DISK DOCTOR.DOC
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): DISK DOCTOR.DOC
FILE TYPE(S): SEQ
FILE SIZE: 31.3K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 18:12:25
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
eb148f52aafe909f03237c28be6599171af62883669d7e16f4d0062958f7974e
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D02F | DISK DOCTOR.DOC | SEQ | Sailor, Ganheden | 16 | 20 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
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000076F0: 20 CC C2 2C C8 C2 20 46 4F 52 4D 41 54 2E 20 20 | ..,.. FORMAT. |
00007700: D3 49 4E 43 45 20 4F 4E 45 20 52 41 52 45 4C 59 |.INCE ONE RARELY|
00007710: 20 53 45 45 53 20 41 20 46 49 4C 45 20 54 48 41 | SEES A FILE THA|
00007720: 54 20 54 41 4B 45 53 20 55 50 20 4D 4F 52 45 20 |T TAKES UP MORE |
00007730: 54 48 41 4E 20 32 35 35 20 53 45 43 54 4F 52 53 |THAN 255 SECTORS|
00007740: 2C 20 42 59 54 45 20 23 32 39 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 |, BYTE #29 WILL |
00007750: 50 52 4F 42 41 42 4C 59 20 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E |PROBABLY CONTAIN|
00007760: 20 41 20 56 41 4C 55 45 20 4F 46 20 5A 45 52 4F | A VALUE OF ZERO|
00007770: 2E 20 20 C2 59 20 41 4C 54 45 52 49 4E 47 20 54 |. .Y ALTERING T|
00007780: 48 45 53 45 20 54 57 4F 20 56 41 4C 55 45 53 20 |HESE TWO VALUES |
00007790: 59 4F 55 20 43 41 4E 20 4D 41 4B 45 20 53 4F 4D |YOU CAN MAKE SOM|
000077A0: 45 20 50 52 45 54 54 59 20 4F 44 44 20 46 49 4C |E PRETTY ODD FIL|
000077B0: 45 20 53 49 5A 45 53 20 53 48 4F 57 20 55 50 20 |E SIZES SHOW UP |
000077C0: 57 48 45 4E 20 53 4F 4D 45 4F 4E 45 20 56 49 45 |WHEN SOMEONE VIE|
000077D0: 57 53 20 54 48 45 20 44 49 52 45 43 54 4F 52 59 |WS THE DIRECTORY|
000077E0: 2E 20 20 C3 48 41 4E 47 49 4E 47 20 42 4F 54 48 |. .HANGING BOTH|
000077F0: 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 54 4F 20 5A 45 52 4F 20 56 | BYTES TO ZERO V|
00007800: 41 4C 55 45 53 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 4D 41 4B 45 20 |ALUES WILL MAKE |
00007810: 49 54 20 53 45 45 4D 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 45 |IT SEEM THAT THE|
00007820: 20 46 49 4C 45 20 4F 43 43 55 50 49 45 53 20 5A | FILE OCCUPIES Z|
00007830: 45 52 4F 20 53 45 43 54 4F 52 53 2E 20 20 C7 49 |ERO SECTORS. .I|
00007840: 56 45 20 42 59 54 45 20 23 32 38 20 41 20 56 41 |VE BYTE #28 A VA|
00007850: 4C 55 45 20 4F 46 20 31 35 20 41 4E 44 20 42 59 |LUE OF 15 AND BY|
00007860: 54 45 20 23 32 39 20 41 20 56 41 4C 55 45 20 4F |TE #29 A VALUE O|
00007870: 46 20 33 39 20 41 4E 44 20 54 48 41 54 20 46 49 |F 39 AND THAT FI|
00007880: 4C 45 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 42 45 20 44 49 53 50 4C |LE WILL BE DISPL|
00007890: 41 59 45 44 20 41 53 20 48 41 56 49 4E 47 20 39 |AYED AS HAVING 9|
000078A0: 39 39 39 20 53 45 43 54 4F 52 53 20 49 4E 20 49 |999 SECTORS IN I|
000078B0: 54 21 0D 0D C3 48 41 4E 47 49 4E 47 20 54 48 45 |T!...HANGING THE|
000078C0: 20 44 41 54 41 20 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 49 4E 20 | DATA STORED IN |
000078D0: 41 43 54 55 41 4C 20 46 49 4C 45 53 20 49 53 20 |ACTUAL FILES IS |
000078E0: 41 20 46 41 49 52 4C 59 20 53 54 52 41 49 47 48 |A FAIRLY STRAIGH|
000078F0: 54 46 4F 52 57 41 52 44 20 4F 50 45 52 41 54 49 |TFORWARD OPERATI|
00007900: 4F 4E 2E 20 20 D3 4F 4D 45 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 20 |ON. .OME ..... |
00007910: 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 53 20 41 52 45 20 22 43 4F |PROGRAMS ARE "CO|
00007920: 4D 50 41 43 54 45 44 22 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 4D |MPACTED" WHICH M|
00007930: 41 4B 45 53 20 45 44 49 54 49 4E 47 20 53 4F 4D |AKES EDITING SOM|
00007940: 45 20 4C 49 4E 45 53 20 49 4D 50 4F 53 53 49 42 |E LINES IMPOSSIB|
00007950: 4C 45 20 57 49 54 48 20 54 48 45 20 C3 4F 4D 4D |LE WITH THE .OMM|
00007960: 4F 44 4F 52 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 45 44 49 |ODORE SCREEN EDI|
00007970: 54 4F 52 2E 20 20 D7 49 54 48 20 D4 48 45 20 C4 |TOR. .ITH .HE .|
00007980: C9 D3 CB 20 C4 CF C3 D4 CF D2 20 59 4F 55 20 43 |... ...... YOU C|
00007990: 41 4E 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 54 48 45 20 4C 49 |AN CHANGE THE LI|
000079A0: 4E 45 20 52 49 47 48 54 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 |NE RIGHT ON THE |
000079B0: 44 49 53 4B 45 54 54 45 20 57 49 54 48 4F 55 54 |DISKETTE WITHOUT|
000079C0: 20 45 56 45 52 20 CC CF C1 C4 49 4E 47 20 54 48 | EVER ....ING TH|
000079D0: 45 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 49 4E 54 4F 20 4D |E PROGRAM INTO M|
000079E0: 45 4D 4F 52 59 2E 20 20 C9 4E 20 46 41 43 54 2C |EMORY. .N FACT,|
000079F0: 20 49 46 20 59 4F 55 20 48 41 56 45 20 54 48 45 | IF YOU HAVE THE|
00007A00: 20 4F 52 49 47 49 4E 41 4C 20 C4 C9 D3 CB 20 C4 | ORIGINAL .... .|
00007A10: CF C3 D4 CF D2 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 2C 20 59 |..... PROGRAM, Y|
00007A20: 4F 55 20 4B 4E 4F 57 20 54 48 41 54 20 43 4F 4D |OU KNOW THAT COM|
00007A30: 50 41 4E 59 20 57 48 4F 20 52 45 4C 45 41 53 45 |PANY WHO RELEASE|
00007A40: 44 20 49 54 20 49 4E 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 50 55 |D IT INTO THE PU|
00007A50: 42 4C 49 43 20 44 4F 4D 41 49 4E 20 4D 41 44 45 |BLIC DOMAIN MADE|
00007A60: 20 49 54 20 56 45 52 59 20 48 41 52 44 20 54 4F | IT VERY HARD TO|
00007A70: 20 41 4C 54 45 52 20 41 4E 44 20 42 55 49 4C 54 | ALTER AND BUILT|
00007A80: 20 41 44 56 45 52 54 49 53 49 4E 47 20 49 4E 54 | ADVERTISING INT|
00007A90: 4F 20 49 54 2E 20 20 D9 4F 55 20 43 41 4E 20 55 |O IT. .OU CAN U|
00007AA0: 53 45 20 D4 48 45 20 C4 C9 D3 CB 20 C4 CF C3 D4 |SE .HE .... ....|
00007AB0: CF D2 20 54 4F 20 45 52 41 53 45 20 41 4C 4C 20 |.. TO ERASE ALL |
