SQTUT.B
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): SQTUT.B
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 25.4K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-10-19 22:49:26
APPEARS ON: 2 disk(s)
FILE HASH
ecf6a4b5e43b2dd4fac8182f781428a41934ad7b7254a88e84695382b6fba4a4
FOUND ON DISKS (2 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOLD DISK 4 | SQTUT.B | PRG | Radd Maxx | 8 | 18 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
| THE PHANTOM | SQTUT.B | PRG | Curtcool, Frank | 24 | 4 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
00000000: 00 30 25 58 58 0D 20 69 6E 74 72 6F 64 75 63 74 |.0%XX. introduct| 00000010: 69 6F 6E 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ion | 00000020: 20 20 20 20 20 70 61 67 65 20 20 20 31 20 20 0D | page 1 .| 00000030: 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 77 45 4C 43 4F 4D 45 20 54 4F | . . .wELCOME TO| 00000040: 20 54 48 45 20 20 54 55 54 4F 52 49 41 4C 20 20 | THE TUTORIAL | 00000050: 4F 4E 20 20 53 45 51 55 45 4E 54 49 41 4C 46 49 |ON SEQUENTIALFI| 00000060: 4C 45 53 2E 20 20 20 68 4F 50 45 46 55 4C 4C 59 |LES. hOPEFULLY| 00000070: 20 20 54 48 49 53 20 20 54 55 54 4F 52 49 41 4C | THIS TUTORIAL| 00000080: 20 20 57 49 4C 4C 53 48 4F 57 20 59 4F 55 20 48 | WILLSHOW YOU H| 00000090: 4F 57 20 50 4F 57 45 52 46 55 4C 20 54 48 45 20 |OW POWERFUL THE | 000000A0: 63 4F 4D 4D 4F 44 4F 52 45 20 46 49 4C 45 43 4F |cOMMODORE FILECO| 000000B0: 4D 4D 41 4E 44 53 20 20 41 52 45 2C 20 20 41 4E |MMANDS ARE, AN| 000000C0: 44 20 48 4F 57 20 45 41 53 59 20 54 48 45 59 20 |D HOW EASY THEY | 000000D0: 41 52 45 20 54 4F 55 53 45 2E 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D |ARE TOUSE. . . .| 000000E0: 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D | . . . . . . . .| 000000F0: 20 0D 20 0D 25 20 0D 20 62 41 53 49 43 20 66 49 | . .% . bASIC fI| 00000100: 4C 45 20 73 54 52 55 43 54 55 52 45 20 20 20 20 |LE sTRUCTURE | 00000110: 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 61 67 65 20 20 20 32 0D 20 | page 2. | 00000120: 0D 20 0D 20 0D 77 48 45 4E 20 49 4E 20 62 61 73 |. . .wHEN IN bas| 00000130: 69 63 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 63 4F 4D 4D 4F 44 |ic ON THE cOMMOD| 00000140: 4F 52 45 2C 20 54 48 45 20 4F 4E 4C 59 57 41 59 |ORE, THE ONLYWAY| 00000150: 20 54 4F 20 43 4F 4D 4D 55 4E 49 43 41 54 45 20 | TO COMMUNICATE | 00000160: 57 49 54 48 20 41 4E 59 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 73 |WITH ANY devices| 00000170: 20 54 48 41 54 41 52 45 20 50 52 45 53 45 4E 54 | THATARE PRESENT| 00000180: 20 49 53 20 54 48 52 4F 55 47 48 20 54 48 45 20 | IS THROUGH THE | 00000190: 55 53 45 20 20 4F 46 20 20 46 49 4C 45 53 54 41 |USE OF FILESTA| 000001A0: 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 53 2E 20 20 20 74 48 45 20 20 |TEMENTS. tHE | 000001B0: 63 4F 4D 4D 4F 44 4F 52 45 20 20 43 4F 4D 45 53 |cOMMODORE COMES| 000001C0: 20 57 49 54 48 53 45 56 45 52 41 4C 20 44 45 56 | WITHSEVERAL DEV| 000001D0: 49 43 45 53 20 57 48 45 4E 20 59 4F 55 20 42 55 |ICES WHEN YOU BU| 000001E0: 59 20 49 54 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 59 4F 55 43 41 4E |Y IT, AND YOUCAN| 000001F0: 20 20 41 4C 53 4F 20 20 41 44 44 20 44 45 56 49 | ALSO ADD DEVI| 00000200: 43 45 53 20 53 55 43 48 20 41 53 20 41 20 50 52 |CES SUCH AS A PR| 00000210: 49 4E 54 45 52 4F 52 20 44 49 53 4B 20 44 52 49 |INTEROR DISK DRI| 00000220: 56 45 2E 20 20 79 4F 55 20 4D 49 47 48 54 20 20 |VE. yOU MIGHT | 00000230: 41 4C 52 45 41 44 59 20 20 4B 4E 4F 57 54 48 41 |ALREADY KNOWTHA| 00000240: 54 20 20 54 48 45 52 45 20 20 41 52 45 20 41 43 |T THERE ARE AC| 00000250: 54 55 41 4C 4C 59 20 54 48 52 45 45 20 54 59 50 |TUALLY THREE TYP| 00000260: 45 53 20 4F 46 46 49 4C 45 53 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 |ES OFFILES ON TH| 00000270: 45 20 20 63 4F 4D 4D 4F 44 4F 52 45 2C 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20 70 52 49 4E 54 45 52 0D 20 20 20 20 |4,5 pRINTER. | 00000430: 20 38 2C 39 2C 31 30 2C 31 31 20 64 49 53 4B 20 | 8,9,10,11 dISK | 00000440: 64 52 49 56 45 53 0D 20 0D 74 48 45 20 4E 55 4D |dRIVES. .tHE NUM| 00000450: 42 45 52 53 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 4C 45 46 54 |BERS TO THE LEFT| 00000460: 20 20 4F 46 20 20 54 48 45 20 20 44 45 56 49 43 | OF THE DEVIC| 00000470: 45 4E 41 4D 45 20 49 53 20 54 48 45 20 64 65 76 |ENAME IS THE dev| 00000480: 69 63 65 20 6E 75 6D 62 65 72 2E 20 20 79 4F 55 |ice number. yOU| 00000490: 20 55 53 45 20 54 48 49 53 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 | USE THISNUMBER | 000004A0: 54 4F 20 54 45 4C 4C 20 54 48 45 20 43 4F 4D 50 |TO TELL THE COMP| 000004B0: 55 54 45 52 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 44 45 56 49 43 |UTER WHICH DEVIC| 000004C0: 45 59 4F 55 20 20 57 49 53 48 20 54 4F 20 53 45 |EYOU WISH TO SE| 000004D0: 4E 44 20 49 4E 46 4F 52 4D 41 54 49 4F 4E 20 54 |ND INFORMATION T| 000004E0: 4F 2C 20 4F 52 20 47 45 54 49 4E 46 4F 52 4D 41 |O, OR GETINFORMA| 000004F0: 54 49 4F 4E 20 46 52 4F 4D 2E 20 20 62 45 43 41 |TION FROM. bECA| 00000500: 55 53 45 20 54 48 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 4D 4F 52 |USE THERE IS MOR| 00000510: 45 25 20 0D 20 64 45 56 49 43 45 53 20 4F 4E 20 |E% . dEVICES ON | 00000520: 54 48 45 20 63 4F 4D 4D 4F 44 4F 52 45 20 20 20 |THE cOMMODORE | 00000530: 20 20 20 70 61 67 65 20 20 20 34 0D 20 0D 54 48 | page 4. .TH| 00000540: 41 4E 20 20 4F 4E 45 20 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 20 |AN ONE DEVICE | 00000550: 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 20 46 4F 52 20 41 20 44 | NUMBER FOR A D| 00000560: 