TUTORIAL
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): TUTORIAL
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 13.4K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-10-19 22:49:33
APPEARS ON: 1 disk(s)
FILE HASH
efde68ade81cd26c8943c9086677363e851f9cb1084d84481efad168a8c189ef
FOUND ON DISKS (1 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOLD DISK 9 | TUTORIAL | PRG | Radd Maxx | 25 | 1 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
> DETECTED: COMMODORE BASIC PROGRAM (LOAD ADDRESS $0801)
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00002D20: 00 27 35 E6 05 99 22 00 4B 35 E8 05 99 22 20 20 |.'5...".K5..." |
00002D30: 5B 53 43 52 45 45 4E 23 5D 20 20 45 44 49 54 20 |[SCREEN#] EDIT |
00002D40: 20 20 12 D2 C5 D4 D5 D2 CE 92 22 00 52 35 EA 05 | ........".R5..|
00002D50: 99 22 00 7E 35 EC 05 99 22 20 D3 45 45 20 54 48 |.".~5..." .EE TH|
00002D60: 45 20 4C 41 53 54 20 4D 4F 4E 54 48 27 53 20 C6 |E LAST MONTH'S .|
00002D70: CF D2 D4 C8 20 49 4E 53 54 52 55 43 54 2D 00 AC |.... INSTRUCT-..|
00002D80: 35 EE 05 99 22 20 49 4F 4E 53 20 4F 4E 20 48 4F |5..." IONS ON HO|
00002D90: 57 20 54 4F 20 55 53 45 20 54 48 45 20 45 44 49 |W TO USE THE EDI|
00002DA0: 54 4F 52 2E 20 D2 45 4D 45 4D 42 2D 00 D6 35 F0 |TOR. .EMEMB-..5.|
00002DB0: 05 99 22 20 45 52 20 54 48 41 54 20 59 4F 55 20 |.." ER THAT YOU |
00002DC0: 4D 55 53 54 20 4E 4F 54 20 20 53 54 4F 52 45 20 |MUST NOT STORE |
00002DD0: 20 C2 C1 D3 C9 C3 00 04 36 F1 05 99 22 20 50 52 | .......6..." PR|
00002DE0: 4F 47 52 41 4D 53 20 4F 4E 20 41 20 44 49 53 4B |OGRAMS ON A DISK|
00002DF0: 20 54 48 41 54 20 43 4F 4E 54 41 49 4E 53 20 C6 | THAT CONTAINS .|
00002E00: CF D2 D4 C8 00 14 36 F2 05 99 22 20 53 43 52 45 |......6..." SCRE|
00002E10: 45 4E 53 2E 00 3D 36 F3 05 99 22 20 20 C1 46 54 |ENS..=6..." .FT|
00002E20: 45 52 20 59 4F 55 20 48 41 56 45 20 4D 41 44 45 |ER YOU HAVE MADE|
00002E30: 20 43 48 41 4E 47 45 53 20 54 4F 20 41 00 69 36 | CHANGES TO A.i6|
00002E40: F4 05 99 22 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 59 4F 55 20 |..." SCREEN YOU |
00002E50: 43 41 4E 20 55 50 44 41 54 45 20 54 48 45 20 44 |CAN UPDATE THE D|
00002E60: 49 53 4B 20 57 49 54 48 2C 00 70 36 F6 05 99 22 |ISK WITH,.p6..."|
00002E70: 00 95 36 F8 05 99 22 20 20 20 46 4C 55 53 48 20 |..6..." FLUSH |
00002E80: 20 20 12 D2 C5 D4 D5 D2 CE 92 20 20 20 20 20 20 | ........ |
00002E90: 20 20 A0 A0 A0 00 C1 36 FC 05 99 22 20 C9 46 20 | .....6..." .F |
00002EA0: 59 4F 55 20 4A 55 53 54 20 57 41 4E 54 20 54 4F |YOU JUST WANT TO|
00002EB0: 20 4C 4F 4F 4B 20 41 54 20 57 48 41 54 53 20 49 | LOOK AT WHATS I|
00002EC0: 4E 00 E2 36 FE 05 99 22 20 41 20 50 41 52 54 49 |N..6..." A PARTI|
00002ED0: 43 55 4C 41 52 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 54 59 50 |CULAR SCREEN TYP|
00002EE0: 45 2C 00 E8 36 01 06 99 00 0B 37 02 06 99 22 20 |E,..6.....7..." |
00002EF0: 20 20 5B 53 43 52 45 45 4E 23 5D 20 20 4C 49 53 | [SCREEN#] LIS|
00002F00: 54 20 20 12 D2 C5 D4 D5 D2 CE 92 00 11 37 04 06 |T ..........7..|
00002F10: 99 00 1B 37 0E 06 89 32 35 30 30 00 3A 37 3F 06 |...7...2500.:7?.|
00002F20: 8F 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 50 41 47 45 20 |.----------PAGE |