00007AC0: 54 48 41 54 20 41 44 56 45 52 54 49 53 49 4E 47 |THAT ADVERTISING|
00007AD0: 20 41 4E 44 20 4D 41 59 20 45 56 45 4E 20 42 45 | AND MAY EVEN BE|
00007AE0: 20 41 42 4C 45 20 54 4F 20 44 45 4C 45 54 45 20 | ABLE TO DELETE |
00007AF0: 54 48 45 20 4F 46 46 45 4E 44 49 4E 47 20 4C 49 |THE OFFENDING LI|
00007B00: 4E 45 53 2E 0D 0D C9 46 20 59 4F 55 20 48 41 56 |NES....F YOU HAV|
00007B10: 45 20 41 20 46 41 56 4F 52 49 54 45 20 4D 41 43 |E A FAVORITE MAC|
00007B20: 48 49 4E 45 20 4C 41 4E 47 55 41 47 45 20 55 54 |HINE LANGUAGE UT|
00007B30: 49 4C 49 54 59 20 4F 52 20 47 41 4D 45 2C 20 49 |ILITY OR GAME, I|
00007B40: 54 20 4D 41 59 20 42 45 20 46 55 4E 20 54 4F 20 |T MAY BE FUN TO |
00007B50: 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 49 54 53 20 50 52 4F 4D 50 |CHANGE ITS PROMP|
00007B60: 54 53 20 4F 52 20 54 45 58 54 2E 20 20 C7 45 4E |TS OR TEXT. .EN|
00007B70: 45 52 41 4C 4C 59 20 59 4F 55 20 48 41 56 45 20 |ERALLY YOU HAVE |
00007B80: 54 4F 20 48 41 56 45 20 41 20 46 41 49 52 4C 59 |TO HAVE A FAIRLY|
00007B90: 20 47 4F 4F 44 20 4B 4E 4F 57 4C 45 44 47 45 20 | GOOD KNOWLEDGE |
00007BA0: 4F 46 20 48 4F 57 20 54 4F 20 55 53 45 20 41 20 |OF HOW TO USE A |
00007BB0: 4D 41 43 48 49 4E 45 20 4C 41 4E 47 55 41 47 45 |MACHINE LANGUAGE|
00007BC0: 20 4D 4F 4E 49 54 4F 52 20 54 4F 20 44 4F 20 54 | MONITOR TO DO T|
00007BD0: 48 49 53 20 42 55 54 20 49 54 20 49 53 20 53 49 |HIS BUT IT IS SI|
00007BE0: 4D 50 4C 45 20 57 48 45 4E 20 59 4F 55 20 48 41 |MPLE WHEN YOU HA|
00007BF0: 56 45 20 D4 48 45 20 C4 C9 D3 CB 20 C4 CF C3 D4 |VE .HE .... ....|
00007C00: CF D2 2E 20 20 CA 55 53 54 20 47 4F 20 54 48 52 |... .UST GO THR|
00007C10: 4F 55 47 48 20 54 48 45 20 46 49 4C 45 20 41 4E |OUGH THE FILE AN|
00007C20: 44 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 54 48 45 20 54 45 58 |D CHANGE THE TEX|
00007C30: 54 20 54 4F 20 41 4E 59 54 48 49 4E 47 20 59 4F |T TO ANYTHING YO|
00007C40: 55 20 57 41 4E 54 2E 20 20 C9 54 20 49 53 20 55 |U WANT. .T IS U|
00007C50: 53 55 41 4C 4C 59 20 49 4D 50 4F 52 54 41 4E 54 |SUALLY IMPORTANT|
00007C60: 20 54 4F 20 4B 45 45 50 20 54 48 45 20 54 45 58 | TO KEEP THE TEX|
00007C70: 54 20 54 48 45 20 53 41 4D 45 20 4C 45 4E 47 54 |T THE SAME LENGT|
00007C80: 48 20 41 53 20 54 48 45 20 4F 52 49 47 49 4E 41 |H AS THE ORIGINA|
00007C90: 4C 2E 20 20 C9 4D 41 47 49 4E 45 20 53 4F 4D 45 |L. .MAGINE SOME|
00007CA0: 54 48 49 4E 47 20 4C 49 4B 45 20 22 CA 55 4D 50 |THING LIKE ".UMP|
00007CB0: 4D 41 4E 22 20 49 4E 20 D3 50 41 4E 49 53 48 20 |MAN" IN .PANISH |
00007CC0: 4F 52 20 C6 52 45 4E 43 48 21 0D 0D C9 20 48 41 |OR .RENCH!... HA|
00007CD0: 56 45 20 4F 4E 4C 59 20 54 4F 55 43 48 45 44 20 |VE ONLY TOUCHED |
00007CE0: 4F 4E 20 41 20 46 45 57 20 50 4F 53 53 49 42 4C |ON A FEW POSSIBL|
00007CF0: 45 20 55 53 45 53 20 46 4F 52 20 D4 48 45 20 C4 |E USES FOR .HE .|
00007D00: C9 D3 CB 20 C4 CF C3 D4 CF D2 2E 20 20 C1 46 54 |... ....... .FT|
00007D10: 45 52 20 59 4F 55 20 48 41 56 45 20 57 4F 52 4B |ER YOU HAVE WORK|
00007D20: 45 44 20 57 49 54 48 20 49 54 20 46 4F 52 20 53 |ED WITH IT FOR S|
00007D30: 4F 4D 45 20 54 49 4D 45 2C 20 C9 27 4D 20 53 55 |OME TIME, .'M SU|
00007D40: 52 45 20 59 4F 55 27 4C 4C 20 46 49 4E 44 20 4D |RE YOU'LL FIND M|
00007D50: 41 4E 59 20 4D 4F 52 45 2E 0D 0D |ANY MORE... |
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------.T H E D
I S K D O C T O R.--------------------
----------------------------------------
---------..DISK UTILITY PROGRAM FOR THE
COMMODORE VIC-20, C-64 AND C-128..DOCUME
NTATION WRITTEN BY KEVIN HISEL.WITH SPEC
IAL THANKS TO MIKE WILLIS..THE DISK DOCT
OR PROGRAM WITH VERSIONS FOR THE COMMODO
RE VIC-20 (OF ANY SIZE MEMORY), C-64 AND
C-128 IS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL DISK
UTILITIES THAT YOU WILL EVER OWN. IT AL
LOWS YOU TO NOT ONLY VIEW BUT CHANGE ANY
BYTE OF DATA STORED ON ANY OF YOUR 1540
, 1541, 1570, 1571, 4040 AND COMPATIBLE
DISKETTES. WITH THE DISK DOCTOR YOU CAN
PERFORM TASKS THAT NORMALLY WOULD INVOL
VE HOURS OF PROGRAMMING, ACTUALLY REPAIR
"CRASHED" DISK DATA AND HAVE A LITTLE F
UN ALL AT THE SAME TIME. BEFORE WE DO H
AVE ALL THIS FUN, WE'LL HAVE TO TAKE A L
OOK AT HOW COMMODORE HAS SET UP THE FORM
AT OF THEIR DISKS. WE'LL LIMIT OUR DISC
USSION TO WHAT IS REFERRED TO AS THE COM
MODORE "GCR" FORMAT. THAT'S THE FORMAT
NORMALLY USED ON 1540, 1541, 1570, 1571,
4040, MSD AND SOME OTHER COMMODORE "WOR
K ALIKE" MACHINES AND DISKS. THERE ARE
OTHER COMMODORE GCR FORMATS LIKE THAT US
ED ON OLDER MACHINES LIKE THE 8050, 8250
, SFD-1001 AND EVEN A SPECIAL FORMAT FOR
CP/M BUT WHILE YOU CAN READ AND MODIFY
THESE TYPES WITH THE DISK DOCTOR, WE WIL
L NOT REALLY DELVE TOO DEEP INTO THEM AT
THIS TIME...IF YOU COULD SEE THE ACTUAL
MAGNETIC PATTERNS ON THE DISKETTE, YOU
WOULD NOTICE THAT THAT THERE ARE 35 CONC
ENTRIC TRACKS OF DATA ARRANGED SOMEWHAT
LIKE A PHONOGRAPH RECORD EXCEPT THAT THE
35 TRACKS DO NOT LEAD INTO ONE ANOTHER.
UNTIL RECENTLY, THE STANDARD COMMODORE
FORMAT ONLY ALLOWED USE OF A SINGLE SID
E OF THE DISKETTE. THE NEW 1571 DISK DR
IVE IS ACTUALLY DOUBLE-SIDED AND CAN STO
RE TWICE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS A SINGLE
-SIDED DRIVE BY PLACING AN ADDITIONAL 35
TRACKS ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE DISK
ETTE. IF YOU SQUINTED YOUR EYES A LITTL
E HARDER YOU WOULD SEE THAT EACH TRACK I
S SECTIONED OFF INTO SMALLER PIECES WHIC
H WE CALL SECTORS OR BLOCKS (A SECTOR IS
THE SAME AS A BLOCK.) BECAUSE THE OUTE
RMOST TRACK (TRACK #1) IS MUCH LARGER OR
LONGER THAN THE INNERMOST TRACK (TRACK
#35), IT CONTAINS MORE SECTORS OR BLOCKS
. IN FACT, HERE IS HOW IT BREAKS DOWN (
THE TRACK NUMBERS SHOWN IN PARENTHESIS A
PPLY TO THE SECOND SIDE OF DOUBLE-SIDED
DISKS):.. TRACK# SECTOR#S.
