QUEUE TEXT
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): QUEUE TEXT
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 8.6K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-10-19 22:49:31
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
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FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOLD DISK 8 | QUEUE TEXT | PRG | Radd Maxx | 6 | 0 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
> DETECTED: COMMODORE BASIC PROGRAM (LOAD ADDRESS $0801)
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....... (C)1985 GOLD DISK INC.#.....;...
. CHALLENGE: QUEUES.A.....`....53281,0:.
".....":Q$.G(34)..... 10000=PAUSING SUB
ROUTINE...... PROGRAMMING TIPS...QUEUES.
..... BY F.WHITESIDE.....SP.1:.".":."
.PROGRAMMING TIPS"...(..:.:."
BY F.WHITESIDE":.:..<.2.." THI
S MONTH'S TIP IS ABOUT .QUEUES.. WE".G.<
.."WILL TRY TO EXPLAIN THE FUNDAMENTAL".
..F.."IDEAS BEHIND QUEUES AS WELL AS GIV
E AN".B.P.."EXAMPLE OF HOW THEY ARE USED
, AND HOW"...Z.."THEY CAN BE IMPLEMENTED
IN BASIC."...N..:.:." SO SIT BACK AND
GET READY TO BEGIN...".Q.O..:.".NOTE: I
F YOU TYPE THE '_' KEY THEN IT'S"...P.."
.BACK TO THE GOLD DISK MAIN MENU WITH YO
U"...Q.." .THE '^' KEY CAUSES THE TU
TORIAL".U.R.." .TO BACK UP ONE SC
REEN"...X..10000......:.:." LIKE THE S
TACKS OF LAST MONTH,".>....".QUEUES. ARE
A SPECIAL CASE OF AN ORDERED"....."LIS
T. ARRAYS ARE ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF AN":."O
RDERED LIST.":.......:." AN .ORDERED
LIST. IS A GROUP OR LIST"... .."OF ELEM
ENTS WHICH HAVE SOME ORDER"......"IMPOSE
D UPON THEM. IN THE CASE OF THE".6...."A
RRAY, THE INDEX OF THE ARRAY PROVIDES".P
...."THIS ORDERING.":.:..~...." A .STA
CK., YOU WILL RECALL, HAS THE"......"PRO
PERTY THAT ELEMENTS COULD BE ADDED".Z...
."OR DELETED ONLY AT ONE END OF THE LIST
."...H.."THIS RESULTED IN THE SO-CALLED
.LIFO.".=.R.."LIST, OR .L.AST-.I.N-.F.IR
ST-.O.UT LIST (SINCE".L...."THE LAST THI
NG PUSHED ONTO A STACK MUST"......"BE TH
E FIRST THING POPPED OFF IT)."......1000
0......:......." A .QUEUE. IS AN EXAMPL
E OF A .FIFO. LIST,"......"THAT IS A .F.
IRST-.I.N-.F.IRST-.O.UT LIST. IT".>...."
HAS THE PROPERTY THAT THE FIRST THING".M
...."ENTERED WILL BE THE FIRST THING DEL
ETED"......"FROM THE LIST. THIS SORT OF
LIST IS".E...."VERY COMMON; IT IS POPULA
RLY REFERRED"......"TO AS A 'LINE-UP'. T
HE CORRECT WORD FOR"...".."A 'LINE-UP' I
S, IN FACT, A QUEUE.".H.,..:." THE WAY
ONE IMPLEMENTS THE FIFO".T.-.."FUNCTIONA
LITY IN AN ARRAY IS TO HAVE". ...."TWO P
OINTERS, ONE TO THE LOCATION TO".J./.."E
NTER ITEMS ONTO THE QUEUE, CALLED"...0..
".LAST., AND ONE TO THE LOCATION TO":."R
EMOVE ITEMS, CALLED";.J.1.." .FIRST..":.
:." SO WE HAVE AN ARRAY WITH ITEMS BEIN
G".X.2.."ENTERED AT LOCATION .LAST. AND
REMOVED"...3.."AT LOCATION .FIRST.. THIS
CONTRASTS".Y.4.."WITH THE STACK, WHICH
JUST HAD ONE":."POINTER."...5..10000...6
..:.:.:." "Q$"WHAT POSSIBLE USE
IS".=.7.." A QUEUE TO ANYONE?
"Q$:..A.@.." I HEAR BEING ASKED.":
....A.." WELL, AS IT HAPPENS, QUEUES A
RE USED"...J.."EXTENSIVELY IN OPERATING
SYSTEMS FOR"...T.."MULTI-TASKING (ONE TA
SK WAITS IN A"...V.."QUEUE WHILE ANOTHER
TASK RUNS) AND FOR".?.X.."PRINTERS (THE
INFAMOUS PRINT QUEUE)".L.^.."JUST TO NA
ME A FEW. ACTUALLY, A GREAT"...H.."PORTI
ON OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM IS THE".G.R.."
IMPLEMENTATION OF A VARIETY OF QUEUES.".
