PONZO TUTOR-4.64
FILE INFORMATION
FILENAME(S): PONZO TUTOR-4.64
FILE TYPE(S): PRG
FILE SIZE: 15.7K
FIRST SEEN: 2025-11-30 01:08:01
APPEARS ON: 2 disk(s)
FILE HASH
fa8a4de644b85c269d9a80e450d6e172f78f851f41b00e93e3a12018df2fbd29
FOUND ON DISKS (2 DISKS)
| DISK TITLE | FILENAME | FILE TYPE | COLLECTION | TRACK | SECTOR | ACTIONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A NWENDER | PONZO TUTOR-4.64 | PRG | Treasure Chest - Wolfgang Rauprich | 26 | 3 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
| FREESOFT DISK NR | PONZO TUTOR-4.64 | PRG | Treasure Chest - Wolfgang Rauprich | 26 | 3 | DOWNLOAD FILE |
FILE CONTENT & ANALYSIS
> DETECTED: COMMODORE BASIC PROGRAM (LOAD ADDRESS $0801)
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00003980: 50 20 4F 46 20 52 41 4D 92 28 59 2F 4E 29 22 00 |P OF RAM.(Y/N)".|
00003990: BA 41 40 C7 83 20 22 93 12 54 48 45 20 43 41 53 |.A@.. "..THE CAS|
000039A0: 53 45 54 54 45 20 42 55 46 46 45 52 20 53 54 41 |SETTE BUFFER STA|
000039B0: 52 54 53 20 57 48 45 52 45 22 00 F0 41 41 C7 83 |RTS WHERE"..AA..|
000039C0: 20 22 93 12 24 30 30 32 42 2F 24 30 30 32 43 3D | "..$002B/$002C=|
000039D0: 50 4F 49 4E 54 45 52 20 54 4F 20 53 54 41 52 54 |POINTER TO START|
000039E0: 20 4F 46 20 42 41 53 49 43 92 28 59 2F 4E 29 22 | OF BASIC.(Y/N)"|
000039F0: 00 21 42 42 C7 83 20 22 93 12 24 30 30 33 37 2F |.!BB.. "..$0037/|
00003A00: 24 30 30 33 38 3D 50 4F 49 4E 54 45 52 20 54 4F |$0038=POINTER TO|
00003A10: 20 54 4F 50 4F 46 20 52 41 4D 92 28 59 2F 4E 29 | TOPOF RAM.(Y/N)|
00003A20: 22 00 36 42 20 CB 81 51 B2 31 A4 51 51 3A 87 4D |".6B ..Q.1.QQ:.M|
00003A30: 24 28 51 29 3A 82 00 5B 42 21 CB 83 20 49 46 20 |$(Q):..[B!.. IF |
00003A40: 50 45 45 4B 28 33 32 37 36 38 29 3D 39 20 54 48 |PEEK(32768)=9 TH|
00003A50: 45 4E 20 49 54 27 53 20 56 34 2E 00 76 42 22 CB |EN IT'S V4..vB".|
00003A60: 83 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 24 41 30 30 30 20 54 4F 20 |. FROM $A000 TO |
00003A70: 24 42 46 46 46 2E 00 A2 42 23 CB 83 20 54 30 20 |$BFFF...B#.. T0 |
00003A80: 24 30 37 46 46 2E 2E 4A 55 53 54 20 42 45 46 4F |$07FF..JUST BEFO|
00003A90: 52 45 20 53 54 41 52 54 20 4F 46 20 42 41 53 49 |RE START OF BASI|
00003AA0: 43 2E 00 BC 42 24 CB 83 20 32 30 34 38 3D 24 30 |C...B$.. 2048=$0|
00003AB0: 38 30 30 20 48 41 53 20 27 30 30 27 00 D7 42 25 |800 HAS '00'..B%|
00003AC0: CB 83 20 54 48 45 20 27 4C 49 4E 4B 27 20 49 53 |.. THE 'LINK' IS|
00003AD0: 20 30 30 20 30 30 2E 00 01 43 26 CB 83 20 41 42 | 00 00...C&.. AB|
00003AE0: 4F 56 45 20 47 49 56 45 53 20 27 4C 49 4E 4B 27 |OVE GIVES 'LINK'|
00003AF0: 20 54 4F 20 32 4E 44 20 53 54 41 54 45 4D 45 4E | TO 2ND STATEMEN|
00003B00: 54 00 26 43 27 CB 83 20 54 48 45 59 27 52 45 20 |T.&C'.. THEY'RE |
00003B10: 53 54 4F 52 45 44 20 46 52 4F 4D 20 24 37 46 46 |STORED FROM $7FF|
00003B20: 46 20 44 4F 57 4E 00 3D 43 28 CB 83 20 44 49 52 |F DOWN.=C(.. DIR|
00003B30: 54 59 20 51 55 45 53 54 49 4F 4E 21 21 00 54 43 |TY QUESTION!!.TC|
00003B40: 29 CB 83 20 34 33 2F 34 34 20 49 4E 20 44 45 43 |).. 43/44 IN DEC|
00003B50: 49 4D 41 4C 00 6B 43 2A CB 83 20 35 35 2F 35 36 |IMAL.kC*.. 55/56|