.&1-17 (36-52) 0-20 (21 TOTAL).
18-24 (53-59) 0-18 (19 TOTAL).
25-30 (60-65) 0-17 (18 TOTAL).
31-35 (66-70) 0-16 (17 TOTAL)..EA
CH SECTOR HOLDS 256 BYTES OF DATA. LET'
S SEE...THAT'S 17*21 + 7*19 + 6*18 + 5*1
7 = 683 SECTORS * 256 BYTES IN EACH SECT
OR...YES THAT'S 174,848 BYTES OF STORAGE
ON A SINGLE-SIDED DISKETTE (DOUBLE THAT
FIGURE FOR DOUBLE SIDED DISKS.) THE DR
IVE NEEDS SOME OF THAT SO THE REAL "USER
AVAILABLE" SPACE IS ACTUALLY SOMEWHERE
AROUND 168,656 FOR SINGLE-SIDED DISKS AN
D 337,312 FOR DOUBLE-SIDED DISKS. COMPA
RED TO OTHER "SINGLE DENSITY" 5 1/4 INCH
DISKETTE FORMATS, THIS FIGURE IS QUITE
IMPRESSIVE...LET'S LOOK AT THE FIRST SEC
TOR OF DATA, TRACK 18 AND SECTOR 0. THE
DISK DRIVE STARTS STORING ITS DATA HERE
, IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DISKETTE, TO SPEE
D UP ITS OPERATION. IF YOU HAVE THE DIS
K DOCTOR PROGRAM, LOAD AND RUN IT NOW.
YOU DON'T NEED IT FOR THIS DISCUSSION, B
UT IT SURE WILL HELP. HIT ANY KEY TO ST
ART UP THEN ENTER "18" FOR THE TRACK AND
"0" FOR THE SECTOR. THE SCREEN WILL FI
LL WITH WHAT LOOKS LIKE SEMI-GIBBERISH.
YOU ARE NOW LOOKING AT A SINGLE SECTOR
OF DISKETTE DATA. IF YOU HAVE THE C-64
OR C-128 VERSION OF THE DISK DOCTOR, A L
IST OF ONE KEY COMMANDS AVAILABLE TO YOU
ARE DISPLAYED ALONG WITH A SHORT DEFINI
TION OF EACH COMMAND. THE VIC-20 VERSIO
N DISPLAYS JUST THE ONE KEY COMMANDS BEC
AUSE OF ITS SMALLER SCREEN, BUT PRESSING
"H" DISPLAYS A HELP SCREEN IF YOU FORGE
T WHAT THESE COMMANDS ARE. WE WILL SEE
HOW TO USE ALL OF THESE POWERFUL COMMAND
S LATER IN THIS DISCUSSION...YOU ARE NOW
LOOKING AT A SPECIAL SECTOR WHERE THE D
RIVE STORES IT'S BLOCK AVAILABILITY MAP
(BAM) AND OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THE DI
SKETTE. THIS SECTOR IS THE FIRST SECTOR
IN THE FILE THAT HOLDS THE DISKETTE'S D
IRECTORY AND IS GENERALLY REFERRED TO AS
THE "DIRECTORY HEADER". SUBSEQUENT DIR
ECTORY SECTORS CONTAIN THE NAMES AND OTH
ER DATA PERTAINING TO THE REMAINING FILE
S ON THE DISKETTE...NOTICE THAT YOUR CUR
SOR IS IN THE UPPER LEFT CORNER OF THE S
CREEN. USE THE CURSOR CONTROL KEYS TO M
OVE THE CURSOR AROUND. TWO INDICATORS,
"VALUE" AND "POSITION", WILL CHANGE AS T
HE CURSOR MOVES AROUND THE SCREEN. AS Y
OU MAY RECALL, EACH SECTOR CONTAINS 256
BYTES WHICH ARE NUMBERED (BY THEIR POSIT
ION) FROM 0 TO 255. IF YOU TAP THE HOME
KEY THE CURSOR'S POSITION SHOULD BE 0.
A "CURSOR LEFT" WILL CAUSE THE CURSOR T
O "WRAP AROUND" TO THE LAST SPACE IN THE
SECTOR AND SHOULD YIELD A POSITION OF 2
55...PRESS HOME AGAIN AND NOTICE THE VAL
UE OF THE BYTE IN POSITION 0. IT SHOULD
BE 18. THE VALUE OF THE BYTE IN POSITI
ON 1 SHOULD BE 1. THE FIRST TWO BYTES O
F EVERY SECTOR ON THE DISK ARE "POINTERS
". THEY TELL THE DRIVE WHERE THE NEXT T
RACK AND SECTOR OF THE DIRECTORY FILE (T
HE ONE WE'RE LOOKING AT NOW) IS LOCATED.
THE NEXT TRACK AND SECTOR IS TRACK 18,
SECTOR 1. THE BYTE IN POSITION 2 WILL
HAVE A VALUE OF 65 WHICH IS DISPLAYED BY
THE DISK DOCTOR AS AN A. THIS TELLS TH
E DRIVE WHICH COMMODORE DISK FORMAT THE
DISK IS. IF THIS BYTE IS ANYTHING OTHER
THAN AN A (OR 65) THEN YOUR DRIVE WILL
REFUSE WRITE TO IT. IT WILL READ FINE,
BUT IT WILL NOT WRITE. THE NEXT BYTE, #
3 IS USED TO TELL A DOUBLE-SIDED DRIVE W
HETHER OR NOT THE DISKETTE HAS BEEN FORM
ATTED AS A DOUBLE-SIDED DISKETTE. IF IT
IS SINGLE-SIDED THE VALUE OF THE BYTE I
N THIS POSITION WILL BE ZERO. FOR DOUBL
E-SIDED, THE BYTE WILL HAVE A VALUE OF 1
28...POSITIONS 4-143 CONTAIN THE BLOCK A
VAILABILITY MAP OR "BAM". DON'T EXPECT
TO BE ABLE TO MAKE SENSE OF THE BAM BY S
IMPLY VIEWING IT ON YOUR SCREEN (ALTHOUG
H SOME VERSIONS OF THE DISK DOCTOR TRANS
LATE EACH ENTRY INTO A SMALL CHART DISPL
AYED ELSEWHERE ON THE SCREEN.) IT IS PL
ACED HERE BY THE DRIVE IN THE FORM OF BI
NARY NUMBERS. THE BAM IS LIKE A ROAD MA
P FOR THE DISK DRIVE. IT TELLS THE DRIV
E WHICH SECTORS HOLD VALID DATA AND WHIC
H ONES ARE FREE TO WRITE TO. WHEN YOU U
SE THE VALIDATE OR COLLECT COMMAND THE D
RIVE REORGANIZES ITS BAM. DON'T EVER TR
Y TO ALTER THE BAM UNLESS YOU REALLY KNO
W WHAT YOU ARE DOING. YOU CAN REALLY ME
SS THINGS UP BY PLAYING AROUND HERE. RE
MEMBER THAT THE DISK DOCTOR DOES NOT COM
E WITH MALPRACTICE INSURANCE!..MOVE YOUR
CURSOR TO POSITION 144. THINGS HERE MA
Y LOOK A BIT FAMILIAR. THAT'S RIGHT, YO
U ARE LOOKING AT THE DISK'S NAME. THE D
ISK NAME IS STORED AT POSITIONS 144-159.