..S..:." ANOTHER, MORE INTERESTING APPL
ICATION".(.T.."OF QUEUES IS IN .SIMULATI
ON.. WE'LL TALK".F.U.."MORE ABOUT THIS L
ATER.".R.... 10000......:.:." LIKELY,
YOU WILL HAVE NOTICED A"......"SMALL PR
OBLEM WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION".V...."OF
A QUEUE IN AN ARRAY THAT I'VE"...B.."DES
CRIBED. THAT IS, IF ITEMS ARE ADDED".,.L
.."AT LOCATION .LAST. WHICH IS THEN".Y.Q
.."INCREMENTED TO POINT TO THE NEXT FREE
"...R.."LOCATION, WE WILL HAVE TO CHECK
FOR AN"...V.."OVERFLOW OF THE QUEUE. THI
S ISN'T MUCH"......"OF A PROBLEM, BUT IT
LEADS TO A LARGER"......"ONE. IF WE REM
OVE ELEMENTS FROM THE".?...."QUEUE FROM
.FIRST. AND INCREMENT FIRST TO".K...."PO
INT TO THE NEXT ITEM IN THE QUEUE,".....
."THEN WE HAVE THE CASE OF .FIRST. CHASI
NG".G....".LAST. DOWN THE LENGTH OF THE
QUEUE."......"WHAT ARE WE GOING TO DO WH
EN WE REACH"...&.."THE END OF THE ARRAY?
":..=.(.."THERE ARE SEVERAL POSSIBILITIE
S TO".Q.).."CHOOSE FROM.".\.+..10000...0
..:.:.:." ONE APPROACH TO THIS PROBLEM
IS TO"...5.."DO A 'GARBAGE-COLLECTION' W
HEN LAST"...D.."REACHES THE END OF THE A
RRAY. THIS"...N.."ENTAILS PHYSICALLY MOV
ING EACH OF THE".:.P.."ELEMENTS IN THE Q
UEUE BACK SO THAT".G.Q.."FIRST POINTS TO
THE FIRST LOCATION IN"...R.."THE QUEUE
AGAIN. THIS IS A SIMPLE-"...X.."MINDED,
THOUGH WORKABLE SOLUTION. THE"...B.."PRO
BLEM IS, OF COURSE, THAT IT IS QUITE"...
L.."TIME-CONSUMING. ALL THAT MOVING, ETC
.".K.V..:." A MORE ELEGANT SOLUTION IS
TO MAKE A".X.W.."SO-CALLED .CIRCULAR QU
EUE.. THIS IS A"...X.."QUEUE WHERE THE E
NDS OF THE ARRAY ARE".P.Y.."JOINED SO TH
AT FIRST MAY CHASE LAST"...Z.."FOREVER W
ITHOUT HAVING TO MOVE ANYTHING"...{.."TO
ANYWHERE.":.10000.I....:.:." THE DISA
DVANTAGE OF THE CIRCULAR".W...."QUEUE IS
THAT ONE MUST BE MORE CAREFUL"......"AB
OUT 'INCREMENTING' THE TWO POINTERS.".Q.
..."WE MUST ALSO FIND A METHOD OF DETER-
"......"MINING WHETHER THE QUEUE IS REAL
LY FULL".;...."OR NOT.":.:." THE NATURA
L METHOD OF DETERMINING IF".I...."A QUEU
E IS EMPTY IS TO SEE IF LAST AND"...F.."
FIRST HAVE THE SAME VALUE. THEY WILL".D.
P.."IN THE CASE OF AN EMPTY QUEUE, BUT W
ITH"...Z.."A CIRCULAR QUEUE, THEY WILL B
E EQUAL"......"WHEN THE QUEUE IS FULL, A
S WELL.".F...."THIS IS SLIGHTLY INCONVEN
IENT. WE WILL".T...."EITHER NEED A VARIA
BLE TO TELL US WHEN"......"THE QUEUE IS
EMPTY OR WE CAN'T LET LAST".X...."EQUAL
FULL EXCEPT WHEN THE QUEUE IS":."EMPTY."
...... 10000......:.:." THE SECOND SOL
UTION IS THE MORE".>...."WIDELY ACCEPTED
OF THE TWO SOLUTIONS".M. .."MOSTLY BECA
USE IT IS SLIGHTLY FASTER TO"...*.."EXEC
UTE (VERY SLIGHTLY) AND OPERATING".J.4..
"SYSTEMS ARE CONCERNED ABOUT SUCH THINGS
."...>.." THIS SOLUTION HAS THE DISADV
ANTAGE".$.H.."OF LOSING ONE QUEUE LOCATI
ON, BUT THE".M.R.."CHECKING FOR FULL DOE
SN'T INVOLVE".X.\.."ANOTHER VARIABLE. TH
E QUEUE IS FULL"...F.."WHEN LAST=FIRST-1
OR WHEN LAST IS THE".U.P.."END OF THE A
RRAY AND FIRST IS THE START."...Z.." W
E ARE DOING MODULAR ARITHMETIC TO".,....
"INCREMENT THE POINTERS, IE) WE ARE".X..