00002F30: 31 36 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 00 67 37 40 06 3A |16--------.g7@.:|
00002F40: 99 22 93 1F 22 20 20 A3 31 37 29 22 12 46 4F 52 |.".." .17)".FOR|
00002F50: 54 48 92 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |TH.. |
00002F60: 20 20 20 20 31 36 22 00 6D 37 41 06 99 00 97 37 | 16".m7A....7|
00002F70: 42 06 99 22 20 20 D4 4F 20 50 52 49 4E 54 20 4A |B.." .O PRINT J|
00002F80: 55 53 54 20 54 48 45 20 46 49 52 53 54 20 4C 49 |UST THE FIRST LI|
00002F90: 4E 45 20 4F 46 20 41 00 BF 37 44 06 99 22 20 53 |NE OF A..7D.." S|
00002FA0: 45 52 49 45 53 20 4F 46 20 C6 CF D2 D4 C8 A0 53 |ERIES OF ......S|
00002FB0: 43 52 45 45 4E 53 20 44 4F 20 54 48 49 53 2C 00 |CREENS DO THIS,.|
00002FC0: C6 37 46 06 99 22 00 E6 37 48 06 99 22 20 20 20 |.7F.."..7H.." |
00002FD0: 31 20 31 30 20 49 4E 44 45 58 20 20 20 20 12 D2 |1 10 INDEX ..|
00002FE0: C5 D4 D5 D2 CE 92 00 ED 37 4A 06 99 22 00 1A 38 |........7J.."..8|
00002FF0: 4C 06 99 22 20 D4 48 49 53 20 50 52 49 4E 54 53 |L.." .HIS PRINTS|
00003000: 20 54 48 45 20 46 49 52 53 54 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 | THE FIRST LINE |
00003010: 4F 46 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 53 00 48 38 4E 06 99 |OF SCREENS.H8N..|
00003020: 22 20 31 20 54 48 52 4F 55 47 48 20 31 30 2E 20 |" 1 THROUGH 10. |
00003030: D4 48 45 20 46 49 52 53 54 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 53 |.HE FIRST LINE S|
00003040: 48 4F 55 4C 44 20 42 45 00 76 38 50 06 99 22 20 |HOULD BE.v8P.." |
00003050: 41 20 43 4F 4D 4D 45 4E 54 20 54 45 4C 4C 49 4E |A COMMENT TELLIN|
00003060: 47 20 57 48 41 54 53 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 20 53 |G WHATS ON THE S|
00003070: 43 52 45 45 4E 2E 00 7C 38 54 06 99 00 A9 38 5B |CREEN..|8T....8[|
00003080: 06 99 22 20 D4 48 45 20 45 4E 44 20 4F 46 20 44 |.." .HE END OF D|
00003090: 45 46 49 4E 49 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 4F 4E 20 41 20 |EFINITIONS ON A |
000030A0: 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 49 53 00 D7 38 5C 06 99 22 |SCREEN IS..8\.."|
000030B0: 20 47 49 56 45 4E 20 42 59 20 20 3B 53 20 20 20 | GIVEN BY ;S |
000030C0: 2E 20 C9 46 20 4E 4F 54 20 41 4C 4C 20 54 48 45 |. .F NOT ALL THE|
000030D0: 20 44 45 46 49 4E 2D 00 04 39 5E 06 99 22 20 49 | DEFIN-..9^.." I|
000030E0: 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 43 41 4E 20 46 49 54 20 4F 4E |TIONS CAN FIT ON|
000030F0: 20 4F 4E 45 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 54 48 45 4E | ONE SCREEN THEN|
00003100: 20 55 53 45 00 32 39 60 06 99 22 20 2D 2D 3E 20 | USE.29`.." --> |
00003110: 20 20 57 48 49 43 48 20 43 41 55 53 45 53 20 CC | WHICH CAUSES .|
00003120: CF C1 C4 49 4E 47 20 54 4F 20 43 4F 4E 54 49 4E |...ING TO CONTIN|
00003130: 55 45 00 5E 39 62 06 99 22 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 45 |UE.^9b.." ON THE|
00003140: 20 4E 45 58 54 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 2E 20 C1 4E | NEXT SCREEN. .N|
00003150: 20 45 58 41 4D 50 4C 45 20 C6 CF D2 D4 C8 00 88 | EXAMPLE .......|
00003160: 39 64 06 99 22 20 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 43 41 4E |9d.." SCREEN CAN|