BYTES #160 AND #161 WILL BE SHIFTED SP
ACES (VALUE 160.) BYTES #162 AND #163 C
ONTAIN THE DISK'S ID CHARACTERS. THOSE
ARE THE TWO CHARACTERS YOU GIVE AFTER TH
E DISK NAME WHEN YOU FORMAT A DISK. ANO
THER SHIFTED SPACE IS AT #164 AND THE NE
XT TWO BYTES (165,166) CONTAIN THE DOS V
ERSION IDENTIFIER- 2A. BYTES #167-170 H
AVE SHIFTED SPACES AND #171-255 ARE ALL
UNUSED AND CONTAIN VALUES OF 0, WHICH AR
E DISPLAYED AS "@"'S ("AT" SIGNS) ON SIN
GLE-SIDED DISKS. BYTES #221-225 ARE USE
D ON DOUBLE-SIDED DISKS TO STORE THE NUM
BER OF SECTORS THAT ARE "FREE" IN TRACKS
36-70. FOR INSTANCE, IF THE BYTE IN PO
SITION #221 CONTAINS VALUE OF FIVE, THAT
MEANS THAT FIVE SECTORS IN TRACK 36 ARE
UNUSED RIGHT NOW...TRACK 18, SECTOR 0 (
BAM AND DIRECTORY HEADER).--------------
-------------------------------.. BYT
E VALUE DEFINITION. ------------
----------------------------------------
--------------. 0,1..... 18,1.... TRAC
K AND SECTOR OF NEXT BLOCK IN FILE.. 2
....... 65...... CHARACTER "A" - 1540/15
41/4040 FORMAT.. 3....... 0/128... FLA
G FOR SINGLE/DOUBLE SIDED MODE.. 4-143
............ BIT MAP OF AVAILABLE SECTOR
S (BAM.). 144-161.......... DISK NAME
WITH SHIFTED SPACES.. 162,163.........
. TWO DISK ID CHARACTERS.. 164..... 16
0..... SHIFTED SPACE.. 165,166 50,65.
.. CHARACTERS "2A" - DOS IDENTIFIER..
167-170 160..... SHIFTED SPACES.. 171
-255 0....... UNUSED FOR SS DISKS BUT M
AY CONTAIN OTHER VALUES.. 221-255 ...
..... BLOCKS FREE FOR TRACKS 36-70 (DS D
ISKS ONLY.)...SINCE THE BAM IN TRACK 18,
SECTOR 0 CAN ONLY HOLD THE BLOCK MAP OF
TRACKS 1-35, DOUBLE-SIDED DISKS MAKE US
E OF SECTOR 0 ON TRACK 53 TO STORE A SEC
OND BAM FOR TRACKS 36-70...THE NEXT TRAC
K AND SECTOR THAT WE NEED TO SEE IS 18,1
(FROM NOW ON, THIS IS HOW WE'LL DENOTE
TRACK AND SECTOR NUMBERS.) THERE ARE TW
O WAYS TO VIEW THAT TRACK AND SECTOR. W
E COULD USE THE "S" (DIFFERENT SECTOR) C
OMMAND (THIS COMMAND IS "B" FOR "BLOCK"
ON SOME DISK DOCTOR VERSIONS) AND ENTER
THE TRACK AND SECTOR NUMBERS OF THE SECT
OR WE WANT TO GO TO, OR SINCE IT IS THE
NEXT SECTOR IN OUR FILE WE CAN USE THE "
N" (NEXT SECTOR) COMMAND. PRESS "N" NOW
...THIS IS THE FIRST SECTOR OF THE DISK'
S DIRECTORY ENTRIES AND YOU SHOULD RECOG
NIZE THE NAMES OF SOME OF THE FILES ON T
HE DISK. AS ALWAYS, THE NEXT TRACK AND
SECTOR OF THIS FILE IS DEFINED BY BYTES
#0 AND #1. IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 8 FIL
ES ON YOUR DISKETTE, BYTE #0 SHOULD HAVE
A VALUE OF 18 AND BYTE #1 WILL BE 4. T
HE NEXT PART OF THE SECTOR IS DIVIDED IN
TO EIGHT DIFFERENT SECTIONS THAT HOLD DA
TA ABOUT THE FIRST EIGHT FILES ON THE DI
SK:..TRACK 18, SECTOR 1 (DIRECTORY SECTO
R).-------------------------------------
.. BYTE VALUE DEFINITION.------
----------------------------------------
---------------. 0,1..... 18,4.... TRA
CK & SECTOR OF NEXT DIRECTORY SECTOR..
2-31............. FILE ENTRY 1. 34-63
............ FILE ENTRY 2. 66-95......
...... FILE ENTRY 3. 98-127...........
FILE ENTRY 4. 130-159.......... FILE
ENTRY 5. 162-191.......... FILE ENTRY
6. 194-223.......... FILE ENTRY 7. 2
26-255.......... FILE ENTRY 8...YOU MAY
NOTICE THAT EACH FILE ENTRY IS SEPARATED
BY TWO BYTES WHICH ARE NOT USED. THE C
HART THAT FOLLOWS SHOWS THE BREAKDOWN FO
R A SINGLE FILE ENTRY STARTING WITH THE
FIRST BYTE OF THAT ENTRY. FOR EXAMPLE,
BYTE #2 OF THE FIRST FILE ENTRY IS ACTUA
LLY BYTE #4 OF THE SECTOR. THIS IS HOW
EACH FILE ENTRY IS LAID OUT IN THIS AND
ALL SUCCESSIVE DIRECTORY SECTORS:..SINGL
E DIRECTORY FILE ENTRY:.----------------
------------.. BYTE VALUE DEFIN
ITION.----------------------------------
--------------------------. 0.........
....... FILE TYPE AS FOLLOWS:.
128....... DEL-DELETED. 129....
... SEQ-SEQUENTIAL. 130.......
PRG-PROGRAM. 131....... USR-USE
R. 132....... REL-RELATIVE. 1
,2.............. TRACK AND SECTOR OF WHE
RE FILE BEGINS.. 3-18............. FIL
E NAME "PADDED" WITH SHIFTED SPACES..
19-20............ REL ONLY-T&S OF 1ST SI
DE SECTOR BLOCK.. 21............... RE
L ONLY-RECORD SIZE.. 22-25............
UNUSED.. 26,27............ T&S OF REP
LACEMENT FILE-SAVE W/REPLACE.. 28,29..
.......... # OF SECTORS IN FILE:LOW BYTE
,HIGH BYTE....PAY ATTENTION TO BYTE #0 I
N THE FILE ENTRY. THIS BYTE DEFINES WHI
CH TYPE THE FILE IS. IF THE BYTE IN THI
S POSITION HAS A VALUE OF 130 THE DRIVE
SEES THAT FILE AS A PROGRAM OR "PRG" FIL
E. IT'S NOT OFTEN THAT YOU SEE DEL FILE
S. (THEY ARE FAIRLY UNDOCUMENTED BUT EX
PERIMENTATION HAS SHOWN THAT YOU CAN OPE
N AND READ THEM BUT IF YOU TRY TO WRITE
THEM THEY TURN UP ON THE DIRECTORY AS SE
Q FILES.)..I'M SURE YOU'VE SEEN PRG AND
SEQ FILES. BUT WHAT ARE USR (USER) FILE
S? I'M GLAD YOU ASKED! USR FILES ARE E
XACTLY THE SAME AS SEQ (SEQUENTIAL) FILE
S EXCEPT THAT THEY HAVE A DIFFERENT NAME
. THIS MAKES THEM STAND OUT WHEN YOU LI
ST A DIRECTORY AND REMINDS YOU THAT YOU
MAY HAVE DECIDED TO DO SOMETHING A BIT D
IFFERENT WITH THEM. OPENING AND READING
USR FILES REQUIRES THE SAME SYNTAX AS S
EQUENTIAL FILES EXCEPT THAT THE LETTER "
U" IS SUBSTITUTED FOR THE "S" IN THE OPE
N COMMAND. WE ARE NOT GOING TO DISCUSS
RELATIVE FILES HERE. THAT SUBJECT STILL
BAFFLES YOUR HUMBLE AUTHOR AND APPARENT
LY SOME OF THE COMMODORE MANUAL WRITERS
AS WELL!..MOVE YOUR CURSOR TO POSITION #
2. THIS IS THE FIRST BYTE (#0) OF THE F
IRST FILE ENTRY OF THE DIRECTORY. ITS V
ALUE TELLS YOU WHAT TYPE OF FILE IT IS A
ND MOST LIKELY WILL BE 129 (SEQUENTIAL)
OR 130 (PROGRAM.) THE CHARACTERS THAT T
HE DISK DOCTOR DISPLAYS FOR THESE VALUES
WILL EITHER BE A REVERSED "A" OR "B".