00003B60: 20 49 4E 20 44 45 43 49 4D 41 4C 00 71 43 07 CF | IN DECIMAL.qC..|
00003B70: 8E 00 94 43 D8 D6 99 C8 28 53 44 24 2C 53 44 29 |...C....(SD$,SD)|
00003B80: C8 28 53 52 24 2C 53 52 29 22 12 22 43 43 24 22 |.(SR$,SR)"."CC$"|
00003B90: 92 22 3A 8E 00 B4 43 E2 D6 99 C8 28 53 44 24 2C |.":...C....(SD$,|
00003BA0: 53 44 29 C8 28 53 52 24 2C 53 52 29 43 43 24 22 |SD).(SR$,SR)CC$"|
00003BB0: 92 22 3A 8E 00 C5 43 60 EA 8F 20 49 4E 49 54 49 |.":...C`.. INITI|
00003BC0: 41 4C 49 5A 45 00 E7 43 61 EA 42 54 24 B2 22 13 |ALIZE..Ca.BT$.".|
00003BD0: 22 3A 81 49 B2 31 A4 32 34 3A 42 54 24 B2 42 54 |":.I.1.24:BT$.BT|
00003BE0: 24 AA 22 11 22 3A 82 00 31 44 62 EA 50 54 24 B2 |$.".":..1Db.PT$.|
00003BF0: 22 1C B0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 AE 11 9D |"...............|
00003C00: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D DD 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003C10: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D DD 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003C20: 9D 9D 9D 9D AD B2 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 B2 BD |................|
00003C30: 22 00 79 44 63 EA 50 54 24 B2 50 54 24 AA 22 11 |".yDc.PT$.PT$.".|
00003C40: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D CE A3 A3 |................|
00003C50: A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 CD 11 9D 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003C60: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D A5 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D |...........=====|
00003C70: 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D A7 22 00 B5 44 64 EA 50 54 |=======."..Dd.PT|
00003C80: 24 B2 50 54 24 AA 22 11 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |$.PT$.".........|
00003C90: 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D D0 CF A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 |................|
00003CA0: A3 A3 D0 CF 91 91 91 91 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D 9D |................|
00003CB0: 9D 9D 9D 9D 22 00 EC 44 65 EA 50 54 24 B2 42 54 |...."..De.PT$.BT|
00003CC0: 24 AA 22 91 91 91 91 91 91 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |$.".............|
00003CD0: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003CE0: 1D 1D 1D 22 AA 50 54 24 AA 22 90 22 00 1C 45 67 |...".PT$."."..Eg|
00003CF0: EA 4D 4C 24 B2 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 |.ML$."..........|
00003D00: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003D10: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 22 00 37 45 68 |...........".7Eh|
00003D20: EA 57 44 B2 34 30 3A 43 52 54 B2 31 30 32 34 3A |.WD.40:CRT.1024:|
00003D30: 99 C7 28 31 34 32 29 00 73 45 69 EA 57 32 B2 57 |..(142).sEi.W2.W|
00003D40: 44 AD 32 3A 57 33 B2 57 44 AB 31 3A 57 31 24 B2 |D.2:W3.WD.1:W1$.|
00003D50: CA 28 C4 28 57 44 29 2C 32 29 3A 97 35 33 32 38 |.(.(WD),2):.5328|
00003D60: 31 2C 31 35 3A 97 35 33 32 38 30 2C 31 32 3A 99 |1,15:.53280,12:.|