00003170: 20 42 45 20 46 4F 55 4E 44 20 4F 4E 20 54 48 49 | BE FOUND ON THI|
00003180: 53 20 4D 4F 4E 54 48 53 00 B4 39 65 06 99 22 20 |S MONTHS..9e.." |
00003190: C7 CF CC C4 20 44 49 53 4B 2E 20 C1 46 54 45 52 |.... DISK. .FTER|
000031A0: 20 59 4F 55 27 56 45 20 4C 4F 41 44 45 44 20 C6 | YOU'VE LOADED .|
000031B0: CF D2 D4 C8 00 DF 39 66 06 99 22 20 46 52 4F 4D |......9f.." FROM|
000031C0: 20 4C 41 53 54 20 4D 4F 4E 54 48 27 53 20 44 49 | LAST MONTH'S DI|
000031D0: 53 4B 2C 20 50 55 54 20 49 4E 20 54 48 49 53 00 |SK, PUT IN THIS.|
000031E0: FD 39 68 06 99 22 20 4D 4F 4E 54 48 27 53 20 44 |.9h.." MONTH'S D|
000031F0: 49 53 4B 20 41 4E 44 20 54 59 50 45 2C 00 03 3A |ISK AND TYPE,..:|
00003200: 69 06 99 00 1B 3A 6A 06 99 22 20 20 37 20 4C 49 |i....:j.." 7 LI|
00003210: 53 54 A0 12 52 45 54 55 52 4E 92 00 21 3A 6C 06 |ST..RETURN..!:l.|
00003220: 99 00 2B 3A 72 06 89 32 35 30 30 00 4A 3A A3 06 |..+:r..2500.J:..|
00003230: 8F 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 50 41 47 45 20 |.----------PAGE |
00003240: 31 37 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 00 77 3A A4 06 3A |17--------.w:..:|
00003250: 99 22 93 1F 22 20 20 A3 31 37 29 22 12 46 4F 52 |.".." .17)".FOR|
00003260: 54 48 92 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |TH.. |
00003270: 20 20 20 20 31 37 22 00 7D 3A A5 06 99 00 97 3A | 17".}:.....:|
00003280: B8 06 99 22 20 C3 4F 4E 43 4C 55 53 49 4F 4E 20 |..." .ONCLUSION |
00003290: 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 00 AE 3A BA 06 99 22 20 A3 | "..:..." .|
000032A0: A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 20 20 20 20 22 00 DB |......... "..|
000032B0: 3A BB 06 99 22 20 D9 4F 55 20 4E 4F 57 20 48 41 |:..." .OU NOW HA|
000032C0: 56 45 20 54 48 45 20 42 41 53 49 43 20 54 4F 4F |VE THE BASIC TOO|
000032D0: 4C 53 20 54 4F 20 53 54 41 52 54 00 02 3B BC 06 |LS TO START..;..|
000032E0: 99 22 20 43 52 45 41 54 49 4E 47 20 41 50 50 4C |." CREATING APPL|
000032F0: 49 43 41 54 49 4F 4E 53 20 49 4E 20 C6 CF D2 D4 |ICATIONS IN ....|
00003300: C8 2E 00 2D 3B BE 06 99 22 20 C8 4F 57 45 56 45 |...-;..." .OWEVE|
00003310: 52 2C 20 54 48 45 52 45 20 41 52 45 20 4D 41 4E |R, THERE ARE MAN|
00003320: 59 20 4D 4F 52 45 20 55 53 45 46 55 4C 00 5E 3B |Y MORE USEFUL.^;|
00003330: C0 06 99 22 20 44 45 46 49 4E 49 54 49 4F 4E 53 |..." DEFINITIONS|
00003340: 20 41 4E 44 20 43 4F 4E 43 45 50 54 53 20 54 4F | AND CONCEPTS TO|
00003350: 20 42 45 20 43 4F 56 45 52 45 44 2E 22 3B 00 8D | BE COVERED.";..|
00003360: 3B C2 06 99 22 20 CE 45 58 54 20 4D 4F 4E 54 48 |;..." .EXT MONTH|
00003370: 20 57 45 27 4C 4C 20 4C 4F 4F 4B 20 4D 4F 52 45 | WE'LL LOOK MORE|
00003380: 20 43 4C 4F 53 45 4C 59 20 41 54 20 22 00 B8 3B | CLOSELY AT "..;|
00003390: C4 06 99 22 20 54 48 45 20 53 54 52 55 43 54 55 |..." THE STRUCTU|
000033A0: 52 45 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 C4 C9 C3 D4 C9 CF |RE OF THE ......|
000033B0: CE C1 D2 D9 20 41 4E 44 00 E5 3B C6 06 99 22 20 |.... AND..;..." |
000033C0: 48 4F 57 20 C6 CF D2 D4 C8 20 53 45 41 52 43 48 |HOW ..... SEARCH|
000033D0: 45 53 20 41 4E 44 20 45 58 45 43 55 54 45 53 20 |ES AND EXECUTES |