THE TWO BYTES DIRECTLY FOLLOWING THE FIL
E TYPE TELL YOU (AND THE DRIVE) WHERE TH
E ACTUAL FILE IS. IN MOST CASES THE DIS
K DRIVE STORES THE FIRST FILE AT 17,0 AN
D THESE ARE THE VALUES YOU MAY EXPECT HE
RE. IF YOU THINK YOU KNOW HOW TO USE TH
E "S" (NEW SECTOR) COMMAND WE'LL LEARN A
NEW COMMAND. PLACE THE CURSOR IN POSIT
ION #3. NOW YOU CAN USE THE "J" (JUMP T
O LINK UNDER CURSOR) COMMAND. THIS CAUS
ES THE DISK DOCTOR TO SEARCH FOR AND DIS
PLAY THE TRACK AND SECTOR THAT THE CURSO
R IS INDICATING. IF YOU DON'T HAVE THE
CURSOR PLACED CORRECTLY, YOU WILL PROBAB
LY BE SPECIFYING AN ILLEGAL SECTOR AND T
HE DISK DOCTOR WILL TELL YOU. IF THIS H
AS HAPPENED, YOU CAN JUST INPUT NEW TRAC
K AND SECTOR NUMBERS...GO BACK TO 18,1 A
ND TRY IT AGAIN...SINCE IT IS VERY LIKEL
Y THAT YOU ARE NOW LOOKING AT 17,0 AND I
T IS ALSO A PROGRAM FILE WE'LL COVER THA
T NEXT. BUT BEFORE WE LOOK AT THE FILE,
HIT THE "+" KEY. THIS COMMAND TELLS TH
E DISK DOCTOR TO GO TO THE NEXT SECTOR O
N THE CURRENT TRACK, NOT THE NEXT SECTOR
IN THE FILE. YOU WILL BE LOOKING AT 17
,1 NOW. IT MAY NOT EVEN CONTAIN ANY DAT
A FROM THE FILE YOU JUST LEFT. TO GET B
ACK TO 17,0 JUST HIT THE "-" KEY WHICH D
OES JUST THE OPPOSITE OF THE "+" COMMAND
...YOU MIGHT BE SAYING TO YOURSELF, "HEY
, THIS DOESN'T LOOK LIKE A PROGRAM! WHE
RE ARE THE PRINTS, POKES, PEEKS AND REMS
?". WELL, THEY ARE ALL STILL THERE BUT
HAVE BEEN "TOKENIZED" INTO ONE OR TWO BY
TE VALUES. YOUR COMMODORE COMPUTER STOR
ES THE BASIC KEYWORDS IN THIS MANNER TO
SAVE MEMORY AND SPEED EXECUTION. WHEN Y
OU LIST, THE COMPUTER TRANSLATES THESE T
OKENS FOR YOU SO IT IS EASIER TO READ BU
T ALL BASIC KEYWORDS AND SOME OPERATORS
ARE STORED USING ONLY ONE OR TWO BYTES..
.AT THIS POINT, YOU MAY WANT TO LOOK AT
A BASIC PROGRAM THAT YOU ARE FAMILIAR WI
TH, PERHAPS ONE THAT YOU HAVE WRITTEN YO
URSELF. USE THE "Q" (QUIT) COMMAND AND
REMOVE YOUR DISKETTE. BECAUSE WE WILL A
CTUALLY BE RE-WRITING INFORMATION TO YOU
R DISKETTE, YOU WILL WANT TO USE A SPARE
THAT IS EXPENDABLE. IN FACT, YOU SHOUL
D SIMPLY MAKE A BACK-UP COPY OF A DISK Y
OU USE ALL THE TIME SO THINGS LOOK FAMIL
IAR...ONCE THE PRACTICE DISKETTE IS IN T
HE DRIVE, HIT ANY KEY. FIND THE PROGRAM
YOU WANT TO LOOK AT BY STARTING WITH TR
ACK 18 AND SECTOR 1 (THE DIRECTORY.) US
E THE "N" COMMAND TO ADVANCE TO SUBSEQUE
NT SECTORS IN THE DIRECTORY UNTIL YOU SE
E YOUR PROGRAM. POSITION YOUR CURSOR AT
BYTE #1 (THE SECOND BYTE) OF THE FILE E
NTRY FOR THAT FILE (TWO BYTES DIRECTLY B
EFORE THE PROGRAM NAME IS WHERE YOU WANT
TO BE.) THE "J" COMMAND SHOULD TAKE YO
U TO THE FIRST TRACK AND SECTOR WHERE YO
UR PROGRAM IS LOCATED...IF YOU NOW SEE S
OMETHING THAT VAGUELY RESEMBLES THE PROG
RAM YOU WERE LOOKING FOR, GREAT! PRESS
THE HOME KEY AND WE'LL TAKE A LOOK AT YO
UR PROGRAM. PROGRAM FILES ARE FORMATTED
LIKE THIS:..PROGRAM (PRG) FILE FORMAT:.
--------------------------. BYTE
DEFINITION.---------------------
----------------------------------------
. 0,1.............. T&S OF NEXT SECTOR
OF PROGRAM.. 2,3.............. LOAD A
DDRESS IN LOW BYTE, HIGH BYTE.
FORMAT (ONLY ON FIRST SECTOR
OF FILE.). C-64 IS U
SUALLY 1,8 OR 1+(8*256)=2049. 4,5.....
......... LOW BYTE, HIGH BYTE NUMBER IDE
NTIFYING. THE ADDRES
S OF THE NEXT BASIC LINE.. 6,7........
...... FIRST BASIC LINE NUMBER IN LB,HB.
8-255............ REST OF DATA WITH K
EYWORDS TOKENIZED..
THREE ZERO BYTES MARK THE END OF A.
PROGRAM AND USUALLY THE
FILE AS WELL....AS USUAL, THE FIRST TWO
BYTES CONTAIN THE TRACK AND SECTOR OF TH
E NEXT SECTOR OF DATA. THE NEXT TWO BYT
ES MAY SEEM A BIT UNUSUAL TO YOU AND YOU
MIGHT WANT TO GET OUT A CALCULATOR 'CAU
SE AS MUCH AS I HATE TO SAY IT, WE'RE GO
ING TO DO SOME (YES THAT DREADED WORD) M
ATH. FOR SOME REASON, COMPUTERS OFTEN S
TORE NUMBERS A LITTLE BACKWARDS (AS FAR
AS HUMANS ARE CONCERNED.) THE CLASSIC C
ASE IS WHEN NUMBERS ARE EXPRESSED IN THE
LOW BYTE, HIGH BYTE FORMAT. SINCE EACH
BYTE CAN ONLY STORE VALUES 0-255 (256 U
NIQUE VALUES TOTAL), IF YOU NEED TO EXPR
ESS A LARGER NUMBER, YOU MUST USE MORE T
HAN JUST ONE BYTE. TWO BYTES WORK WELL
BECAUSE YOU CAN EXPRESS UP TO 65536 (OR
256*256) DIFFERENT VALUES. BUT THIS IS
WHERE THE COMPUTER GOES BACKWARDS. TO F
IND THE NUMBER SPECIFIED IN THE LOW BYTE
, HIGH BYTE FORMAT, YOU MULTIPLY THE SEC
OND VALUE IN THE PAIR BY 256 THEN ADD TH
AT RESULT TO THE FIRST VALUE. NOW HOW I
S THAT? HERE'S AN EQUATION:...*CY.
X = (VALUE2 * 256) + VALUE1..*CN..IF YOU
'RE A BIT UNEASY ABOUT THIS, DON'T WORRY
, YOU ARE NOT ALONE. WHENEVER WE TALK A
BOUT "LOW BYTE, HIGH BYTE" NUMBERS, JUST
USE THIS EQUATION AND YOU'LL BE OKAY...
BYTES #2 AND #3 IN THE FIRST SECTOR OF A
PROGRAM FILE ALWAYS CONTAIN THE "LOAD A
DDRESS" OF THE PROGRAM. THIS TELLS THE
COMPUTER WHERE IN THE COMPUTER'S MEMORY
TO PUT THE PROGRAM. IF YOU ARE LOOKING
AT A NORMAL BASIC PROGRAM THIS LOW BYTE,
HIGH BYTE NUMBER SHOULD EQUAL THE "STAR
T OF BASIC" LOCATION OF YOUR COMPUTER (T
HE ACTUAL START OF BASIC ON COMMODORE MA
CHINES IS ONE LOCATION LOWER THAN THE VA
LUES SHOWN, BUT SINCE THAT BYTE ALWAYS C
ONTAINS A ZERO VALUE WE DO NOT CONSIDER
IT HERE.) THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS THE
START OF BASIC LOCATIONS FOR COMMODORE
MACHINES IN DECIMAL AND LOW BYTE, HIGH B
YTE VALUES:.. START OF BASIC MAC
HINE. DECIMAL LB/HB.---------------
----------------------------------------
. 2049... 1,8...... COMMODORE-64.