49 53 4B 20 4F 52 50 52 49 4E 54 45 52 2C 20 49 |ISK ORPRINTER, I| 00000570: 54 20 57 4F 55 4C 44 20 53 45 45 4D 20 20 54 48 |T WOULD SEEM TH| 00000580: 41 54 20 20 59 4F 55 20 20 43 4F 55 4C 44 55 53 |AT YOU COULDUS| 00000590: 45 20 20 20 45 49 54 48 45 52 20 20 20 4E 55 4D |E EITHER NUM| 000005A0: 42 45 52 20 20 20 54 4F 20 20 41 43 43 45 53 53 |BER TO ACCESS| 000005B0: 20 20 54 48 49 53 50 41 52 54 49 43 55 4C 41 52 | THISPARTICULAR| 000005C0: 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 2E 20 20 69 54 20 49 53 20 | DEVICE. iT IS | 000005D0: 4E 4F 54 20 51 55 49 54 45 20 54 48 41 54 53 49 |NOT QUITE THATSI| 000005E0: 4D 50 4C 45 20 20 54 48 4F 55 47 48 2E 20 20 6D |MPLE THOUGH. m| 000005F0: 4F 53 54 20 44 49 53 4B 20 55 4E 49 54 53 20 59 |OST DISK UNITS Y| 00000600: 4F 55 20 42 55 59 41 52 45 20 53 45 54 20 55 50 |OU BUYARE SET UP| 00000610: 20 41 53 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 | AS DEVICE NUMBE| 00000620: 52 20 38 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 20 4D 4F 53 54 50 52 |R 8, AND MOSTPR| 00000630: 49 4E 54 45 52 53 20 20 41 52 45 20 20 53 45 54 |INTERS ARE SET| 00000640: 20 20 55 50 20 20 41 53 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 20 | UP AS DEVICE | 00000650: 34 2E 20 20 74 4F 43 48 41 4E 47 45 20 54 48 49 |4. tOCHANGE THI| 00000660: 53 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 2C 20 59 4F 55 20 4D 55 |S NUMBER, YOU MU| 00000670: 53 54 20 45 49 54 48 45 52 20 53 45 4E 44 41 20 |ST EITHER SENDA | 00000680: 20 43 4F 4D 4D 41 4E 44 20 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 | COMMAND TO THE| 00000690: 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 2C 20 4F 52 20 50 48 59 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VALUE.tO R| 00000770: 45 46 45 52 20 54 4F 20 41 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 |EFER TO A DEVICE| 00000780: 20 59 4F 55 20 20 4D 55 53 54 20 20 55 53 45 20 | YOU MUST USE | 00000790: 20 54 48 45 44 45 56 49 43 45 20 20 20 4E 55 4D | THEDEVICE NUM| 000007A0: 42 45 52 2E 20 20 20 20 6E 4F 57 20 20 20 54 48 |BER. nOW TH| 000007B0: 49 53 20 20 20 43 41 4E 20 20 42 45 49 4E 43 4F |IS CAN BEINCO| 000007C0: 4E 56 45 4E 49 45 4E 54 2E 20 20 61 20 53 49 4D |NVENIENT. a SIM| 000007D0: 50 4C 45 20 45 58 41 4D 50 4C 45 20 57 4F 55 4C |PLE EXAMPLE WOUL| 000007E0: 44 20 42 45 54 48 45 20 20 43 41 53 45 20 20 4F |D BETHE CASE O| 000007F0: 46 20 41 20 50 45 52 53 4F 4E 20 57 48 4F 20 48 |F A PERSON WHO H| 00000800: 41 44 20 41 20 50 52 49 4E 54 45 52 54 48 41 54 |AD A PRINTERTHAT| 00000810: 20 57 41 53 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 | WAS DEVICE NUMB| 00000820: 45 52 20 35 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 41 20 20 50 52 4F |ER 5, AND A PRO| 00000830: 47 52 41 4D 25 20 0D 20 64 45 56 49 43 45 53 20 |GRAM% . dEVICES | 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20 20 50 52 49 4E 54 45 52 2E 20 20 20 |THE PRINTER. | 00000920: 66 4F 52 20 20 54 48 49 53 52 45 41 53 4F 4E 2C |fOR THISREASON,| 00000930: 20 54 48 45 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 | THE DEVICE NUMB| 00000940: 45 52 20 20 49 53 20 20 6E 6F 74 20 20 55 53 45 |ER IS not USE| 00000950: 44 44 49 52 45 43 54 4C 59 2E 20 0D 20 0D 61 4E |DDIRECTLY. . .aN| 00000960: 4F 54 48 45 52 20 20 20 52 45 41 53 4F 4E 20 20 |OTHER REASON | 00000970: 57 48 59 20 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 53 20 20 41 52 |WHY DEVICES AR| 00000980: 45 20 20 4E 4F 54 41 43 45 53 53 45 44 20 57 49 |E NOTACESSED WI| 00000990: 54 48 20 54 48 45 49 52 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 20 |TH THEIR DEVICE | 000009A0: 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 49 53 20 54 48 41 54 59 4F |NUMBER IS THATYO| 000009B0: 55 20 20 4D 41 59 20 20 57 41 4E 54 20 54 4F 20 |U MAY WANT TO | 000009C0: 55 53 45 20 54 48 45 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 20 46 |USE THE DEVICE F| 000009D0: 4F 52 20 54 57 4F 44 49 46 46 45 52 45 4E 54 20 |OR TWODIFFERENT | 000009E0: 50 55 52 50 4F 53 45 53 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54 48 45 20 |USING JUST THE | 00000AC0: 44 45 56 49 43 45 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 2E 20 20 20 |DEVICENUMBER. | 00000AD0: 77 48 45 4E 20 20 41 20 20 46 49 4C 45 20 20 4F |wHEN A FILE O| 00000AE0: 52 20 20 44 45 56 49 43 45 20 20 20 49 53 41 43 |R DEVICE ISAC| 00000AF0: 43 45 53 53 45 44 2C 20 20 41 20 20 66 69 6C 65 |CESSED, A file| 00000B00: 20 6E 75 6D 62 65 72 20 49 53 20 41 53 53 49 47 | number IS ASSIG| 00000B10: 4E 45 44 20 54 4F 49 54 2C 20 41 4E 44 20 54 48 |NED TOIT, AND TH| 00000B20: 45 20 46 49 4C 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 49 53 |E FILE NUMBER IS| 00000B30: 20 55 53 45 44 20 54 4F 20 52 45 46 45 52 25 20 | USED TO REFER% | 00000B40: 0D 20 64 45 56 49 43 45 53 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 |. dEVICES ON THE| 00000B50: 20 63 4F 4D 4D 4F 44 4F 52 45 20 20 20 20 20 20 | cOMMODORE | 00000B60: 70 61 67 65 20 20 20 36 0D 20 0D 54 4F 20 54 48 |page 6. .TO TH| 00000B70: 41 54 20 46 49 4C 45 2E 20 20 74 48 49 53 2C 20 |AT FILE. tHIS, | 00000B80: 4F 46 20 43 4F 55 52 53 45 2C 20 4C 45 41 44 53 |OF 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00000C60: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2C 3C 41 44 44 52 45 53 | ,<ADDRES| 00000C70: 53 3E 2C 22 3C 43 4F 4D 4D 41 4E 44 20 53 54 52 |S>,"<COMMAND STR| 00000C80: 49 4E 47 3E 22 20 0D 20 0D 74 48 45 20 4F 50 45 |ING>" . .tHE OPE| 00000C90: 4E 20 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 20 20 54 45 4C |N STATEMENT TEL| 00000CA0: 4C 53 20 20 54 48 45 20 20 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 45 |LS THE COMPUTE| 00000CB0: 52 54 48 41 54 20 20 59 4F 55 20 20 49 4E 54 45 |RTHAT YOU INTE| 00000CC0: 4E 44 20 54 4F 20 55 53 45 20 54 48 49 53 20 50 |ND TO USE THIS P| 00000CD0: 41 52 54 49 43 55 4C 41 52 44 45 56 49 43 45 2E |ARTICULARDEVICE.