000033E0: 57 4F 52 44 53 00 10 3C C8 06 99 22 20 49 4E 20 |WORDS..<..." IN |
000033F0: 49 54 2E 20 D7 45 27 4C 4C 20 41 4C 53 4F 20 4C |IT. .E'LL ALSO L|
00003400: 4F 4F 4B 20 41 54 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 52 |OOK AT CHARACTER|
00003410: 00 3E 3C CA 06 99 22 20 53 54 52 49 4E 47 20 C9 |.><..." STRING .|
00003420: 2F CF 20 41 4E 44 20 4E 55 4D 42 45 52 20 46 4F |/. AND NUMBER FO|
00003430: 52 4D 41 54 54 49 4E 47 2E 20 D4 48 49 53 00 5F |RMATTING. .HIS._|
00003440: 3C CC 06 99 22 20 41 4E 44 20 4D 55 43 48 20 4D |<..." AND MUCH M|
00003450: 4F 52 45 20 4E 45 58 54 20 4D 4F 4E 54 48 2E 00 |ORE NEXT MONTH..|
00003460: 6D 3C CE 06 99 3A 99 3A 99 3A 99 3A 99 00 79 3C |m<...:.:.:.:..y<|
00003470: CF 06 99 3A 99 3A 99 3A 99 00 9F 3C D6 06 99 22 |...:.:.:...<..."|
00003480: 20 1F 12 5E 92 20 42 41 43 4B 20 20 20 20 20 12 | ..^. BACK .|
00003490: 5F 92 20 47 4F 4C 44 20 44 49 53 4B 90 22 3B 00 |_. GOLD DISK.";.|
000034A0: B3 3C E0 06 A1 41 24 3A 8B 41 24 B2 22 22 A7 31 |.<...A$:.A$."".1|
000034B0: 37 36 30 00 C4 3C EA 06 8B 41 24 B2 22 5F 22 A7 |760..<...A$."_".|
000034C0: 33 30 30 30 00 D6 3C F4 06 8B 41 24 B3 B1 22 5E |3000..<...A$.."^|
000034D0: 22 A7 31 37 36 30 00 E6 3C FE 06 50 47 B2 50 47 |".1760..<..PG.PG|
000034E0: AB 31 3A 89 32 30 00 18 3D C4 09 99 22 20 1F 12 |.1:.20..=..." ..|
000034F0: 53 50 41 43 45 92 20 41 48 45 41 44 20 20 20 12 |SPACE. AHEAD .|
00003500: 5E 92 20 42 41 43 4B 20 20 12 5F 92 20 47 4F 4C |^. BACK ._. GOL|
00003510: 44 20 44 49 53 4B 22 3B 00 2C 3D C5 09 A1 41 24 |D DISK";.,=...A$|
00003520: 3A 8B 41 24 B2 22 22 A7 32 35 30 31 00 44 3D C6 |:.A$."".2501.D=.|
00003530: 09 8B 41 24 B2 22 5E 22 A7 50 47 B2 50 47 AB 31 |..A$."^".PG.PG.1|
00003540: 3A 89 32 30 00 55 3D C7 09 8B 41 24 B2 22 5F 22 |:.20.U=...A$."_"|
00003550: A7 33 30 30 30 00 67 3D C8 09 8B 41 24 B3 B1 22 |.3000.g=...A$.."|
00003560: 20 22 A7 32 35 30 31 00 77 3D C9 09 50 47 B2 50 | ".2501.w=..PG.P|
00003570: 47 AA 31 3A 89 32 30 00 8F 3D B8 0B 99 C7 28 31 |G.1:.20..=....(1|
00003580: 35 34 29 3A 99 22 93 22 3A 9E 34 39 31 35 32 00 |54):.".":.49152.|
00003590: 00 00 |.. |
....... (C)1985 GOLD DISK INC.H...."..":
.53281,1:.53272,23:.53280,2:PG.1...... P
G . 100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,900
,1000,1100,1200,1300,1400,1500......(PG.
15).1600,1700.K.C..----------PAGE 1-----
---...D.:.".." .17)".FORTH..
1"...E...,.F.." LAST MONTH WE LOO
KED AT SOME OF THE".Z.H.." SIMPLER STAC
K MANIPULATION COMMANDS."...J.." THIS T
IME WE'LL LEARN HOW TO EXPLOIT "...L.."
THE FULL POWER OF FORTH BY CREATING ".
..N.." OUR OWN DEFINITIONS. "...P
.....R.." YOU MAY RECALL THAT,...T..".*.
V.." VLIST .RETURN. ".0.X..
._.Z.." GAVE US A LIST OF ALL THE WORDS
KNOWN"...|.." TO FORTH (OF COURSE VLIS
T IS THERE"...~.." TOO). HOW CAN WE ADD
TO THIS FORTH......" DICTIONARY? HERE'S
A SIMPLE EXAMPLE,............" : ASCII D
UP . EMIT ; .RETURN.......:..B...." LET
'S EXAMINE THIS LINE IN DETAIL. ".J....
:..T...." ..SPACE. AHEAD ._. GOLD DIS
K.";... ..A$:.A$."".160......A$."_".3000
......A$.." ".160.....PG.PG.1:.20.W.G..-
---------PAGE 2--------...H.:.".." .17)
".FORTH.. 2"...I...5.J..