7169... 1,28..... COMMODORE-128 (NOR
MAL). 16385... 1,64..... COMMODORE-1
28 (IN GRAPHIC MODE). 4097... 1,16.
.... VIC-20 - UNEXPANDED. 1025... 1
,4...... VIC-20 - 3K EXPANSION. 4609
... 1,18..... VIC-20 - 8K OR MORE EXPAN
SION. 1025... 1,4...... PET/CBM SER
IES....IF YOU OWN AN UNEXPANDED VIC-20 T
HE BYTES IN POSITIONS #2 AND #3 SHOULD C
ONTAIN A 1 AND 16 RESPECTIVELY...1+(16*2
56)=4097. THE START OF C-128 BASIC WILL
VARY DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE PROGRAM W
AS SAVED WHILE IN HI-RES GRAPHIC MODE OR
NOT. IN ALL CASES, THE LOAD ADDRESS AP
PEARS ONLY ON THE FIRST SECTOR/BLOCK OF
THE FILE...THE NEXT TWO BYTES (#4 AND #5
) IN A BASIC PROGRAM FILE CONTAIN THE ME
MORY LOCATION WHERE THE NEXT (NOT THE FI
RST) BASIC LINE IS STORED IN MEMORY. AF
TER THAT, #6 AND #7 CONTAIN THE FIRST BA
SIC LINE NUMBER (AGAIN IN LB, HB.)..OUR
ACTUAL PROGRAM TEXT BEGINS AT BYTE #8.
THE VALUE STORED THERE WILL MORE THAN LI
KELY BE A BASIC KEYWORD WHICH HAS BEEN "
TOKENIZED". REMEMBER THAT BASIC REDUCES
ALL OF ITS KEYWORDS TO ONE OR TWO BYTE
TOKENS. YOU MAY HAVE A HARD TIME FIGURI
NG OUT WHAT KEYWORD A REVERSED "Y" STAND
S FOR. NEWER C-64 AND C-128 VERSIONS OF
THE DISK DOCTOR DISPLAY THE BASIC KEYWO
RD CORRESPONDING THE TOKEN OR TOKEN PAIR
UNDER THE CURSOR. IF YOU ARE USING A S
IMPLER VERSION, YOU MAY WANT TO LOOK IN
YOUR COMPUTER'S PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE G
UIDE FOR A CHART OF WHICH KEYWORDS ARE R
EPRESENTED BY WHICH TOKEN VALUES. ACTUA
LLY, A REVERSED "Y" HAS A VALUE OF 153 A
ND IS THE TOKEN FOR THE BASIC KEYWORD PR
INT. YOU MIGHT SEE A REVERSED "O" (VALU
E-143) NEAR THE BEGINNING OF YOUR PROGRA
M. THIS IS THE TOKEN FOR REM...SOME OTH
ER CHARACTERS WHICH ARE NOT BASIC TOKENS
MAY SHOW UP AS WELL. A COLOR COMMAND,
SUCH AS 'SWITCH TO BLACK' WITHIN A PRINT
STATEMENT WILL PRODUCE A REVERSED "P" A
ND HAS A VALUE OF 144, BUT THAT IS THE S
AME CHARACTER/TOKEN VALUE USED FOR THE S
TOP KEYWORD. HOW DOES THE COMPUTER KNOW
THAT IT MEANS 'SWITCH TO BLACK' AND NOT
STOP? BECAUSE IT IS IN QUOTES. ANYTHI
NG AFTER AN ODD NUMBER OF QUOTES IS NOT
CONSIDERED AS A BASIC KEYWORD, BUT AS TE
XT OR SPECIAL PRINT COMMANDS BY THE COMP
UTER. ANY VALUE NOT IN THE COMPUTER'S L
IST FOR KEYWORDS IS ALSO NOT CONSIDERED.
..WHILE VIEWING A PROGRAM FILE YOU WILL
SURELY SEE A NUMBER OF BYTES WHICH CONTA
IN ZERO VALUES (DISPLAYED AS "@"'S.) TH
E END OF EVERY BASIC LINE IS DESIGNATED
BY A ZERO BYTE. IF YOU SEE THREE ZERO B
YTES IN A ROW, THAT TELLS THE COMPUTER W
HERE THE END OF THE BASIC PROGRAM IS LOC
ATED...PRESS THE "N" KEY UNTIL YOU FIND
THE END OF THE FILE. IT SHOULD BE EASY
TO SPOT BECAUSE BYTE #0 OF THE SECTOR WI
LL HAVE A VALUE OF ZERO (REMEMBER THIS I
S THE POINTER TO THE NEXT TRACK, AND SIN
CE THERE IS NO NEXT TRACK...OH, YOU GET
THE IDEA.) BUT TAKE A GLANCE AT BYTE #1
. THIS IS NOW THE POINTER TO THE POSITI
ON OF THE LAST BYTE IN THIS SECTOR. THI
S IS THE SAME METHOD USED IN ALL FILE TY
PES TO SPECIFY THE LAST BYTE IN THE LAST
SECTOR...THE NEXT TWO FILE TYPES THAT W
E WILL LOOK AT ARE REALLY EASY! SEQUENT
IAL AND USER FILES, WHICH SHARE IDENTICA
L FORMATS, ARE VERY STRAIGHTFORWARD. IF
YOU HAVE ANY SEQ FILES ON YOUR DISK, TA
KE A LOOK AT ONE NOW. UNLESS THE PROGRA
MMER WAS DOING TRICKY THINGS, YOU SHOULD
BE ABLE TO READ ALL THE INFORMATION FRO
M THE FILE JUST WITH THE DISK DOCTOR. T
HE ONLY "WEIRD" CHARACTERS THAT YOU SHOU
LD COME ACROSS ARE THE "SEPARATORS" WHIC
H ARE USUALLY NOTHING BUT CARRIAGE RETUR
NS--CHR$(13). THESE ARE DISPLAYED AS LO
WER-CASE "M"'S AND SEPARATE THE DATA...S
EQUENTIAL (SEQ) OR USER (USR) FILE FORMA
T:.-------------------------------------
------. BYTE VALUE DEFINITION.-
----------------------------------------
------------------. 0,1..............
T&S OF NEXT DATA SECTOR.. 2-256.......
..... DATA STORAGE. TEXT AND NUMERIC VA
LUES. USUALLY SEPARA
TED BY CHR$(13). (DI
SPLAYED AS "M".)...THE TIME HAS COME TO
LOOK AT SOME OF THE MORE POWERFUL THINGS
THAT THE DISK DOCTOR LETS YOU DO. UP U
NTIL NOW, ALL WE'VE REALLY DONE IS VIEWE
D THE DISKETTE. LET'S TAKE A STAB AT AL
TERING IT. ONCE AGAIN, I'D LIKE TO REMI
ND YOU TO MAKE SURE THAT THE DISKETTE YO
U ARE WORKING WITH IS A COPY OF ANOTHER
ONE OF YOUR DISKETTES OR CONTAINS NOTHIN
G OF ANY VALUE TO YOU. WE WON'T PHYSICA
LLY HARM THE DISKETTE OR DRIVE IN ANY WA
Y, BUT IF AN ERROR IS MADE IT COULD REAL
LY FOUL SOME OF YOUR FILES!..THE DISK DO
CTOR IS A LITTLE LIKE A WORD PROCESSOR;
YOU CAN ACTUALLY TYPE RIGHT ONTO THE SCR
EEN BY USING THE "T" (TEXT MODE) COMMAND
. AFTER PRESSING "T" EVERYTHING YOU TYP
E WILL APPEAR ON THE DISK DOCTOR'S SCREE
N AND LATER MAY BE WRITTEN RIGHT TO THE
DISKETTE. PRESSING RETURN ENDS TEXT MOD
E...SINCE YOU CANNOT TYPE SOME CHARACTER
S OR VALUES DIRECTLY FROM THE KEYBOARD O
R YOU SIMPLY MAY WANT TO ASSIGN A CERTAI
N VALUE TO A CERTAIN BYTE, YOU MAY USE T
HE "@" (CHANGE BYTE) COMMAND. HIT THE "
@" KEY AND YOU MAY ENTER ANY NUMBER FROM
0-255 AND THAT VALUE WILL BE ASSIGNED T
O THE CURRENT BYTE WHEN YOU PRESS RETURN
. NEWER VERSIONS OF THE DISK DOCTOR WIL
L LET YOU ENTER HEX VALUES IF YOU PRECED
E THE NUMBER WITH A "$" (DOLLAR SIGN.)..