| 00000CE0: 20 20 74 48 45 20 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 45 52 20 57 | tHE COMPUTER W| 00000CF0: 49 4C 4C 20 54 48 45 4E 20 53 45 54 20 54 48 49 |ILL THEN SET THI| 00000D00: 53 44 45 56 49 43 45 20 20 55 50 20 20 46 4F 52 |SDEVICE UP FOR| 00000D10: 20 59 4F 55 2E 20 20 74 48 45 20 4F 50 45 4E 20 | YOU. tHE OPEN | 00000D20: 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E 54 41 4C 53 4F 20 41 53 |STATEMENTALSO AS| 00000D30: 53 49 47 4E 53 20 20 54 48 45 20 20 46 49 4C 45 |SIGNS THE FILE| 00000D40: 20 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 20 54 4F 20 20 54 48 | NUMBER TO TH| 00000D50: 45 44 45 56 49 43 45 2E 20 20 66 52 4F 4D 20 54 |EDEVICE. fROM T| 00000D60: 48 49 53 20 50 4F 49 4E 54 20 4F 4E 2C 20 54 48 |HIS POINT ON, TH| 00000D70: 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 4E 4F 4E 45 45 44 20 54 4F |ERE IS NONEED TO| 00000D80: 20 52 45 46 45 52 20 54 4F 20 54 48 45 20 44 45 | REFER TO THE DE| 00000D90: 56 49 43 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 2E 20 20 74 48 |VICE NUMBER. tH| 00000DA0: 45 46 49 4C 45 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 4D 55 53 |EFILE NUMBER MUS| 00000DB0: 54 20 42 45 20 41 4E 20 49 4E 54 45 47 45 52 20 |T BE AN INTEGER | 00000DC0: 46 52 4F 4D 20 31 20 54 4F 31 32 37 2E 20 20 20 |FROM 1 TO127. | 00000DD0: 79 4F 55 20 20 57 49 4C 4C 20 20 53 45 45 20 20 |yOU WILL SEE | 00000DE0: 4C 41 54 45 52 20 20 54 48 41 54 20 20 20 54 48 |LATER THAT TH| 00000DF0: 45 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 53 20 32 20 54 4F 20 31 34 |ENUMBERS 2 TO 14| 00000E00: 20 41 52 45 20 55 53 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20 20 32 30 2C 20 |LESS THAN 20, | 00006330: 20 54 48 45 4E 20 20 4E 4F 20 20 45 52 52 4F 52 | THEN NO ERROR| 00006340: 20 48 41 53 4F 43 43 55 52 45 44 2E 20 20 69 46 | HASOCCURED. iF| 00006350: 20 41 4E 20 45 52 52 4F 52 20 48 41 53 20 4F 43 | AN ERROR HAS OC| 00006360: 43 55 52 45 44 2C 20 20 54 48 45 4E 62 24 20 20 |CURED, THENb$ | 00006370: 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E 53 20 20 54 48 45 20 45 52 |CONTAINS THE ER| 00006380: 52 4F 52 20 4D 45 53 53 41 47 45 2E 20 20 63 24 |ROR MESSAGE. c$| 00006390: 20 41 4E 44 64 24 20 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E 20 54 | ANDd$ CONTAIN T| 000063A0: 48 45 20 54 52 41 43 4B 20 41 4E 44 20 20 53 45 |HE TRACK AND SE| 000063B0: 43 54 4F 52 20 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 57 48 45 52 |CTOR NUMBERWHER| 000063C0: 45 20 20 54 48 45 20 20 45 52 52 4F 52 20 20 4F |E THE ERROR O| 000063D0: 43 43 55 52 45 44 2C 20 20 49 46 20 20 54 48 49 |CCURED, IF THI| 000063E0: 53 20 49 53 41 50 50 52 4F 50 52 49 41 54 45 2E |S ISAPPROPRIATE.| 000063F0: 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 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20 20 69 54 20 49 53 20 41 62 61 73 |ISK. iT IS Abas| 000064E0: 69 63 20 70 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 54 48 41 54 20 |ic pROGRAM THAT | 000064F0: 44 45 4D 4F 4E 53 54 52 41 54 45 53 20 4D 4F 53 |DEMONSTRATES MOS| 00006500: 54 20 20 4F 46 57 48 41 54 20 57 45 20 48 41 56 |T OFWHAT WE HAV| 00006510: 45 20 44 4F 4E 45 20 48 45 52 45 2E 20 20 74 52 |E DONE HERE. tR| 00006520: 59 20 49 54 20 4F 55 54 20 4F 4E 20 41 42 4C 41 |Y IT OUT ON ABLA| 00006530: 4E 4B 20 28 42 55 54 20 20 46 4F 52 4D 41 54 54 |NK (BUT FORMATT| 00006540: 45 44 2C 20 20 4F 52 20 20 6E 65 77 44 29 20 20 |ED, OR newD) | 00006550: 44 49 53 4B 2E 74 52 59 20 20 20 4D 4F 44 49 46 |DISK.tRY MODIF| 00006560: 59 49 4E 47 20 20 49 54 20 20 54 4F 20 20 53 55 |YING IT TO SU| 00006570: 49 54 20 20 59 4F 55 52 20 20 4F 57 4E 50 55 52 |IT YOUR OWNPUR| 00006580: 50 4F 53 45 53 2C 20 54 4F 20 53 45 45 20 48 4F |POSES, TO SEE HO| 00006590: 57 20 4D 55 43 48 20 59 4F 55 20 4C 45 41 52 4E |W MUCH YOU LEARN| 000065A0: 45 44 2E 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D 20 0D |ED.. . . . . . .| 000065B0: 20 0D 25 20 0D | .% . |
.0%XX. INTRODUCTION PAG
E 1 . . . .WELCOME TO THE TUTORIAL
ON SEQUENTIALFILES. HOPEFULLY THIS
TUTORIAL WILLSHOW YOU HOW POWERFUL THE
COMMODORE FILECOMMANDS ARE, AND HOW EA
SY THEY ARE TOUSE. . . . . . . . . . . .
. .% . BASIC FILE STRUCTURE PA
GE 2. . . .WHEN IN BASIC ON THE COMMOD
ORE, THE ONLYWAY TO COMMUNICATE WITH ANY
DEVICES THATARE PRESENT IS THROUGH THE
USE OF FILESTATEMENTS. THE COMMODOR
E COMES WITHSEVERAL DEVICES WHEN YOU BU
Y IT, AND YOUCAN ALSO ADD DEVICES SUCH
AS A PRINTEROR DISK DRIVE. YOU MIGHT
ALREADY KNOWTHAT THERE ARE ACTUALLY T
HREE TYPES OFFILES ON THE COMMODORE, B
UT THE TYPETHAT WE ARE GOING T
O LOOK AT,SEQUENTIAL, ARE THE ONES YO
U WILL NEEDTO USE THE MOST.. . . . . .
.% . DEVICES ON THE COMMODORE PAGE
3. . .WHAT DEVICES DOES THE COMMODORE
HAVE?. .YOU WILL ALREADY KNOW OF MOST
OF THEM.BELOW IS A LIST OF THE DEVICES
THAT ASTANDARD COMMODORE IS PROGR
AMMED TOACCEPT. . . 0 KEYBOARD.
1 DATASETTE UNIT . 2 RS232 PORT.
3 SCREEN. 4,5 PRINTER. 8,9,10,
11 DISK DRIVES. .THE NUMBERS TO THE LEFT
OF THE DEVICENAME IS THE DEVICE NUMB
ER. YOU USE THISNUMBER TO TELL THE COMP
UTER WHICH DEVICEYOU WISH TO SEND INFOR
MATION TO, OR GETINFORMATION FROM. BECA
USE THERE IS MORE% . DEVICES ON THE COMM
ODORE PAGE 4. .THAN ONE DEVICE
NUMBER FOR A DISK ORPRINTER, IT WOULD
SEEM THAT YOU COULDUSE EITHER NUM
BER TO ACCESS THISPARTICULAR DEVICE.