" : ASCII DUP . EMIT ; .RETURN.".S.
K..". ..............T.L.." ^ ^
^ ^.Z.N.....O.....P.."
. . . ... MUST END...R
.." WITH SEMI
-."...T.." . . . . C
OLON....V..".".=.X.." . . ..
.. BODY OF DEFINITION.M.Z.."
EACH WORD MUST AL-."......" .
. . READY BE DEFINED......
.".".Q...." . .. . . . .THE DEFINITION
NAME CAN......" BE ANY LEN
GTH UP TO A.".,...." . .MAXIM
UM OF 31 CHARACTERS..5....".".`...." ..
. . .EVERY DEFINITION MUST BEGIN......"
WITH A COLON FOLLOWED BY"......"
AT LEAST ONE SPACE. "..........
..2500...+..----------PAGE 3--------...,
.:.".." .17)".FORTH.. 3
"...-...;...." WE'VE JUST ADDED A NEW WO
RD TO THE ".E.0.." DICTIONARY! ( DO A VL
IST AND SEE.).K.1.....2.." IT'S EASY TO
SEE WHAT THIS NEW WORD.D.4.." DOES. IT D
UPLICATES THE TOP NUMBER ON"...6.." THE
STACK AND PRINTS IT OUT ALONG "...8.."
WITH IT'S ASCII CHARACTER."...:..".H.<.
." THIS EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATES WHY FORTH IS
.U.>.." SUCH A POWERFUL PROGRAMMING LANG
UAGE....?.." INSTEAD OF BEING CONFINED T
O A FIXED.L.@.." SET OF COMMANDS AS IN B
ASIC, WE CAN...B.." DEFINE NEW ONES TO D
O EXACTLY WHAT WE.$.D.." WANT. FURTHERMO
RE, BECAUSE EACH NEW.Q.F.." WORD IS BUIL
T UP FROM PREVIOUSLY DEF-.}.H.." INED WO
RDS, A CLEAR STRUCTURED STYLE. .J.." OF
PROGRAMMING IS ENFORCED....L.."...N..:.:
....P..2500.Y....----------PAGE 4-------
-.....:.".." .17)".FORTH..
4".......8...." IF FOR SOME REASON
WE WEREN'T HAPPY.E...." WITH OUR DEFINIT
ION OF ASCII WE COULD......" REMOVE IT I
N ONE OF TWO WAYS. ONE......" POSSIBILI
TY IS,.......J...." FORGET ASCII .RETUR
N..P.........." FORGET WILL REMOVE THE E
NTRY FROM THE.+...." DICTIONARY ENTIRELY
. UNFORTUNATELY, IT.V. .." ALSO REMOVES
ANY OTHER WORDS WE MAY.V...." HAVE DEFIN
ED SINCE THEN..}...."......" ANOTHER WAY
IS TO SIMPLY REDEFINE THE.W...." WORD A
GAIN USING THE SAME NAME. THE......" O
RIGINAL WORD IS STILL THERE AND IS.,....
" USED BY ANY WORDS REFERRING TO IT,.W..
.." BUT ANY SUBSEQUENT DEFINITIONS MUST.
O...." USE THE NEW ONE..U.....{.........
.......2500......----------PAGE 5-------
-.V...:.".." .17)".FORTH..
5"............" LOOPING......" ...
.....)...." THERE ARE SEVERAL LOOPING C
ONSTRUCTS.W...." AVAILABLE IN FORTH. HER
E'S ONE EXAMPLE.].........." : ASCIITABL
E 91 65 DO I ASCII CR......"
LOOP ; .RETURN............." IF
THIS WORD WERE EXECUTED, THE OUT-......"
PUT WOULD LOOK LIKE THIS,./...." 65
A ".>...." 6
6 B.M...." : :.Z...." : :
"......" 90
Z ".N...." W
E COULD DO THIS IN BASIC WITH,.T........
.." FORI=65TO90:PRINTI;CHR$(I):NEXTI....
...,...." THE NUMBER OF TIMES THE STUFF
IN.Y...." BETWEEN DO AND LOOP IS P
ERFORMED".C.&..2500...W..----------PAGE
6--------...X.:.".." .17)".FORTH..
6"...Y.....Z.." IS GIVEN BY
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE...\.." THE UP
PER LIMIT (91) AND THE LOWER ".@.^.."
LIMIT (65) I.E. 26 TIMES. NOTICE THE "
.O.`.." ORDER OF OCCURENCE OF THESE LIMI
TS. ".V.B.."...D.." EACH TIME THROUGH
THE LOOP, AN INDEX ".R.E.." IS INCREMEN
TED BY ONE (IT IS INITIAL-...F.." LY SET
TO THE LOWER LIMIT) AND WHEN IT".0.H.."
