.."..SCREEN MEMORY. TO GET @
,A,B..".U%9..".ON THE SCREEN!":.63000..%
<.A$(0)."00011000 =P"..&F.A$(1)."0010010
0 =P+1".!&P.A$(2)."01000010 =P+2".;&Z.A$
(3)."01111110 =P+3".U&D.A$(4)."01000010
=P+4".O&N.A$(5)."01000010 =P+5"..&X.A$(6
)."01000010 =P+6"..&..A$(7)."00000000 =P
+7"..&...".HERE ARE THE 8 BYTES FOR 'A':
..":.I.0.7:.A$(I):...&...".SEE THE LETTE
R 'A'?":.63000..' .B$(0)." QQ =P".0
'..B$(1)." Q Q =P+1".J'..B$(2)." Q
Q =P+2".D'..B$(3)." QQQQQQ =P+3".~'H
.B$(4)." Q Q =P+4"..'R.B$(5)." Q
Q =P+5"..'..B$(6)." Q Q =P+6".L'..B
$(7)." =P+7"..'...".............
...";..(...I.0.7:.B$(I):.:MS$."NICE A,EH
?":.63100:.63000.2(...".";:.I.0.7:.A$(I)
:..P(...".NOW, TAKEN IN PAIRS..".L(..C$(
0).".00.01.10.00 =P"..(..C$(1)."00.10.01
.00. =P+1"..(..C$(2).".01.00.00.10 =P+2"
.F(".C$(3)."01.11.11.10. =P+3"..(,.C$(4)
.".01.00.00.10 =P+4"..)6.C$(5)."01.00.00
.10. =P+5". )@.C$(6).".01.00.00.10 =P+6"
.>)J.C$(7)."00.00.00.00. =P+7".Y)O.MS$."
IN PEARS?":.63100..)T..63000:.".";:.I.0.
7:.C$(I):.T.1.500:.:...)^..".DEPENDING U
PON WHETHER THE 'BIT PAIRS'..)H..".ARE .
00. OR .01. OR .10. OR .11."..*R..".WE S
ET THE CORRESPONDING 'PIXEL PAIRS'".7*|.
.".TO COLOUR #0 OR 1 OR 2 OR 3.":.63000.
B*...".";:.A*..D$(0).".. . . . .. =P
"..*..D$(1).".. . . . .. =P+1"..*..D
$(2).".. . . . .. =P+2".D*..D$(3).".
. . . . .. =P+3"..*..D$(4).".. . .
. .. =P+4"..+B.D$(5).".. . . . ..
=P+5".'+L.D$(6).".. . . . .. =P+6".
H+V.D$(7).".. . . . .. =P+7".+...I.
0.7:.D$(I):.T.1.500:.:.:MS$."LOOKS NICE"
:.63100. +...63000:.".";:.I.0.7:.D$(I):.
..+..."......LOOK LIKE AN 'A'?"..+...".W
ELL, IT .IS. MADE UP OF .4. COLOURS"..,.
..".AND THAT MAY BE WORTH THE LOSS IN".*
,...".RESOLUTION.".T,...".HOWEVER, YOU M
AY WANT TO USE THIS"..,&.."..MULTI-COLOU
R MODE. FOR OTHER THAN TO"..,0..".DISPLA
Y MULTI-COLOURED CHARACTERS!"..,:..63000
:.".WHAT ARE THESE 'COLOUR #0' ETC,?""..
-D..".IN .V+33. .V+34. & .V+35. ARE THE"
.$-N..".COLOURS #0,#1 & #2.".Q-X..".THE
LOWER NYBBLE IN THESE VIDEO CHIP".{-B.."
.REGISTERS DEFINE THE 16 POSSIBLE "..-L.
.".COLOURS FOR THE .00. .01. & .10. BIT
PAIRS.".Y-V..".SINCE .V=53248. THEN .V+3
3.=53281"......".WHICH YOU MAY RECOGNIZE
AS THE REGISTER".L....".GIVING THE 'BAC
KGROUND' COLOUR!":.".(COLOUR #0=BACKGROU
ND)".{....63000:.".NOTICE THAT, HAVING P
ICKED YOUR"......".FAVOURITE COLOURS #0,
1 & 2, .ALL.".P....".THE CHARACTERS ON T
HE SCREEN SHARE"......".THESE COLOURS!".
./...".BUT..........EACH CHARACTER CAN H
AVE".2/F..".IT'S OWN 'COLOUR #3'!".B/P..
".(BUT!THERE ARE ONLY 8 TO CHOOSE FROM!)
."../Z.."..WHERE'S COLOUR #3???":MS$."MY
COLOUR!":.63100:.63000.T/...".IN .COLOU
R MEMORY.!!":MS$."WHAT ELSE!":.63100../.
..63000:.".LET'S SEE HOW THAT WORKS:".)0
...".RECALL THAT .COLOUR MEMORY. IS MADE
".O0...".UP OF 1000 NYBBLES, AT 55296.".