IT IS NOT QUITE THATSIMPLE THOUGH. M
OST DISK UNITS YOU BUYARE SET UP AS DEVI
CE NUMBER 8, AND MOSTPRINTERS ARE SET
UP AS DEVICE 4. TOCHANGE THIS NUMBER
, YOU MUST EITHER SENDA COMMAND TO THE
DEVICE, OR PHYSICALLYOPEN THE UNIT AND
CHANGE AN INTERNALSETTING. SEE YOU
R DEVICE'S USER MANUALFOR INFORMATION ON
HOW TO DO THIS. . .AS YOU CAN SEE, THE
DEVICE NUMBER ISPRETTY WELL FIXED
AT A CERTAIN VALUE.TO REFER TO A DEVICE
YOU MUST USE THEDEVICE NUMBER.
NOW THIS CAN BEINCONVENIENT. A SIM
PLE EXAMPLE WOULD BETHE CASE OF A PERS
ON WHO HAD A PRINTERTHAT WAS DEVICE NUMB
ER 5, AND A PROGRAM% . DEVICES ON THE C
OMMODORE PAGE 5. .THAT USED DEV
ICE 4 AS THE PRINTER. TOTRY TO RUN THIS
PROGRAM WOULD CAUSE ANERROR, AND IT
WOULD BE INCONVENIENT TOCHANGE EVERY LI
NE IN THE PROGRAM THATREFERED TO
THE PRINTER. FOR THISREASON, THE DEV
ICE NUMBER IS NOT USEDDIRECTLY. . .AN
OTHER REASON WHY DEVICES ARE NOTAC
ESSED WITH THEIR DEVICE NUMBER IS THATYO
U MAY WANT TO USE THE DEVICE FOR TWODI
FFERENT PURPOSES AT THE SAME TIME.TA
KE FOR EXAMPLE THE DISK UNIT. YOU MAYAC
CESS MORE THAN ONE FILE AT A TIME ONTH
E DISK UNIT BY ASSIGNING EACH OF THEMA
DIFFERENT FILE NUMBER. THIS WOULD NOTBE
POSSIBLE BY USING JUST THE DEVICENU
MBER. WHEN A FILE OR DEVICE ISAC
CESSED, A FILE NUMBER IS ASSIGNED TOIT
, AND THE FILE NUMBER IS USED TO REFER%
. DEVICES ON THE COMMODORE PAGE 6
. .TO THAT FILE. THIS, OF COURSE, LEADS
USTO THE OPEN STATEMENT, AND HOW IT WOR
KS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%
. THE OPEN STATEMENT PAGE
7. . .THE OPEN STATEMENT HAS THE FOL
LOWINGSYNTAX: . OPEN <FILE NUMBER>,<D
EVICE>,. ,<ADDRESS>,"<COMMAND STR
ING>" . .THE OPEN STATEMENT TELLS THE
COMPUTERTHAT YOU INTEND TO USE THIS P
ARTICULARDEVICE. THE COMPUTER WILL THEN
SET THISDEVICE UP FOR YOU. THE OPEN
STATEMENTALSO ASSIGNS THE FILE NUMBER
TO THEDEVICE. FROM THIS POINT ON, TH
ERE IS NONEED TO REFER TO THE DEVICE NUM
BER. THEFILE NUMBER MUST BE AN INTEGER
FROM 1 TO127. YOU WILL SEE LATER T
HAT THENUMBERS 2 TO 14 ARE USED NORMAL
LY.. .YOU WILL ALSO NOTICE TWO ADDI
TIONALPARAMETERS: THE ADDRESS AND THE C
OMMANDSTRING. THESE TWO PARAMETERS AR
E USED% . THE OPEN STATEMENT
PAGE 8. .TO SEND ADDITIONAL INFORMATI
ON TO THEDEVICE IN QUESTION. THESE
PARAMETERSARE OFTEN OPTIONAL. YOU WI
LL GET ANIDEA OF WHAT THEY ARE F
OR IN THEFOLLOWING EXAMPLES: . . OPEN
6,0 . ASSIGN FILE NUMBER 6 TO T
HE. KEYBOARD. . OPEN 2,1,0,"DATA".
ASSIGN FILE NUMBER 2 TO THE. DA
TASETTE UNIT. THE 0 INDICATES . THAT
THE FILE IS TO BE READ . ONLY,
AND THE TAPE IS TO BE. SEARCHED
FOR THE FILE NAMED . "DATA". OPE
N 4,3 . ASSIGN FILE NUMBER 4 TO
THE. SCREEN. . .% . THE OPEN STATEMEN
T PAGE 9. . . OPEN 9,4,7 .
ASSIGN FILE NUMBER 9 TO THE.
PRINTER. THE 7 WILL PUT THE . PR
INTER IN UPPER/LOWER CASE . MODE
. . OPEN 3,8,3,"DATA/DSK,S,W" . ASSI
GNS FILE 3 TO THE FILE . "DATA/D
SK" ON THE DISK DRIVE. . THE OTHE
R PARAMETERS INDICATE . THAT CHANNE
L 3 IS TO BE USED, . AND THAT THE
FILE IS SEQUENTIAL. ( ,S )AND MAY BE
WRITTEN TO ( ,W . ).. . . . . . .% .
THE CLOSE STATEMENT PAGE 10
. .THE CLOSE STATEMENT HAS THE FOLLO
WINGSYNTAX: . . CLOSE <FILE NUMBER> .
.THE CLOSE STATEMENT HAS THE OPPOSI
TEEFFECT OF THE OPEN STATEMENT. WHEN Y
OUCLOSE A FILE NUMBER THAT WAS USED F
ORSOME DEVICE, THE UNIT NUMBER
ISDISCONNECTED FROM THE DEVICE IT W
ASASSIGNED TO, AND CAN NO LONGER BE US
EDAS A FILE. IT IS AS IF THE FILE WE
RENEVER OPENED IN THE FIRST PLACE.. .IT
IS ESSENTIAL THAT CERTAIN FILES BECLO
SED AFTER USE. THE MOST IMPORTANTFIL
ES TO CLOSE ARE DISK FILES. THEREA
SON THAT THIS IS SO IMPORTANT IS THATAS
YOU WRITE YOUR FILE TO THE DISK UNIT,% .
THE CLOSE STATEMENT PAGE 11
.THE DISK UNIT KEEPS TRACK OF WHERE T
HENEW INFORMATION IS BEING PLACED. WH
ENYOU CLOSE THE FILE, THE COMPUTER TH
ENUPDATES ITS DIRECTORY FILES TO ALLOCA
TETHOSE PARTS OF THE DISK TO THE NEW FIL
E.IF YOU NEGLECT TO CLOSE THE FILE, TH
ISUPDATE NEVER OCCOURS, AND AS NEW FIL
ESOR PROGRAMS ARE WRITTEN TO THE DIS
K,THEY WILL BE WRITTEN ON TOP OF YO
URFILE. . .IF A PRINTER FILE IS
NOT CLOSEDPROPERLY, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT
THE LASTPORTION OF YOUR PRINTOUT
WILL NOTAPPEAR, EVEN THOUGH THE INFOR
MATION WASSENT TO THE PRINTER.