00003D70: 22 90 22 00 95 45 6A EA 57 32 24 B2 CA 28 C4 28 |"."..Ej.W2$..(.(|
00003D80: 57 32 29 2C 32 29 3A 57 33 24 B2 CA 28 C4 28 57 |W2),2):W3$..(.(W|
00003D90: 33 29 2C 32 29 00 9B 45 74 EA 8E 00 A6 45 30 F2 |3),2)..Et....E0.|
00003DA0: 8D 36 33 30 30 30 00 BC 45 31 F2 99 53 44 24 43 |.63000..E1..SD$C|
00003DB0: 4C 24 3A 99 43 4C 24 3A 99 43 4C 24 00 C2 45 33 |L$:.CL$:.CL$..E3|
00003DC0: F2 8E 00 FC 45 18 F6 99 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 |....E...".......|
00003DD0: 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 |................|
00003DE0: 11 11 48 49 54 20 12 52 45 54 55 52 4E 92 20 54 |..HIT .RETURN. T|
00003DF0: 4F 20 43 4F 4E 54 49 4E 55 45 22 3B 00 12 46 19 |O CONTINUE";..F.|
00003E00: F6 A1 41 24 3A 8B 41 24 B3 B1 22 22 A7 36 33 30 |..A$:.A$.."".630|
00003E10: 30 31 00 27 46 1A F6 A1 41 24 3A 8B 41 24 B2 22 |01.'F...A$:.A$."|
00003E20: 22 A7 36 33 30 30 32 00 2D 46 1B F6 8E 00 41 46 |".63002.-F....AF|
00003E30: 7C F6 81 54 B2 31 A4 35 3A 99 50 54 24 4D 53 24 ||..T.1.5:.PT$MS$|
00003E40: 3B 00 57 46 7D F6 99 50 54 24 22 20 20 20 20 20 |;.WF}..PT$" |
00003E50: 20 20 20 20 20 22 3B 00 66 46 7E F6 99 50 54 24 | ";.fF~..PT$|
00003E60: 4D 53 24 3B 3A 82 00 6E 46 7F F6 99 3A 8E 00 BB |MS$;:..nF...:...|
00003E70: 46 9C F9 53 44 24 B2 22 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 |F..SD$."........|
00003E80: 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 22 3A 43 4C 24 |...........":CL$|
00003E90: B2 22 92 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.". |
00003EA0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |
00003EB0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 92 22 00 EE 46 9D F9 | ."..F..|
00003EC0: 53 52 24 B2 22 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |SR$."...........|
00003ED0: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |................|
00003EE0: 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 22 00 F4 |............."..|
00003EF0: 46 9E F9 8E 00 00 00 |F...... |
..!...."....... PONZO*82*WATERLOO......"
.......K.2..53281,15:.53280,12:.".".N.D.
.". ..C64 TUTOR-4...E.."...
....................................."..
.F..". .. INSIDE THE C64
.. .":MS$." WELCOME! "...G..".......
..................................".,...
.60000:.63100:.63000.L....".............
.C64 MEMORY".Z....".MEMORY RUNS FROM 0 T
O 65535 (DECIMAL)". ....".OR 0000 TO FFF
F (HEXADECIMAL)"......".(WRITTEN $0000 $
FFFF)"......".SOME IS FOR YOU..SOME FOR
ME."......".(ABOUT HALF/HALF)"...$..".LE
T ME SHOW YOU...".$....63000.J.8..".....
....BOTTOM HALF OF MEMORY".].B.."DECIMAL
HEX"...L.."32768=$8000-......_TOP OF BA
SIC MEMORY"...V.." ......_I".
C.`.." - - - +"...E.."
...... ."...J.." ......
.BASIC".$.T.." ...... .PROGR
AMS".G.~.." ......_KIN HERE".
U...." 2048=$0800-......_BASIC MEMORY ST
ARTS"......" 2047=$07FF-......_ISCREEN M
EMORY"......" 1024=$0400-......_K".V....
" 1023=$03FF ......_I"......"
...... MY WORKSPACE"......"
...... .".6.D.." ...... ".X
.N.." ......_POINTERS.Z.X.."
......_TO MAGIC......"
......_MEMORY LOC'NS".G...."
......_FLAGS,ETC."......"