EQUALS THE UPPER LIMIT, THE LOOPING "
._.J.." ENDS. WE CAN GET THE CURRENT V
ALUE "...L.." OF THE INDEX AT ANY TIME
BY USING I "...N.." (A SYSTEM DEFINED
WORD) WHICH PUTS THE"...P.." INDEX VALUE
ON TOP OF THE STACK....R.."...T.." IN
THIS EXAMPLE, I PROVIDES THE ".I.V..
" NUMBER WHICH IS NEEDED BY ASCII .
".X...." CR IS ANOTHER SYSTEM DEFINED WO
RD THAT"......" DOES A CARRIAGE RETURN..
.....".M...." YOU MIGHT HAVE NOTICED THA
T OUR NEW ".T...."......2500......----
------PAGE 7--------.)...:.".." .17)".F
ORTH.. 7"./.....^...." D
EFINITION DID NOT FIT ALL ONE LINE. "..
...." IN THIS CASE YOU JUST DO A CARRIAG
E "...B.." RETURN AT THE END OF EACH LIN
E. ONLY...F.." AFTER THE SEMICOLON IS EN
COUNTERED...G.." WILL THE NEW DEFINITION
BE ADDED TO.#.H.." THE DICTIONARY..Q.J.
." NOW FOR A FEW WORDS ABOUT PROGRAMM-
"...L.." ING STYLE. WE COULD HAVE PUT TH
E CODE "...N.." FOR ASCII INSIDE THE LO
OP BUT THAT "...P.." WOULD TEND TO OBS
CURE THE MEANING OF "...R.." THE CODE.
IT'S BETTER TO BREAK THE ".8.T.." COD
E INTO MANAGEABLE PARTS AS WE'VE.E.V.."
DONE..T...." ALSO, FORTH ALLOWS UP TO 31
CHARACTER "......" IDENTIFIERS, MAKING
IT POSSIBLE TO USE".R...." MEANINGFUL N
AMES LIKE ASCII AND "......" ASCIIT
ABLE. IN BASIC ON THE OTHER "./...."
HAND, WE ARE STUCK WITH MEANINGLESS ".
]...." TWO LETTER IDENTIFIERS LIKE A1.
".E....:..O....2500......----------P
AGE 8--------... .:.".." .17)".FORTH..
8"...!...T.".." DO +
LOOP...$.." .............(.." WE DON'T
HAVE TO INCREMENT THE INDEX ".F.*.." B
Y 1. +LOOP INCREMENTS THE INDEX BY ".U
.,.." THE AMOUNT ON THE TOP OF THE STACK
, "......" WHICH CAN BE POSITIVE OR NE
GATIVE. YOU".S.0.." HAVE TO BE SURE THAT
THIS NUMBER IS "...2.." ALWAYS AVAILA
BLE. FOR EXAMPLE,...4...+ 6.." : EX1 -1
20 30 DO +LOOP ; WRONG.W 8.."
....... :.." :
EX2 20 30 DO -1 +LOOP ; RIGHT.. <.
." ......
. >.." THE PROBLEM WITH EX1 IS THAT THE
STEP"..!@.." SIZE, -1 , IS ONLY AVAILAB
LE ON THE ".5!B.." FIRST PASS THROUGH TH
E LOOP. AFTER.C!D.." THE FIRST PASS WE W
OULD GET A ?STACK ".W!F.." EMPTY ERROR..
.!H.." THE BASIC EQUIVALENT OF EX2 IS,..
!I...G!J.." FOR I=30 TO 20 STEP-1:NEXTI.
Q!R..2500..!...----------PAGE 9--------.
."..:.".." .17)".FORTH..
9".""....?"..." CONDITIONAL BRANCHING.
M"..." .....................
".."..." IN FORTH THE IF STATEMENT T
AKES THE.."..." FOLLOWING FORM,.."....."
..." IF X [TRUE CONDITION]..#..
." ELSE Y [FALSE CONDITION].1#
..." THEN Z [UNCONDITIONAL
].9#...:..D#..." WHERE X,Y,Z ARE FORTH
EXPRESSIONS..J#.....#..." X IS EXECUTE
D IF IF FINDS A NON-.E#..." ZERO VALU
E ON TOP OF THE STACK, OTHER-..# .." WIS
E Y IS EXECUTED (0 IS ON TOP). Z IS..$..
." PERFORMED AFTER EITHER X OR Y. THE.J$
..." ELSE STATEMENT IS OPTIONAL. THE FOR
TH.W$..." VERSION OF IF IS CLEARLY MORE
VERSAT-..$..." ILE THAN BASIC'S...$...:.
..$...2500.A$...----------PAGE 10-------
-..$..:.".." .17)".FORTH..
10"..%..." THE NUMBER ON TOP OF THE S
TACK USED BY.J%..." IF IS CALLED A FLAG.
IT CAN BE SET EX-.W%..." PLICITLY OR AS
A RESULT OF ONE OF THE..%..." FOLLOWING
TESTS,..%....D%..." 0< RETURNS TR
UE (NON-ZERO) "..%..." IF
TOP OF STACK NEGATIVE...%.....&..." 0>
RETURNS TRUE IF TOP OF.J&..."