{0...".THERE IS A 'NYBBLE' FOR EACH SCRE
EN"..0...".POSITION. YOU MIGHT EXPECT TH
AT THERE".O0...".ARE .16. POSSIBLE COLOU
R #3'S"..1*..".BUT........ ONLY BITS 0-2
GIVE 'COLOUR #3'"./14..".AND THE .BIT 3
. TELLS THE VIDEO CHIP".X1>..".WHETHER T
HE CORRESPONDING SCREEN".N1?.E$(1)."....
....."..1@.E$(2).". . . . ."..1A.E$(3)."
.........".K1H..".POSITION IS MULTI-COLO
UR OR NOT!!":.63000.Y1I.."."E$(1)..2J..E
$(2)" _ A NYBBLE IN .COLOUR MEMORY"..2K.
.E$(3)..2L.." ^ ^ ^ ^"./2M.." . COLOUR".
@2N.." . # 3 ".J2O.." .".}2P.." .MULTI
-BIT.":MS$." .BIT 3.":.63100:.63000..2
R..".YOU MAY HAVE NOTICED SOMETHING STRA
NGE."..2S..".WE KEEP SAYING THAT .CHARAC
TER MEMORY"..2T..".STARTS AT .55296"..3U
..".WE ALSO SAY THAT .COLOUR MEMORY".83V
..".STARTS AT .55296.!!".B3W.."..WELL..I
F YOU PEEK AND POKE 55296"..3X..".YOU'LL
GET .COLOUR MEMORY. ONLY."..3Y..".THE '
NORMAL' .CHARACTER MEMORY"..3Z..".AT 552
96 ISN'T SO SIMPLE TO ACCESS!"..4[.."...
.BUT THAT'S ANOTHER STORY..":.63000.H4\.
.".LET'S TRY MULTI-COLOUR!":MS$."OK OK O
K":.63100:.63000.R4A.."..ABCDEFGHIJKLMNP
QRSTUVWXYZ":.63000..4P.."...NOW INTO .MU
LTI-COLOUR MODE. WITH:".O4Z.."..V=53248:
POKEV+22,PEEK(V+22)OR16":.63001..4..V.53
248:.V.22,B(V.22).16..5...".NOTHING CHAN
GED, RIGHT?".65...".THAT'S BECAUSE COLOU
R MEMORY HAS ".]5..."..BIT 3 = 0.!":.630
01:.".LET'S:"..5..."..FORI=0TO25:POKE552
96+I,8+8*RND(1):NEXT"..5...".SETTING THE
1ST 26 NYBBLES IN COL. MEM."..6...".TO
RANDOM NUMBERS FROM 8 TO 15,":.".THEN .B
IT 3 = 1":.63001.'6J..I.0.25:.55296.I,8.
8..(1):.:.63000.C6T.."..A B C D E F G H
I J K L M ":V.53248:.V.35,1:.V.34,0..6..
.I.0.25.2:.55296.I,8.8..(1):.:.53281,12:
."."..6..V.53248:.V.22,B(V.22).16:.63000
..6..."...LET'S PICK SOME COLOURS:"..7..
."..FORI=0TO25:POKE55296+I,8+5:NEXT".47.
..".SET COLOUR #3 TO GREEN (GREEN=5)":.6
3001.N7...I.0.25:.55296.I,13:...7..."..P
OKE V+35,0...SET COLOUR #2 TO BLACK(0)":
.63001:.53248.35,0.V7..."..POKE V+34,1..
.SET COLOUR #1 TO WHITE(1)":.63001:.5324
8.34,1..8..."..POKE V+33,2...SET COLOUR
#0 TO RED(2)":.63001:.53248.33,2.N8$..63
000:.".":.60000:.". .BIT MAP
MODE".W8...".IN REGISTER 17 OF THE VIDE
O CHIP"..88..".IS ANOTHER MAGIC BIT, .BI
T 5., WHICH".N8B..".PUTS THE C64 INTO .B
IT MAP MODE.."..9L.."..POKE V+17,PEEK(V+
17)OR32. DOES IT!":MS$." .V+17.":.63100
..9Q..63000.\9V..".BIT WE WON'T..JUST YE
T..":.63000:.".....WELL..JUST ONCE:"..9`
..63000:V.53248:.V.17,B(V.17).32:.T.1.10
00:...9J.V.53248:.V.17,B(V.17).223.T9T..
".....LET'S SEE HOW .THAT. HAPPENS!"..:~
..".TO DETERMINE WHAT GOES ON THE SCREEN
".*:...".AT SOME LOCATION 'K' (0<=K<=999
)".N:...".THE C64 DOES THE FOLLOWING:".{
:..."..1.:GO DIRECTLY TO .CHARACTER MEMO
RY"..:...". TO LOCATIONS CM+8*K-CM+8*K+
7".K:...". AND GET 7 BYTES:P,P+1,...,P+
7."..:..."..2.:GO TO .SCREEN MEMORY., TO
SM+K,"..;D..". AND GET 1 BYTE, SAY N."
:.63000.N;N..".ARMED WITH .P.,.P+1.,..,.