CALL UP ANY SECTOR (STAY OUT OF THE DIRE
CTORY FOR NOW) ON YOUR PRACTICE DISKETTE
AND TRY OUT THE THE CHANGING FEATURES F
OR YOURSELF. ANY CHANGES YOU MAKE AT TH
IS POINT ARE NOT ACTUALLY MADE TO THE DI
SKETTE. YOU MUST ISSUE THE "R" (REWRITE
CURRENT SECTOR) COMMAND FOR THE INFORMA
TION TO BE PLACED IN THAT SECTOR OF THE
DISKETTE. BECAUSE YOU MAY NOT WISH TO C
HANGE THE SECTOR, YOU WILL BE PROMPTED W
ITH "ARE YOU SURE?" WHENEVER YOU USE THE
"R" COMMAND. GO AHEAD AND REWRITE THE
SECTOR YOU ARE WORKING WITH. REMEMBER T
HE TRACK AND SECTOR NUMBERS SO THAT YOU
CAN CALL IT UP LATER TO SEE THAT THE CHA
NGES WERE ACTUALLY MADE...NOW WE ARE GOI
NG TO LOOK AT SOME USEFUL THINGS THAT YO
U AND THE DISK DOCTOR CAN ACCOMPLISH. C
ALL UP TRACK 18, SECTOR 0. WANT TO CHAN
GE THE NAME OF YOUR DISKETTE? SIMPLY MO
VE THE CURSOR TO POSITION #144 , PRESS "
T" FOR TEXT MODE, TYPE THE NEW NAME (LES
S THAN 16 CHARACTERS), PRESS RETURN AND
THEN "R" TO REWRITE THE SECTOR. ANSWER
"Y" (FOR "YES") WHEN THE PROGRAM ASKS, "
ARE YOU SURE?". DONE! LOAD THE DIRECTO
RY BY TYPING- LOAD"$",8 -THEN LIST AND S
EE FOR YOURSELF THAT THE DISK NOW HAS A
NEW NAME!..TRY CHANGING THE NAME OF THE
DISKETTE TO INCLUDE NOT JUST TEXT WHICH
YOU'VE TYPED IN, BUT A FEW DIFFERENT VAL
UES THAT YOU CAN CREATE WITH THE "@" COM
MAND. IF YOU MAKE THE FIRST TWO BYTES O
F THE NAME FIELD 13 AND 147 FOLLOWED BY
TEXT, WHENEVER YOU LIST THE DIRECTORY, T
HE SCREEN WILL CLEAR FIRST...AUTOMATICAL
LY!..WHEN YOU LOAD THE DIRECTORY OF YOUR
DISKETTE, THE DRIVE SENDS THE DATA TO T
HE COMPUTER IN SOMEWHAT THE SAME FORMAT
AS A BASIC PROGRAM. THIS IS WHY YOU CAN
LIST IT. IF THE DISK NAME CONTAINS ANY
VALUE THAT CORRESPONDS TO A BASIC KEYWO
RD, THE DISKETTE NAME WILL DISPLAY THAT
KEYWORD. THIS WOULD ALLOW YOU TO HAVE D
ISK NAMES WHICH EXCEED THE STANDARD 16 C
HARACTER LIMIT. FOR EXAMPLE TRY THIS DI
SK NAME (THE NUMBERS STAND FOR BYTE VALU
ES, USE THE "@" COMMAND TO ENTER THEM.
DON'T FORGET THE "R" COMMAND TO PUT YOUR
CHANGES ON THE DISKETTE.)..POSITION: 14
4 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 15
4 155 156 157 158 159. VALUE: 34 140
32 162 32 184 69 68 79 77 32 164
32 65 76 76...THE NEW DISK NAME BECO
MES, "RESTORE NEW FREEDOM TO ALL", A FUL
L 26 CHARACTERS! YOU HAVE PROBABLY FIGU
RED OUT THAT SOME OF THE VALUES YOU ENTE
RED ARE THE CODES FOR BASIC KEYWORDS. Y
OU CAN PREVENT THE DIRECTORY FROM LISTIN
G ENTIRELY BY ENTERING ALL ZERO VALUES I
N THE DISK NAME...BYTES #162-#166 CAN AL
SO BE ALTERED TO DISPLAY DIFFERENT THING
S WHEN YOU LIST A DIRECTORY. START WITH
POSITION #162 AND ENTER THIS SEQUENCE O
F VALUES WITH THE "@" COMMAND:..POSITION
: 162 163 164 165 167 OR POSITION
: 162 163 164 165 167. VALUE: 137 73
136 44 138 VALUE: 194 65
66 79 79..TO SEE HOW THIS WORKS YOU M
UST ACTUALLY LOAD THE DIRECTORY. USING
THE DOS WEDGE "@$" COMMAND WON'T SHOW TH
ESE "TOKEN BYTE" EFFECTS SINCE THE WEDGE
DOES NOT TREAT THE THE DIRECTORY STRICT
LY AS A BASIC PROGRAM...BYTES #171-#220
ARE COMPLETELY UNUSED BY THE DRIVE, SO Y
OU CAN PUT ANYTHING YOU WANT THERE SUCH
AS YOUR NAME AND ADDRESS OR A SECRET MES
SAGE. THIS SPACE MAY BE RE-WRITTEN BY T
HE DRIVE ON OCCASION, SO DON'T PUT ANYTH
ING IMPORTANT HERE...YOU CAN "WRITE PROT
ECT" YOUR DISKETTES BY SIMPLY CHANGING T
HE BYTE IN POSITION #2 OF 18,0. THE VAL
UE OF THAT BYTE IS NORMALLY 65 (DISPLAYE
D AS AN "A"), BUT IF YOU CHANGE IT TO AN
YTHING ELSE, YOUR DRIVE WILL REFUSE TO W
RITE TO THE DISKETTE UNTIL YOU NEW OR HE
ADER (REFORMAT) IT WHICH, OF COURSE, DES
TROYS ALL THE DATA. ONCE YOU CHANGE THI
S BYTE DON'T EXPECT TO CHANGE IT BACK (O
R ANYTHING ELSE ON THE DISKETTE FOR THAT
MATTER.) THE CHANGE IS PERMANENT...USE
THE "N" COMMAND TO GO TO THE FIRST DIRE
CTORY SECTOR. THE MOST USEFUL BYTES IN
THIS SECTOR (AND SUBSEQUENT DIRECTORY SE
CTORS) ARE THE "FILE TYPE" BYTES WHICH A
RE THE FIRST BYTE OF EVERY FILE ENTRY.