STACK POSITIVE. ".P&...
.}&..." 0= RETURNS TRUE IF TOP OF
"..&..." STACK EQUAL TO ZER
O...&....W&..." YOU CAN COMPARE THE TOP
TWO VALUES ON "..&..." THE STACK WITH,..
&...".$'..." = RETURNS TRUE IF NU
MBERS EQUAL".+'...".Z'..." < RETU
RNS TRUE IF TOP NUMBER ".Q'..."
LARGER.W'.....'...2500. 'K..---------
-PAGE 11--------.M'L.:.".." .17)".FORTH
.. 11".S'M....(N.." >
RETURNS TRUE IF TOP NUMBER..(P.."
SMALLER..#(R...Q(T.." WHICH
MATH OPERATOR ( + / - * ) WOULD".}(V.."
YOU USE TO TEST IF THE TOP TWO NUMB-..(
X.." ERS WERE NOT EQUAL?.B(`.." HERE'S A
SIMPLE EXAMPLE, ".H(A....(B.."
: SIGN 0< IF ."G(34)" IT'S A NEGATIVE
"G(34)..)D..".;)F.." ELSE ."G
(34)" IT'S A POSITIVE"G(34).A)H...R)J.."
THEN ."G(34)" NUMBER"G(34)"
;".Y)L.."..)O.." ."G(34)" IS A USEFUL CO
MMAND FOR SENDING".Y)P.." CHARACTER STRI
NGS TO THE SCREEN. DON'T"..*R.." FORGET
TO LEAVE A SPACE AFTER ."G(34).3*S.." WH
AT WOULD BE THE OUTPUT IF WE TYPED,.9*T.
..X*U.." -99 SIGN .RETURN...*V.."
SINCE ANY LEGITIMATE FORTH PHRASE CAN ".
.*~..2500..*...----------PAGE 12--------
..*..:.".." .17)".FORTH..
12"..+..." BE USED IT IS POSSIBLE TO P
UT DO LOOPS".;+..." OR EVEN OTHER IF STA
TEMENTS INSIDE IF ".G+..." STATEMENTS. (
LOOPS AND IF STATEMENTS..+..." CAN ONLY
APPEAR IN COLON DEFINITIONS)..+...".I+..
." CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES
"..+..." .......................
".#,..." ONE INITIALIZES A CONSTANT
IN FORTH ".C,..." BY TYPING THE FOLLOWI
NG,.I,B...W,D.." [VALUE] CONSTANT [CO
NSTANT NAME] ".~,F.."..,H.." FOR EXAMPL
E,..,J....,L.." 200 CONSTANT IQ .RET
URN.".C,N....,P.." AFTER THE CONSTANT HA
S BEEN DEFINED, "..-R.." IT'S VALUE WILL
BE PUT ON TOP OF THE.K-T.." STACK WHENE
VER IT'S NAME IS ENCOUNTER-.Y-V.." ED. I
T IS A GOOD IDEA TO USE CONSTANTS..-X.."
IN YOUR PROGRAMS TO MAKE THEM MORE..-..
...-...2500.R-...----------PAGE 13------
--..-..:.".." .17)".FORTH..
13".,...." READABLE. VARIABLES ARE
DEFINED IN ".S...." MUCH THE SAME WAY AS
CONSTANTS,.V....:." 0 VARIABLE AGE .R
ETURN..}...."......" THE DIFFERENCE COME
S WHEN WE 'EXECUTE'.W...." THE WORD AGE.
INSTEAD OF PUTTING THE../ .." VALUE ON
THE STACK, AGE PUTS IT'S OWN ".5/".." AD
DRESS THERE. THEN IF WE WANT TO KNOW".]/
$.." IT'S CURRENT VALUE WE WOULD SAY,.D/
&.."../(.." @ .RETURN.
"../*...A/,.." @ REPLACES THE ADD
RESS ON THE STACK../..." WITH THE NUMBER
AT THAT ADDRESS."..02.." IF WE WANT TO
ALTER THE VALUE OF AGE".004.." WE WOULD
DO THIS,.V08.." [NEW VALUE] AGE ! .R
ETURN..\09....0:.." ! TAKES THE TOP NUMB
ER OFF THE STACK..0;.." AND USES THIS AS
THE ADDRESS AT WHICH.W0<.." IT PUTS THE
SECOND NUMBER...0F..2500..1W..---------
-PAGE 14--------.-1X.:.".." .17)".FORTH
.. 14".31Y...`1Z.." VARI
ABLES AND CONSTANTS ARE ADDED TO..1|.."
THE DICTIONARY JUST LIKE OTHER FORTH..1~
.." WORDS SO THEY MAY BE DELETED OR REDE
-.O1..." FINED AS WELL..V1..."..1..." SA
VING FORTH PROGRAMS...2..." ............