P+7. AND .N.,".Z;X..".SET THE PIXELS TO
'COLOUR C0' OR TO"..;...".'COLOUR C1' DE
PENDING UPON WHETHER THE".X;...".CORRESP
ONDING BIT IN THE P,P+1,...,P+7"..<...".
PIXEL PATTERN IS '0' OR '1'":MS$."0=.C0.
1=.C1.":.63100.G<...63000:.".COLOUR C0.
.COLOUR C1?????":.63001.P<...".WE LOOK A
T THE BYTE,N,TAKEN FROM"..<..."..SCREEN
MEMORY.:."..<...I.1.3:.E$(I)E$(I):...<(.
." ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^".W<2.." . . . . COL
OUR C0"..<<.." . . . ."..<F.."COLOUR C1"
.2=P..63001:.".NICE??":.63000:MS$."VERY
NICE!":.63100:.".".O=Z..63000:.".NOTE...
.......:.CHARACTER MEMORY. STILL GIVES".
.=D..". THE 'PIXEL PATTERN', .BUT".G
=N..". .SCREEN MEMORY. GIVES THE COL
OURS!!"..=X..".FURTHERMORE..THE 8K BYTES
IN .CM.-.CM+8191".+>...".(CHARACTER MEM
ORY)..ARE SIMPLY...":.63001.Y>..."...LAI
D ON TOP OF THE SCREEN.!!":.63001..>..."
..JUST .POKE V+17,PEEK(V+17)OR32"..> .MS
$." .V+17.":.63100:.63000:.".":.63000.X
>...".NOW, TO GET SOMETHING INTERESTING"
..?...".ON THE SCREEN IN .BIT MAP MODE.,
WE".3?...".MUST PUT GOOD LOOKING 'PIXEL
PATTERNS'".T?H..".INTO .CHARACTER MEMOR
Y..".H?R..".HOW?":.63001..?...".POKE GOO
D STUFF INTO, SAY, LOCATIONS".B?...".819
2 TO 8192+8191 (8K'S WORTH), THEN"..?...
".TELL THE VIDEO CHIP TO CHANGE THE"..@.
..".'NORMAL' LOCATION OF .CHARACTER MEMO
RY.".:@...".SO IT STARTS AT 8192!".E@...
".HOW?":MS$."I GIVE UP":.63100:.63000..@
..."..POKE V+24,(PEEK(V+24)AND15)OR128)"
..@"..".WHICH SETS THE UPPER NYBBLE IN
THE"..@,..".24'TH REGISTER TO .1000., WH
ILE LEAVING"..A6..".ALL THE LOWER BITS U
NCHANGED...".6A@..".AND .1000.=8 (IN DEC
IMAL)".PAJ..".AND .8*1024=8192.".AT..".
SO .CM.=START OF .CHARACTER MEMORY. IS".
.A^..".NOW AT .8192.!!":MS$." SIMPLE":.
63100:.63000..AH..".WANT TO LOAD "G(34)"
QGRAPHICS-2"G(34)..BR..".AND SEE SOME NI
CE PIXEL PATTERNS?".&B|.."... YES!....
..";A$.=B...H(A$,1).."Y".4300.NB...".OK.
.WE'LL .LOAD. '>GRAPHICS-2' AND .RUN."..
B...".IT. THE 8K LOCATIONS STARTING AT 8
192".KB...".WILL BE 'CLEARED' OF GARBAGE
AND WE'LL"..B...".GO TO .BIT MAP MODE.
AND PLOT A NICE".)C...".CURVE BEFORE YOU
R VERY EYES BY .POKE.ING".RC...".GOOD LO
OKIN' BITS INTO OUR 'NEW'".NC..."..CHARA
CTER MEMORY.."..C..."..YOU MAY WANT TO D
EFINE YOUR OWN"..C...".CURVE TOO!":.6300
0..C..."....LOAD"G(34)"GRAPHIC TUT NO 2"
G(34)",8":."....RUN."..D...198,3:.631,13
:.632,13:..2DL..".":MS$."AU REVOIR!":.63
100:.".":..CD`.. INITIALIZE.EDA.BT$.".":
.I.1.24:BT$.BT$.".":...DB.PT$.".........
........................................
.............."..DC.PT$.PT$."...........
...N............M................=======
=====.".3ED.PT$.PT$."...............PO..
........PO................".JEE.PT$.BT$.
"................................".PT$."
."..EG.ML$."............................
........."..EH.WD.40:CRT.1024..EI.W2.WD.
2:W3.WD.1:W1$.J(D(WD),2):.53281,6:.53280
,6:."."..FJ.V.53248:.I.0.16:.V.I,0:..+FK
..V.23,0:.V.29,0:.I.0.7:.V.39.I,0:..1FT.
..<F0..63000.RF1..SD$CL$:.CL$:.CL$.XF3..
..F...".........................HIT .RET
URN. TO CONTINUE";..F...A$:.A$.."".63001
..F...A$:.A$."".63002.CF....WF|..T.1.5:.
PT$MS$;..F}..PT$" ";..F~..PT$MS
$;:...G..".":..TG..SD$."...............
....":CL$.".
."..G..SR$."..................
......................"..G......
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