AS YOU MAY RECALL, THIS BYTE IDENTIFIES
THE TYPE OF FILE THAT THE ENTRY IS. SOM
E WORD PROCESSORS WILL ONLY READ A CERTA
IN TYPE OF FILE. IF YOU WANT TO READ A
PRG FILE AND YOUR PROGRAM WILL ONLY ACCE
PT SEQ FILES, SIMPLY CHANGE THE FILE TYP
E. WITH THE DISK DOCTOR YOU CAN CHANGE
SEQ FILES TO PRG FILES OR CHANGE ANY OTH
ER TYPE TO ANY TYPE YOU WANT...WHEN A FI
LE IS SCRATCHED THE FILE TYPE BYTE IS CH
ANGED BY THE DRIVE TO ZERO. IF YOU HAVE
JUST ACCIDENTALLY SCRATCHED A FILE YOU
DO NOT WANT SCRATCHED, IT IS SIMPLE TO R
ESCUE IT WITH THE DISK DOCTOR AS LONG AS
NO NEW FILES HAVE BEEN WRITTEN TO THE D
ISKETTE. ALL THAT NEEDS TO BE DONE IS T
O CHANGE THE FILE TYPE BYTE FROM ZERO TO
WHATEVER VALUE THE FILE SHOULD BE WITH
THE "@" COMMAND (I.E. 130 FOR A PROGRAM
FILE, 129 FOR A SEQUENTIAL FILE.) YOU M
UST VALIDATE OR COLLECT THE DISKETTE AF
TER THIS OPERATION SO THE BAM WILL BE UP
DATED. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT! THE BAM
STILL THINKS THE FILE HAS BEEN SCRATCHE
D AND THAT THOSE SECTORS ARE FREE AND WI
LL REWRITE THEM WITH ANY NEW FILE...IT I
S POSSIBLE TO AVOID THE ABOVE PROBLEM BY
"SCRATCH PROTECTING" SELECTED FILES ON
THE DISKETTE. IF YOU CHANGE THE VALUE S
TORED IN THE FILE TYPE BYTE, TO THAT VAL
UE PLUS 64, THE DRIVE WILL REFUSE TO SCR
ATCH THAT FILE. FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE FIL
E IS A PRG (VALUE:130), CHANGE THE BYTE
TO 194 (130+64) TO PROTECT IT. THIS IS
A VERY NICE FEATURE ESPECIALLY IF YOU EV
ER USE "PATTERN MATCHING" IN YOUR SCRATC
H COMMANDS. SCRATCH PROTECTED FILES ARE
EASY TO SPOT WHEN YOU LIST THE DIRECTOR
Y (OR USE THE DOS "@$" COMMAND), A "<" (
LESS THAN) SYMBOL WILL BE DISPLAYED DIRE
CTLY TO THE RIGHT OF THE FILE TYPE. NOT
E THAT THIS FEATURE IS NOT USABLE WITH D
OUBLE-SIDED DISKS--THE 1571 NOT ONLY WIL
L REFUSE TO SCRATCH A "PROTECTED" FILE,
IT WON'T LOAD IT EITHER (WHILE IN DOUBLE
-SIDED MODE.)..SOME OF YOU MAY HAVE HEAR
D THAT THERE IS A PROBLEM WITH THE COMMO
DORE 1541 AND 1571 SAVE AND REPLACE COMM
AND. THE PROBLEM IS THAT OCCASIONALLY T
HE FILE POINTERS (BYTES #1 AND #2 OF THE
FILE ENTRY) ARE NOT PROPERLY WRITTEN.
THE RESULT IS THAT YOU TRY TO LOAD "MAIL
LIST" BUT "MUTANT ALIENS" SHOWS UP IN Y
OUR COMPUTER. IT IS POSSIBLE WITH THE D
ISK DOCTOR TO CURE THIS PROBLEM BY SEARC
HING THROUGH THE DISKETTE FOR THE ORIGIN
AL FILE (WHICH IS EASIER SAID THAN DONE)
, NOTING THE TRACK AND SECTOR OF WHERE I
T STARTS, AND REWRITING THE POINTERS IN
THE FILE ENTRY. OFTEN, IT IS TOO LATE A
ND OTHER DATA HAS BEEN WRITTEN INTO THE
OLD SECTORS. IF YOU DO SUCCESSFULLY REW
RITE THE POINTERS YOU SHOULD RESAVE THE
FILE SOMEWHERE ELSE SO THAT ALL THE DATA
IS PUT WHERE THE DISK DRIVE WANTS IT.
AGAIN, IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT YOU PERFOR
M A VALIDATE OPERATION TO UPDATE THE BAM
SHOULD YOU SUCCESSFULLY REWRITE THE POI
NTERS...IF YOU WANT TO TEMPORARILY PROTE
CT FILES ON YOUR DISKETTE FROM BEING LOA
DED, VIEWED OR OTHERWISE TAMPERED WITH,
YOU CAN CHANGE BYTE #0 OF TRACK AND SECT
OR 18,1 TO A VALUE OF ZERO. THE DRIVE W
ILL THINK THAT THE DIRECTORY IS ONLY ONE
SECTOR LONG AND WILL REFUSE ACCESS TO A
NY FILES BEYOND THE FIRST EIGHT. THE FI
LES YOU WANT PROTECTED SHOULD NOT APPEAR
IN THE FIRST DIRECTORY SECTOR. REMEMBE
R THAT EVEN YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO GET
TO THE FILE UNTIL BYTE #0 OF 18,0 IS CHA
NGED BACK TO 18. DO NOT PERFORM A VALID
ATE COMMAND AS THE BAM WILL THINK THAT A
LL THE PROTECTED FILES DO NOT EXIST. AL
SO, DON'T SAVE ANY NEW FILES AS THE REST
OF YOUR DIRECTORY MIGHT BE DESTROYED...
ANOTHER METHOD OF PROTECTING FILES FROM
BEING LOADED IS TO CHANGE THE NAME OF TH
E FILE TO A SERIES OF CHR$ CODES WHICH C
ANNOT NORMALLY BE TYPED IN FROM THE KEYB
OARD. ONE EXAMPLE WOULD BE TO CHANGE TH
E FILE NAME TO A CARRIAGE RETURN (VALUE:
13) BY USING THE "@" COMMAND. WHEN YOU
WANT TO LOAD THE FILE, JUST TYPE LOADCH
R$(13),8 (OR ANY OTHER VALUE NOT EASY TO
TYPE FROM THE KEYBOARD.)..TAKE A LOOK A
T BYTES #28 AND 29 OF A SINGLE DIRECTORY
ENTRY (REMEMBER THE FILE TYPE BYTE IS #
0.) THIS IS WHERE THE DISK DRIVE STORES
THE NUMBER OF SECTORS THAT THE FILE OCC
UPIES IN LB,HB FORMAT. SINCE ONE RARELY
SEES A FILE THAT TAKES UP MORE THAN 255
SECTORS, BYTE #29 WILL PROBABLY CONTAIN
A VALUE OF ZERO. BY ALTERING THESE TWO
VALUES YOU CAN MAKE SOME PRETTY ODD FIL
E SIZES SHOW UP WHEN SOMEONE VIEWS THE D
IRECTORY. CHANGING BOTH BYTES TO ZERO V
ALUES WILL MAKE IT SEEM THAT THE FILE OC
CUPIES ZERO SECTORS. GIVE BYTE #28 A VA
LUE OF 15 AND BYTE #29 A VALUE OF 39 AND
THAT FILE WILL BE DISPLAYED AS HAVING 9
999 SECTORS IN IT!..CHANGING THE DATA ST
ORED IN ACTUAL FILES IS A FAIRLY STRAIGH
TFORWARD OPERATION. SOME BASIC PROGRAMS
ARE "COMPACTED" WHICH MAKES EDITING SOM
E LINES IMPOSSIBLE WITH THE COMMODORE SC
REEN EDITOR. WITH THE DISK DOCTOR YOU C
AN CHANGE THE LINE RIGHT ON THE DISKETTE
WITHOUT EVER LOADING THE PROGRAM INTO M
EMORY. IN FACT, IF YOU HAVE THE ORIGINA
L DISK DOCTOR PROGRAM, YOU KNOW THAT COM
PANY WHO RELEASED IT INTO THE PUBLIC DOM
AIN MADE IT VERY HARD TO ALTER AND BUILT
ADVERTISING INTO IT. YOU CAN USE THE D
ISK DOCTOR TO ERASE ALL THAT ADVERTISING
AND MAY EVEN BE ABLE TO DELETE THE OFFE
NDING LINES...IF YOU HAVE A FAVORITE MAC
HINE LANGUAGE UTILITY OR GAME, IT MAY BE
FUN TO CHANGE ITS PROMPTS OR TEXT. GEN
ERALLY YOU HAVE TO HAVE A FAIRLY GOOD KN
OWLEDGE OF HOW TO USE A MACHINE LANGUAGE
MONITOR TO DO THIS BUT IT IS SIMPLE WHE
N YOU HAVE THE DISK DOCTOR. JUST GO THR
OUGH THE FILE AND CHANGE THE TEXT TO ANY
THING YOU WANT. IT IS USUALLY IMPORTANT
TO KEEP THE TEXT THE SAME LENGTH AS THE
ORIGINAL. IMAGINE SOMETHING LIKE "JUMP
MAN" IN SPANISH OR FRENCH!..I HAVE ONLY
TOUCHED ON A FEW POSSIBLE USES FOR THE D
ISK DOCTOR. AFTER YOU HAVE WORKED WITH
IT FOR SOME TIME, I'M SURE YOU'LL FIND M
ANY MORE...
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