...........=2..." WE ALL KNOW THAT A BAS
IC PROGRAM IS.G2..." STORED AS A FILE ON
DISK, WHICH WE..2..." CAN LOAD AND RUN.
IN FORTH THINGS ARE..2..." A LITTLE DIF
FERENT. AS FAR AS FORTH..2..." IS CONCER
NED, THE DISK IS DIVIDED UP..3..." INTO
WHAT ARE CALLED SCREENS,NOT FILES..G3...
" EACH SCREEN IS NUMBERED AND CAN HOLD.
T3..." ONLY 1024 CHARACTERS. INSTEAD OF
CRE-. 3..." EATING OUR DEFINITIONS AS WE
'VE BEEN.N3..." DOING, WE CAN EDIT THEM
INTO A SCREEN...3..." THEN WHEN WE LOAD
THE SCREEN, THE DEF-.'4..." INITIONS GET
ENTERED INTO THE DICT-.M4..." IONARY. T
O LOAD A SCREEN TYPE,.W4...2500.V4...---
-------PAGE 15--------..4..:.".." .17)"
.FORTH.. 15"..4....J4..."
[SCREEN#] LOAD .RETURN..Q4..."..4..."
TO MAKE CHANGES TO A PARTICULAR SCREEN.
5..." WE MUST ENTER THE EDITOR,.'5...".
K5..." [SCREEN#] EDIT .RETURN.".R5..
.".~5..." SEE THE LAST MONTH'S FORTH INS
TRUCT-..5..." IONS ON HOW TO USE THE EDI
TOR. REMEMB-.V5..." ER THAT YOU MUST NOT
STORE BASIC..6..." PROGRAMS ON A DISK
THAT CONTAINS FORTH..6..." SCREENS..=6.
.." AFTER YOU HAVE MADE CHANGES TO A.I6
..." SCREEN YOU CAN UPDATE THE DISK WITH
,.P6..."..6..." FLUSH .RETURN.
.A6..." IF YOU JUST WANT TO LOOK AT
WHATS IN..6..." A PARTICULAR SCREEN TYP
E,..6.....7..." [SCREEN#] LIST .RETU
RN...7.....7...2500.:7?..----------PAGE
16--------.G7@.:.".." .17)".FORTH..
16".M7A....7B.." TO PRINT J
UST THE FIRST LINE OF A..7D.." SERIES OF
FORTH SCREENS DO THIS,.F7F.."..7H.."
1 10 INDEX .RETURN...7J.."..8L.." THI
S PRINTS THE FIRST LINE OF SCREENS.H8N..
" 1 THROUGH 10. THE FIRST LINE SHOULD BE
.V8P.." A COMMENT TELLING WHATS ON THE S
CREEN..|8T....8[.." THE END OF DEFINITIO
NS ON A SCREEN IS.W8\.." GIVEN BY ;S
. IF NOT ALL THE DEFIN-..9^.." ITIONS CA
N FIT ON ONE SCREEN THEN USE.29`.." -->
WHICH CAUSES LOADING TO CONTINUE.^9B..
" ON THE NEXT SCREEN. AN EXAMPLE FORTH..
9D.." SCREEN CAN BE FOUND ON THIS MONTHS
..9E.." GOLD DISK. AFTER YOU'VE LOADED F
ORTH..9F.." FROM LAST MONTH'S DISK, PUT
IN THIS..9H.." MONTH'S DISK AND TYPE,..:
I....:J.." 7 LIST .RETURN..!:L...+:R..2
500.J:...----------PAGE 17--------.W:..:
.".." .17)".FORTH.. 17".
}:.....:..." CONCLUSION "..:..." .
......... "..:..." YOU NOW HAVE THE B
ASIC TOOLS TO START..;..." CREATING APPL
ICATIONS IN FORTH..-;..." HOWEVER, THERE
ARE MANY MORE USEFUL.^;..." DEFINITIONS
AND CONCEPTS TO BE COVERED.";..;B.." NE
XT MONTH WE'LL LOOK MORE CLOSELY AT "..;
D.." THE STRUCTURE OF THE DICTIONARY AND
..;F.." HOW FORTH SEARCHES AND EXECUTES
WORDS..<H.." IN IT. WE'LL ALSO LOOK AT C
HARACTER.><J.." STRING I/O AND NUMBER FO
RMATTING. THIS._<L.." AND MUCH MORE NEXT
MONTH..M<N..:.:.:.:..Y<O..:.:.:...<V.."
..^. BACK ._. GOLD DISK.";..<...A$:
.A$."".1760.D<...A$."_".3000.V<...A$.."^
".1760..<..PG.PG.1:.20..=D.." ..SPACE. A
HEAD .^. BACK ._. GOLD DISK";.,=E..A$
:.A$."".2501.D=F..A$."^".PG.PG.1:.20.U=G
..A$."_".3000.G=H..A$.." ".2501.W=I.PG.P
G.1:.20..=...G(154):.".":.49152...
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