.."SETTING FIRST TO THE REMAINDER AFTER"
......"FIRST HAS BEEN DIVIDED BY THE NUM
BER OF"......"ELEMENTS IN THE QUEUE."...
E..10000...J..:." THE TOPIC OF SIMULATI
ON IS ONE THAT"...T.."MANY BOOKS HAVE BE
EN WRITTEN ABOUT. WE".<...."WILL TRY TO
PRESENT A THUMB-NAIL SKETCH".I...."OF WH
AT IT IS AND WHAT IS INVOLVED IN"......"
MAKING ONE.":.:." A SIMULATION IS AN AT
TEMPT TO MAKE A".R...."MODEL OF SOME EXI
STING SYSTEM IN A"......"PROGRAM TO SEE
WHAT EFFECTS VARIOUS"., ..."PARAMETERS H
AVE ON THE OPERATION OF THE".[ ..."SYSTE
M. WE WILL BE CONSIDERING A SYSTEM".. $.
."COMPOSED OF BANK TELLERS AND CUSTOMERS
".. ..."THROUGHOUT THIS DISCUSSION.".Z 8
..:." A BANK IS A GREAT PLACE TO FIND
A"..!;.."QUEUE, AS THERE ALWAYS SEEMS TO
BE ONE".6!B.."THERE. TO GET AN IDEA OF
HOW THE QUEUE".X!L.."GETS FORMED, WE WIL
L SIMUALTE A BANKING":."SYSTEM.":. 10000
..!V..:.:.:." TO SIMULATE A BANK WE NE
ED SEVERAL".Y!`.."THINGS. A QUEUE TO REP
RESENT THE QUEUE".."J.."OF CUSTOMERS, AN
ARRAY TO REPRESENT THE".6"T.."TELLERS,
AND SOME WAY OF KEEPING TRACK".]"~.."OF
TIME. THIS IS THE HEART OF A".."..."SIMU
LATION, AND IT IS DONE WITH RANDOM".."..
."NUMBERS. WE WILL SAY THAT A CUSTOMER".
."..."WILL ARRIVE AT SOME RANDOM TIME IN
THE"..#..."FUTURE, AND WILL REQUIRE SOM
E OTHER".?#..."RANDOM TIME TO BE SERVICE
D. THEN WE LET".J#..."THE WHOLE THING GO
AND WATCH TO SEE"..#..."WHAT IT DOES. T
HIS IS THE IDEA BEHIND"..#D.."SIMULATION
S."..#I.. 10000..#N..:.:." SINCE PEOPLE
IN REAL LIFE ARRIVE AT A"..$X.."QUEUE I
N A MANNER THAT FOLLOWS A".>$...".POISSO
N. DISTRIBUTION, A METHOD OF ".M$..."GEN
ERATING A SEQUENCE OF RANDOM NUMBERS"..$
..."THAT FOLLOWS SUCH A DISTRIBUTION MUS
T".E$..."BE PROVIDED. SINCE THE MATHEMAT
ICAL"..$..."DERIVATION OF THE DISTRIBUTI
ON IS WELL". %..."BEYOND THE SCOPE OF TH
IS ARTICLE, THE".L%..."FUNCTION IS PROVI
DED WITHOUT FURTHER"..%(.."EXPLANATION."
:.:." TO UNDERSTAND THE SIMULATION, IT
IS"..%2.."RECOMMENDED THAT YOU PLAY WIT
H IT. TRY"..%<.."TO SEE HOW THE QUEUE LE
NGTH CHANGES"..&F.."WITH DIFFERENT ARRIV
AL TIMES AND".9&P.."SERVICE TIMES. THE O
NLY WAY IN WHICH".A&Z.."ONE CAN UNDERSTA
ND A THING IS BY"..&[.."EXPERIMENTING WI
TH IT.":.10000..&D..:.:." THE SOURCE C
ODE FOR THE SIMULATION"..&E.."IS HEAVILY
COMMENTED. TO CHANGE THE"..'F.."PARAMET
ERS OF THE SIMULATION, ONE JUST".<'G.."C
HANGES SOME OF THE CONSTANTS AT THE".H'H
.."BEGINNING OF THE PROGRAM. ALL OF THE"
..'I.."IMPORTANT VARIABLES ARE DESCRIBED
IN".C'J.."THE COMMENTS, AND THE CODE SH
OULD ALLOW"..'K.."FOR MOST VARIATIONS. P
LEASE FEEL FREE"..(L.."TO WRITE MODIFICA
TIONS TO THE ROUTINES".I(M.."IF YOU DESI
RE. IT IS THE DOING OF A".U(N.."THING TH
AT GIVES ONE THE TRUE UNDER-"..(O.."STAN
DING OF THE THING.".E(S..".SIMILATION PR
OGRAM IS FOUND ON THIS DISK";..(U..".FIL
ENAME IS QUEUES"..)X.. "....NEXT PAGE: G
OLD DISK MENU..."..)@.. 10000.').'.".":
. 49152.I).'SP.SP.1:."..................
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2.SP.SP.2..).'.".";:.53280,.(1).15."*.'.
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> CLICK IMAGE PREVIEW FOR FULL MODAL