TO PREVENTPROBLEMS LIKE THIS, MAKE SUR
E, FIRSTLYTO PRINT A NULL LINE TO A FI
LE WHEN YOUARE FINISHED, AND SECONDLY TO
CLOSE IT.THE NULL LINE WILL ENSURE TH
AT ALL DATA% . THE CLOSE STATEMENT
PAGE 12 .HAS BEEN TRANSFERRED TO
THE FILE BEFORECLOSING. . . EG: PRIN
T#5,"" : CLOSE 5. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .% . THE PRINT# STATEMENT
PAGE 13 . .THE SYNTAX OF THE PRINT#
STATEMENT IS ASFOLLOWS: . . PRINT#<F
ILE NUMBER>,<VARIABLES>. .THE FILE NUMBE
R MUST BE THE SAME NUMBERTHAT WAS USE
D IN THE OPEN STATEMENT.THE VARIABLES
CAN BE STRINGS, REALVARIABLES OR
INTEGERS. YOU MUSTSEPARATE THEM
WITH COMMAS OR SEMICOLONS. .SPECIAL NOT
E: THE COMMODORE ALLOWS YOUTO TYPE IN
ABBREVIATIONS FOR BASICKEYWORDS.
FOR INSTANCE, THE SHORT FORMFOR PRINT IS
"?". HOWEVER, THE SHORTFORM FOR
PRINT# IS NOT "?#". THECORRECT SHOR
T FORM IS "P" <SHIFT>"R".THE USE OF
"?#" WILL RESULT IS ANINEXPLICABLE
SYNTAX ERROR, AND THE LINE% . THE PRIN
T# STATEMENT PAGE 14 .WILL HA
VE TO BE RETYPED. . .THE PRINT STATEME
NT ALLOWS YOU TO SENDANY STRING OR NUMER
IC VARIABLE, OR ANYSTRING OR NUMERIC
CONSTANT, TO THE FILEYOU OPENED. A STRI
NG CONSTANT IS SIMPLYCHARACTERS IN QUOTE
S. . .FOR EXAMPLE THE FOLLOWING
PRINTSTATEMENT: . . PRINT#6,10.5,"ST
RING",13.2. .WOULD PRINT: . . 10.5
STRING 13.2<RETURN>. .NOTICE THE
<RETURN> CHARACTER. THEREARE TIMES W
HEN YOU WILL WISH DATA IN ASEQUENTIAL
FILE TO LOOK AS IF IT WERE% . THE PRI
NT# STATEMENT PAGE 15 .TYPED
FROM THE KEYBOARD. IN THESECASES,
YOU MUST BE CAREFUL WHERE THE<RETUR
N> CHARACTER OCCOURS. THIS ISBECAUS
E THE RETURN CHARACTER ACTS AS THEEND O
F A DATA LINE FOR THE INPUT#STATEM
ENT, WHICH WILL BE DISCUSSED ALITTLE
LATER. IF YOU THINK ABOUT IT,THE
SAME IS TRUE FOR THE INPUTSTATEM
ENT. THE COMPUTER ONLY PROCESSESWHAT
YOU HAVE TYPED AFTER YOU PRESS<RETUR
N>. . .WHEN USING THE PRINT# STA
TEMENT,REMEMBER THAT A NORMAL PRINT# ST
ATEMENTADDS THIS <RETURN> CH
ARACTERAUTOMATICALLY. PRINT# STATEMENTS
ENDINGIN EITHER THE ";" OR "," CHARACT
ERS DONOT SEND THIS CHARACTER TO TH
E FILE,ALTHOUGH THE "," DOES ADD SPACES
.. .% . THE PRINT# STATEMENT PA
GE 16 .SAY WE WANTED TO PUT THE NUMBER
S 1 TO 10ONTO FILE NUMBER 6. HOW WOULD
.WE DO THIS? THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE IS ON
EWAY: . . 100 FOR I=1 TO 9. 110 PR
INT#6,I;",";. 120 NEXT I: PRINT#6,"10
". .THE FOR LOOP PRINTS THE NUMBERS
1THROUGH 9 ONTO THE FILE AND ADDS
THECOMMA EACH TIME. BECAUSE THERE I
S ASEMICOLON AT THE END OF THE P
RINTSTATEMENT, NO <RETURN> CHARACTER
ISGENERATED UNTIL LINE 120 WHERE THE F
INALNUMBER "10" HAS BEEN ADDED. . . . .
.% . THE PRINT# STATEMENT PAGE
17 .YOU HAVE SEEN HOW TO SUPRESS
THE<RETURN> CHARACTER WHEN PRINTING.
WHATIF YOU WANT TO ADD IT ON PURPOSE?
IF YOUTRY DOING SOMTHING LIKE: . .110 P
RINT#6,A,"<RETURN>",B,"<RETURN>",C .YOU
WON'T SUCCEED. EVEN THOUGH THE<RE
TURN> IS A VALID CHARACTER TO HAVE INA S
TRING, IT IS NOT LEGAL TO PUT IT INDIR
ECTLY. YOU MUST USE THE CHR$( )FUN
CTION TO GENERATE THE CHARACTERFIR
ST, AND THEN PRINT IT .AS A STRING VARI
ABLE. FOR EXAMPLE, THEFOLLOWING APPROAC
H WOULD WORK: . . 100 R$=CHR$(13):A=
1:B=2:C=3 . 110 PRINT#6,A;R$;B;R$;C;R
$. .R$ HAS BEEN ASSIGNED THE <RET
URN>% . THE PRINT# STATEMENT PA
GE 18 .CHARACTER. THEREFORE THE .OUTP
UT TO THE FILE WILL LOOK LIKE THIS: .1
<RETURN> .2<RETURN> .3<RETURN> . .OF COU
RSE USING THE CHR$( ) FUNCTION ISNOT L
IMITED TO GENERATING THE <RETURN>CHARAC
TER. BY LOOKING IN APPENDIX F OFYOUR
USERS MANUAL, YOU WILL FIND A CODEFOR EV
ERY CHARACTER THAT THE COMMODOREPRINTS
, AS WELL AS CHARACTERS THAT MOVETHE CU
RSOR, CLEAR THE SCREEN, AND CHANGETHE
SCREEN COLOURS. ALL CAN BEGENERA
TED BY USING THE CHR$ FUNCTION.GENERA
LLY THE CHR$( ) OPTION IS USEDWHEN
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PUT APARTIC
ULAR CHARACTER IN A STRINGDIRECT
LY. ONE CHARACTER THAT GIVES THIS% . TH
E PRINT# STATEMENT PAGE 19 .P
ROBLEM, THAT WE WILL WANT TO USE A LOT,I
S THE " DOUBLE QUOTE CHARACTER. THISC
HARACTER IS ONE THAT WE OFTEN WISH TOI
NCLUDE IN PRINT STATEMENTS TO A FILE.I
N THIS CASE WE CAN GENERATE IT ASC
HR$(34). FOR EXAMPLE: . . 100 Q$=CHR
$(34):R$=CHR$(13) . 110 A$="THIS, IS
A STRING". 120 PRINT#6,Q$;A$;Q$;R$ .
.IN THIS THE CONTENTS OF THE FILE WOUL
DCONTAIN: . . "THIS, IS A STRING"<RET
URN> . .THIS LOOKS A LOT LIKE WHAT Y
OU MIGHTTYPE IF PROMPTED BY AN INPUT ST
ATEMENT.THAT IS THE IDEA. BY ENCLOSING
THE LINEIN QUOTES, AS WE WILL SEE, IT MA
KES THE% . THE PRINT# STATEMENT
PAGE 20 .JOB OF READING THIS INFORM
ATION BACK INA LOT EASIER. . .NOTE THAT
THIS PARTICULAR STRING MUST BEIN QUOTES
, BECAUSE IT INCLUDES A COMMA.THIS WOULD
ALSO BE TRUE IF YOU HAD TYPEDTHIS IN
AT THE KEYBOARD FOR A INPUTSTATEMENT.
WITHOUT THE QUOTES, HALF THESTRING WOU
LD BE IGNORED.. . . . . . . . . . . .% .
THE INPUT STATEMENT PAGE 21
.THE INPUT# STATEMENT HAS THE FOLLOWI
NGSYNTAX: . . INPUT#<FILE>,<VARIABLES
> . .THE INPUT# STATEMENT ALLOWS YOU TO
READFROM A FILE AS IF YOU WERE T
AKINGINFORMATION FROM THE KEYBOARD. YOU
WILLNOW SEE WHY IT WAS SO IMPORTANT TO
KNOWEXACTLY WHAT THE PRINT# STATEMENT
WASDOING. IF FOR EXAMPLE PART OF
YOURPROGRAM WERE TO READ IN THE FOLL
OWINGVARIABLES: . . 100 INPUT#1,N,A$,
L$ . .THE FILE THAT THE COMPUTER WAS R
EADINGFROM WOULD HAVE TO HAVE A FORMAT
THATLOOKED SOMTHING LIKE THE FOLLOWING
: . .% . THE INPUT STATEMENT P
AGE 22 . 32, HELLO, "TEST, TEST"<RE
TURN> . . .YOU CAN SEE THAT THE FIRS
T ITEM IS ANUMBER. WHEN THE COMPUTER LO
OKS AT THECHARACTERS THAT MAKE UP THIS
NUMBER, ITNEEDS TO FIND A CHARACTER TH
AT DENOTESTHE END OF THE NUMBER. IF
THERE WEREONLY ONE NUMBER TO READ, TH
E COMPUTERWOULD EXPECT TO FIND
A <RETURN>CHARACTOR TO END THE LINE.
IN THISCASE, THE COMPUTER IS REA
DING THREEITEMS. THE COMPUTER WILL THE
N EXPECT TOSEE COMMAS SEPARATING THESE
ITEMS FROMONE ANOTHER. ONCE THE COMPUT
ER HAS READTHE NUMBER AT THE BEGINING O
F THE LINE,IT CONTINUES ALONG THE LINE T
O READ INTHE FIRST STRING. A COMMA
FOLLOWS THESTRING AND THEN THE COMPUTER
READS THELAST STRING. NOTE THAT THE
LAST STRING% . THE INPUT STATEMENT
PAGE 23 .IS QUOTED BECAUSE IT CON
TAINS A COMMA.A RETURN CHARACTER IN
DICATES TO THECOMPUTER THAT THIS LINE
IN THE FILE ISFINISHED. IF THERE
WAS NO RETURNCHARACTER, THE INFORMATI
ON FOLLOWING ONTHIS LINE WOULD BE C
ONSIDERED TO BEEXTRA. THE NEXT TIME
AN INPUT# WASEXECUTED, THE COMPUTER W
OULD SKIP TO THENEXT <RETURN> CHARACTER
BEFORE READING,AND YOU WOULD LOSE SOME
OF YOUR DATA.. .WHAT IF WE WANTED TO
USE THE PRINT#STATEMENT TO GENERATE TH
E DATA LINE THATWE JUST LOOKED AT. IF W
E WERE TO OPEN ASEQUENTIAL FILE, SAY 1,
WE COULD USE APRINT# STATEMENT TO GENE
RATE A LINE IN AFILE THAT THE INPUT# STA
TEMENT. . . .% . THE INPUT STATEMENT
PAGE 24 .COULD READ. THE
FOLLOWING PRINT#STATEMENT WOULD DO THI
S: . .100 Q$=CHR$(34):REM Q$ SET TO " .
110 N=32.120 H$="HELLO":T$="TEST, TEST".
130 PRINT#1,N;",";H$;",";Q$;T$;Q$ . .NOT
E AGAIN THAT THE SECOND STRING MUSTBE
ENCLOSED IN QUOTES BECAUSE ITCON
TAINS A COMMA. . .THERE ARE TWO TIMES
WHEN A STRING MUSTBE IN QUOTES: FIRSTLY
IF THERE IS ONE ORMORE COMMAS ANYWHERE
IN THE STRING, ORSECONDLY IF THERE AR
E SPACES AT THEBEGINNING OR END OF
THE STRING. BELOWARE SOME EXAMPLES OF V
ALID STRINGS: . . "TEST, TEST, TEST".%
. THE INPUT STATEMENT PAGE 2
5 . TEST TEST TEST . TEST/TEST / TE
ST . " TEST " . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .% . THE GET# STATEMENT
PAGE 26 . .THERE ARE MANY TIME
S WHEN IT ISDESIRABLE TO HAVE MO
RE CONTROL OF WHATIS BEING READ FROM A F
ILE. FILES ARE,AS WAS SAID EARLI
ER, A SERIES OFCHARACTERS. SOMETIME
S IT IS MORECONVENIENT TO READ F
ILES THIS WAY, ONECHARACTER AT A TIME.
FOR INSTANCE, WHATIF YOU WANTED TO READ
A SEQUENTIAL FILETHAT YOU KNEW NOTHING
ABOUT? THIS WOULDBE IMPOSSIBLE TO
DO WITH INPUT#STATEMENTS BECAUSE OF
PROBLEMS WITH THE<RETURN>, QUOTE AND CO
MMA CHARACTERS.. .THE GET# STATEMENT AND
THE GET STATEMENTALLOW THE COMPUTER TO
READ ONE CHARACTERAT A TIME. EACH
CHARACTER CAN BEEXAMINED, AND THERE
IS NO FEAR OFGETTING AN ERROR NO
MATTER WHAT THECHARACTER IS. THE GET
# STATEMENT IS FOR% . THE GET# STATEMENT
PAGE 27 .FILES, AND THE
GET STATEMENT IS FORREADING FROM THE
KEYBOARD EXCLUSIVELY. . .THE SYNTAX OF T
HE GET# STATEMENT IS ASFOLLOWS: . .
GET#<FILE>,<STRING VARIABLE>. .FOR THE
GET STATEMENT: . . GET <STRING VARIA
BLE> . .THERE IS ONE SMALL EXCEPTION TO
HOW THEGET STATEMENT WORKS. IF YOU TRY
TO GETA CHARACTER FROM THE KEYBOARD
WHEN NOKEY HAS BEEN TYPED, OR GET# A C
HARACTERTHAT HAS AN ASC(A$) VALUE OF 0,
THE GETFUNCTION WILL RETURN A NULL STRI
NG, "".THIS IS GREAT FOR CHECKING
IF THEKEYBOARD HAS BEEN USED, BUT NOT
SO GOOD% . THE GET# STATEMENT
PAGE 28 .IF YOU ARE READING FROM
A DISK FILE.HERE ARE SOME WAYS TO USE
THIS FEATUREAND AVOID IT'S PITFALLS: .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .% . THE
GET# STATEMENT PAGE 29 .
EX: INPUT FROM KEYBOARD.. .100 REM REA
D A STRING (L$) FROM .110 REM KEYBOARD U
SING GET.120 REM R$=<RETURN CHARACTER> .
130 L$="":R$=CHR$(13) .140 GET A$: IF A$
="" THEN 140 .150 IF A$=R$ THEN 170 .160
PRINT A$;L$=L$+A$:GOTO 140.170 REM L$ N
OW HAS WHAT WAS TYPED IN. . . EX: RE
AD DATA FROM FILE, DISPLAYCHR$( ) . .
100 OPEN 1,6,3,"DATA,S,R" .110 GET#1,A$:
IF ST<>0 THEN 300 .120 CH=ASC(A$+CHR$(0
)).130 PRINT CH.140 GOTO 110.300 CLOSE 1
.% . THE GET# STATEMENT PAGE
30 . .THE FIRST ROUTINE IS DESIGNED T
O READ INA STRING FROM THE KEYBOARD A
ND PUT ITINTO THE VARIABLE L$. IN
THIS THEROUTINE CHECKS FOR THE RETURN
CHARACTER( CHR$(13) ) TO TERMINATE INPUT
. THEREIS NO REASON WHY SOME OTHER C
HARACTER,OR EVEN A FUNCTION KEY WOULD NO
T DO JUSTAS WELL. FOR INSTANCE, TO
ENTER ASTRING THAT WAS TERMINATED BY
THE F1KEY, IT WOULD BE NECESSARY T
O COMPAREEACH CHARACTER TO THE STRIN
G VALUE:CHR$(133) INSTEAD OF 13. . .THE
SECOND ROUTINE READS CHARACTERS ONEBY
ONE FROM THE DISK DRIVE AND THENPRI
NTS THE NUMERIC VALUES OF THE ASCIICHA
RACTERS. THE PROBLEM IS THAT WITHTHE
GET# STATEMENT, A CHARACTER WHOSEVAL
UE IS 0 WILL NOT BE REPRESENTED BY A% .
THE GET# STATEMENT PAGE 31
.CHARACTER AT ALL BUT BY THE NULL STRI
NG"" ANY ATTEMPT TO USE THE ASC FUNCTI
ONON "" WILL RESULT IN AN ILLEGAL QUANTI
TYERROR. WHAT CAN BE DONE HOWEVER, IS
TOTAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE FACT THAT ASC ON
LYEVALUATES THE FIRST CHARACTER IN
ASTRING. BY ADDING A CHR$(0) TO THE E
NDOF A$, A RESULT OF 0 COMES BACK ONLY
IFTHE ORIGINAL STRING WAS "". . . . . .
. . . . . . .% . THE GET# STATEMENT
PAGE 32 .A USE FOR THE GET
STATEMENT MIGHT BEWHERE THERE IS A
TIME LIMIT FORRESPONDING TO A QUES
TION. BECAUSE THEINPUT STATEMENT WAITS
FOR A RESPONSEBEFORE THE PROGRAM
CONTINUES, IT ISIMPOSSIBLE TO HAVE A Q
UESTION "TIME OUT"AFTER A CERTAIN PERI
OD OF TIME WITH NORESPONSE. THE GET S
TATEMENT HOWEVER,CONTINUALLY "POLLS"
THE KEYBOARD. INTHIS WAY, THE COMPUTER
CAN ALSO CHECKTHE SYSTEM CLOCK AN
D IF A RESPONSE ISNOT IN TIME, CONTINUE
THE PROGRAM. THEFOLLOWING PROGRAM SE
GMENT WILL ASK THEUSER TO ENTER ANY CHA
RACTER, BUT WILLONLY WAIT ONE SECOND F
OR THEM TO DO SO: . . . . .% . THE GET#
STATEMENT PAGE 33 .100 PRI
NT "ENTER CHARACTER";.105 TI=0.110 GET A
$: IF A$ = "" AND. TI < 60 THEN 110
.120 IF TI < 60 THEN 140 .130 PRINT "TIM
E UP" .135 GOTO 1000 .140 PRINT "CHARACT
ER WAS:";A$ . .THIS IS OFTEN USEFUL IN
GAMES WHERE THEKEYBOARD MUST BE CHECKED
MANY TIMES AMINUTE. . . . . . . . . .
% . THE ST FUNCTION PAGE
34. . .IN THE PREVIOUS PROGRAM SECT
ION, AREFERENCE WAS MADE TO THE VARIAB
LE ST.ST IS ACTUALLY A FUNCTION T
HAT ISDEFINED BY THE SYSTEM. ST IS SHO
RT FORSTATUS. IF YOU WANT TO, YOU CAN
USE THEWORD STATUS, AND GET THE SAME RES
ULT ASWITH ST. ST IS GIVEN A VALUE EVE
RY TIMETHAT AN OPERATION ON A DEVI
CE ISPERFORMED. IF ST IS NOT USED, TH
E VALUEIT HAS IS REPLACED BY A NEW VALUE
ON THENEXT OPERATION. IF ST IS CHE
CKED ORUSED, THE VALUE IN ST IS ERASED.
THISIS UNLIKE ANY VARIABLE IN BASIC
, WHEREVARIABLES KEEP THEIR VALUE. IF Y
OU WISHTO USE THE VALUE IN ST MORE THA
N ONCE,IT IS EASIER TO ASSIGN SOME VARIA
BLE TOST FOR INSTANCE: . . FS=ST .%
. THE ST FUNCTION PAGE 3
5. . .ST TAKES ON DIFFERENT VALUES DEP
ENDINGON THE DEVICE THAT THE PROGRA
M ISACCESSING. EACH BIT IN THE S
T WORDREPRESENTS CERTAIN FILE CONDITIONS
. THEONLY CONDITION THAT WE WILL WANT
TO USEWITH SEQUENTIAL FILES IS THE END O
F FILECONDITION. TO SEPARATE THIS CON
DITIONFROM OTHERS THAT MIGHT OCCUR DURIN
G THEUSE OF FILES, WE CAN USE TH
E ANDOPERATOR. IF THE CONDITION (ST AN
D 64)IS TRUE, THEN WE KNOW WE HAVE R
EACHEDTHE END OF FILE. A PROGRAM MIGH
T USETHIS IN THE FOLLOWING WAY: . . . .
. . .% . THE ST FUNCTION
PAGE 36. .300 GET#3,A$ :FS = ST .305 IF
FS <> 0 THEN 320 .306 PRINT A$.310 IF G
OTO 300 .320 IF FS AND 64 THEN 400 .330
PRINT "ERROR ",FS . .400 CLOSE 3 . .A NO
N ZERO ST INDICATES AN ERROR OR ENDOF F
ILE.IF (ST AND 64) IS TRUE, THEN THECOMP
UTER KNOWS THE END OF FILE WASREAC
HED, AND IT CLOSES THE FILE.OTHE
RWISE, THE COMPUTER PRINTS THE ERRORNUMB
ER AND CLOSES THE FILE ANYWAYS.. . . . .
.% . THE KEYBOARD AS A FILE PAGE
37. . .A VARIATION ON USING THE KE
YBOARD ASINPUT IS TO OPEN THE KEYBOARD A
S A FILE.ONE TIME THAT THIS IS USEFUL
IS IF YOUWANT TO INPUT SOMTHING WITHOUT
USING THEUSUAL "?" INPUT PROMPT. THE LI
NES BELOWPROMPT THE USER FOR A NAME: .
.100 OPEN 1,0. . . . . . .500 P
RINT "ENTER NAME:";.510 INPUT#1,N$. .INS
TEAD OF PRINTING: . . ENTER NAME:?.
.THE COMPUTER WILL TYPE: .% . THE KEYBOA
RD AS A FILE PAGE 38. . . ENT
ER NAME: . .THE REASON FOR THIS IS THAT
THE COMPUTERDOES NOT NEED TO PROMPT TH
E DISK DRIVEOR TAPE MACHINE. YOU ARE
FOOLING THECOMPUTER INTO THINKING
THAT IT ISREADING FROM A DEVICE LIKE T
HAT.. . . . . . . . . . . . .% . READING
FROM THE DATASETTE. PAGE 39. . .THE
DATASETTE IS LIKE THE DISK, IN THATYOU
CAN CREATE DATA FILES USING PRINT#STAT
EMENTS AND LATER READ THEM IN USINGINPU
T# STATEMENTS. CARE MUST BE TAKEN,HOWE
VER TO INSURE THAT THE PRINTGENE
RATES A FILE THAT IS SIMILAR TO WHATYOU
WOULD TYPE IN AT THE KEYBOARD INRESP
ONSE TO AN INPUT STATEMENT.ESPE
CIALLY IMPORTANT ARE THE COMMAS,QUOT
ES AND <RETURN> CHARACTER.. .BECAUSE TH
E COMPUTER MUST PROMPT YOU TOPUSH EITHER
THE RECORD OR RECORD ANDPLAY BUTTO
NS, IT MUST KNOW HOW YOUINTEND TO A
CCESS THE TAPE FILE BEFORE ITIS USED.
YOU MUST SPECIFY IN THE OPENSTATEMENT W
HAT USE YOU ARE GOING TO DOWITH THE
TAPE. THE WAY YOU SPECIFY ISTHROUGH THE
ADDRESS PARAMETER ON THE% . READING
FROM THE DATASETTE. PAGE 40. .OPEN S
TATEMENT: . .OPEN <FILENUM>,1,<ADDRESS>
,"<FILENAME>" .THE ADDRESS CAN HAVE TH
REE VALUES: 0, 1AND 2. . .0 INDICATES YO
U INTEND TO READ THE FILE. .1 INDICATES
YOU INTEND TO WRITE ON THEFILE. YOU W
ILL BE PROMPTED TO PUSH BOTHRECORD AND P
LAY.. .2 INDICATES THAT YOU WILL WRITE
AN ENDOF TAPE MARKER. . .3 IS A COMBINA
TION OF 1 AND 2. IT MEANSYOU WILL WRI
TE AN END OF TAPE MARK ONTHE FILE AFTER
YOU WRITE YOUR FILE ANDCLOSE IT..% .
READING FROM THE DATASETTE. PAGE 41.
. .TWO SHORT PROGRAMS FOLLOW. THE FI
RSTWRITES A RANDOM NUMBER OF RANDOM X AN
D YCOORDINATES. THE SECOND READS THEM I
N. .100 OPEN 1,0,1,"RNDDAT" .110 FOR I=
1 TO RND(0)*50+50 .120 PRINT#1,RND(0)*50
;",";RND(0)*100.130 NEXT I.140 CLOSE 1 .
.100 OPEN 1,0,0,"RNDDAT" .110 DIM X(101
),Y(101) .120 I=1 .130 INPUT#1,X,Y:FS=ST
.140 IF FS<>0 THEN 160 .150 I=I+1:GOTO
130.160 CLOSE 1 .170 PRINT "CLOSED, STAT
US=";FS. .% . DISK FILES
PAGE 42. .THE OPEN STATEMENT FOR TH
E DISK HAS THE.FOLLOWING.SYNTAX: .OPEN <
FILE NUM>,<DEV>,"0:<FILE>,S,<ACC>. .THE
DISK ACTS MUCH THE SAME AS THEDATA
SETTE, IN THAT WHEN YOU OPEN A DISKFILE
, YOU MUST TELL THE COMPUTER EXACTLYHOW
YOU INTEND TO USE THE FILE. . .THE FILE
NUMBER IS THE SAME AS FOR ALLDEVICES.
IT IS THE NUMBER YOU REFER TOTHE FIL
E WITH IN INPUT AND PRINTSTATEMENT
S. . .THE DEVICE NUMBER IS USUALLY 8,
UNLESSYOU OWN TWO DISK DRIVES, IN WHICH
CASE,YOU MAY HAVE A SECOND DRIVE WITH
NUMBER9.. .% . DISK FILES
PAGE 43. .THE ADDRESS MUST BE A
NUMBER BETWEEN 2AND 14. THE ADDRESS
IS ACTUALLY ACHANNEL NUMBER. ONE CHA
NNEL IS REQUIREDFOR EACH DISK FILE THAT
YOU OPEN, ANDYOU CANNOT USE THE S
AME NUMBER FORDIFFERENT FILES.. .USUAL
LY IT IS A GOOD IDEA TO MAKE THECHANN
EL NUMBER AND THE FILE NUMBER THESAME.
THIS WAY THERE ARE LESS NUMBERSTO GE
T CONFUSED ABOUT. JUST REMEMBER TOUSE O
NLY NUMBERS 2 TO 14 FOR THE CHANNELNUMBE
R. . .THE COMMAND STRING CONTAINS, FIRS
T, THEDRIVE NUMBER, THEN THE FILE NAME
, THEFILE TYPE, AND FINALLY THE ACCESS
MODE.THE DRIVE NUMBER IS ALWAYS 0 FO
R THE1541 SINGLE DISK DRIVE. THE
0 ISFOLLOWED BY A COLON, AND THEN THE
FILE% . DISK FILES
PAGE 44. .NAME. THE NAME MAY BE UP
TO SIXTEENCHARACTERS LONG, BUT MUST N
OT CONTAINCURSOR CHARACTERS OR COMMAS O
R QUOTES.. .THE NEXT PARAMETER IS TH
E FILE TYPE.FOR SEQUENTIAL TYPE FILES, T
HE FILE TYPEIS ALWAYS "S".. .THE ACCESS
MODE CAN BE EITHER"R" OR "W"FOR READ O
R WRITE MODE RESPECTIVELY.FILES TO BE
READ MUST EXIST, WHERE FILESTO BE WRITT
EN TO MUST NOT EXIST IN THEDISK DIRECT
ORY. . .THE FOLLOWING IS A TYPIC
AL OPENSTATEMENT: . . OPEN 6,8,6,"0:
TEST,S,R" . .THIS STATEMENT OPENS A F
ILE TEST THAT% . DISK FILES
PAGE 45. .EXISTS ON FLOPPY DISK,
TO BE READ. THEFILE NUMBER IS 6, AS
IS THE CHANNEL, TOAVOID CONFUSION.. .NOT
E: THE FILE "TEST" IS DIFFERENT FROMTHE
FILE "TEST". UPPER AND LOWER CASEARE
DIFFERENT AS FAR AS THE DISK DRIVEIS
CONCERENED.. .WHEN READING DISK FILES, T
HE ST FUNCTIONMAY BE USED TO DETERMINE I
F END OF FILEHAS BEEN REACHED. T
HE OTHER STCONDITIONS ARE NOT OF MUCH
USE.. .WHAT IS USEFUL IN MONITORING
ERRORCONDITIONS OF THE DISK DRIVE
, IS THEERROR CHANNEL. BY MAKING USE
OF THESPECIAL CHANNEL NUMBER 15,
YOU MAYINTERROGATE YOUR DISK UNIT AB
OUT THESTATUS OF THE LAST DISK OPERATI
ON. THE% . DISK FILES
PAGE 46. .DISK WILL RESPOND THROUGH C
HANNEL 15 FORALL DISK OPERATIONS. THIS
INCLUDES THEOPEN, GET#, PRINT#, INPUT
# AND CLOSESTATEMENTS. THIS IS H
ANDY TO FOREXAMPLE FIND OUT IF A FILE
BEING OPENEDHAS AN INVALID NAME, OR FO
R SOME REASONCANNOT BE OPENED. FOR EX
AMPLE, IF ASEQUENTIAL FILE IS OPENE
D WITH WRITEMODE (,W) BUT ALREADY EX
ISTS ON THEDISK, THE DRIVE WILL RE
SPOND WITH A"FILE EXISTS" ERROR. . .TO
USE THE ERROR CHANNEL, A FILE MUST BEOPE
NED USING CHANNEL 15. FOR EXAMPLE: . .
OPEN 15,8,15. .ALL REQUESTS FOR THE
DISK UNIT STATUSARE MADE THROUGH AN IN
PUT# STATEMENT: . .% . DISK FILES
PAGE 47. . INPUT#15,A,
B$,C$,D$ . .WHERE A CONTAINS AN ERROR NU
MBER. IF AIS LESS THAN 20, THEN N
O ERROR HASOCCURED. IF AN ERROR HAS OC
CURED, THENB$ CONTAINS THE ERROR MESS
AGE. C$ ANDD$ CONTAIN THE TRACK AND SE
CTOR NUMBERWHERE THE ERROR OCCURED,
IF THIS ISAPPROPRIATE. . . . . . . . .
. . . .% .
PAGE 48 . . . . .HOPEFULLY THIS HA
S BEEN A HELP INGETTING YOU USED
TO BASIC SEQUENTIALFILE USE. THERE IS
A SAMPLE FILE BY THENAME OF SEQ.RW O
N THIS DISK. IT IS ABASIC PROGRAM THAT
DEMONSTRATES MOST OFWHAT WE HAVE DONE H
ERE. TRY IT OUT ON ABLANK (BUT FORMATT
ED, OR NEWD) DISK.TRY MODIFYING IT
TO SUIT YOUR OWNPURPOSES, TO SEE HO
W MUCH YOU LEARNED.. . . . . . . .% .
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