......"......" 0=$0000-......_KBOTT
OM"......63000.:....".I STORE BYTES READ
FROM A DATASETTE".B....".IN 'BUFFERS' U
NTIL I GET ENOUGH"...(..".TO STUFF INTO
'BASIC MEMORY'"...2..".(IF THEY'RE BASIC
PROGRAMS)."...<..".THESE ARE (USUALLY)
NICE PLACES TO PUT"...F..".MACHINE LANGU
AGE PROGRAMS."...P..".WHEN YOU DEFINE VA
RIABLES X,Y,A(I),ETC.".].Z..".I STORE TH
EM AFTER YOUR BASIC PROGRAM."...D..".WHE
N YOU DEFINE STRINGS A$,C$(I),ETC."...N.
.".I STORE THEM AT THE 'TOP'.".Z.X..".TO
KEEP TRACK OF WHERE I PUT THINGS"......
".I STORE POINTERS IN LOW MEMORY:"......
63000.7....".THE ADDRESS OF".25)" IS STO
RED AT".B. .."...............".25)".....
........."......".START OF BASIC".25)"43
/44 =$2B/$2C"......"^(USUALLY 2049=$0801
)".U....".END OF PROGRAM".25)"45/46 =$2D
/$2E"...H.."^(VARIES WITH PROGRAM)"...M.
." (AND GIVES START OF )".).N.." (VARIAB
LES TOO)".W.O..".BOTTOM OF STRINGS".25)"
51/52 =$33/$34".U.P.."^(VARIES WITH PROG
RAM)"...Q.." ($7FFF & DOWN_STRINGS)".A.R
..".TOP OF BASIC RAM".25)"55/56 =$37/$38
"......"^(USUALLY 32768=$8000)"......"..
.NOTE: THE 'TOP OF BASIC RAM' MAY BE AT"
.=...."$A000..IF NO 'CARTRIDGE' IS INVOL
VED.".O...."..WE'LL COME BACK TO THESE P
OINTERS LATER!".Z....63000. ....".......
.....TOP HALF OF MEMORY"......"DECIMAL H
EX"......"65535=$FFFF-......_TOP OF MEMO
RY"......" ......_I"......"
...... .RAM &".7...."
...... .ROM".S.".."49152=$C000 ......
_K".O.'.." ......_I"...(.."
...... .BASIC"...).."
...... .INTERPRETER".S.*.."
...... ."...,.."40960=$A000 ......_K".
..6.." ......_I_ MAY BE".6.;.
." ...... .USED BY".[.<.."
...... .CARTRIDGE".W.@.."32768=
$8000 ......_K"...|..63000...V..". .
HOW BASIC PROGRAMS ARE STORED"......".RE
CALL THAT BASIC PROGRAMS (NORMALLY)"....
..".GO INTO MEMORY STARTING AT $0801(HEX
).".9....".LET'S LOOK AT THE BYTES THERE
FOR THE".Q....".SIMPLE PROGRAM:".K...."
..10 FORI=1TO10 "......".20 PRINT"G(34
)"*"G(34)":NEXT"......".WE'LL .SYS2048.
TO GET TO THE MLM"...&..".THEN WE'LL ..M
0800-0820. TO DISPLAY"...0..".THE MEMOR
Y HOLDING THIS SIMPLE PROGRAM.".+.5..630
00:.".FOR:".E.6.."..10 FORI=1TO10 ".J.
7..".20 PRINT"G(34)"*"G(34)":NEXT".}.8..
".WE'LL GET:"...:..". .: 0800 00 0D 08
0A 00 81 49 B2.N.D.." .: 0808 31 A4 31
30 00 18 08 14...N.." .: 0810 00 99 22
2A 22 3A 82 00...X.." .: 0818 00 00 AA
AA AA AA AA AA.K.B.SD$."................
...":CL$.".
."...C.SR$."...................
....................."...L.SD.8:SR.10:CC
$."00":.55000...V..SD$"I ALWAYS HAVE .00
. HERE."......"THAT'S WHY 'SYS2048' WORK
S!"......62000......55010.;...SD.8:SR.13
:CC$."0D 08":.55000.G....SD$"THIS IS THE
ADDRESS OF THE .NEXT."......"BASIC INST
RUCTION."......62000......55010...F.SD.8
:SR.19:CC$."0A 00":.55000...P..SD$"THIS
IS THE LINE NUMBER .10."...Z.." IN HEX."
......62000......55010.%...SD.8:SR.25:CC
$."81":.55000.H....SD$"THIS IS THE 'TOKE
N' FOR";.V...." .FOR.".A....62000.L....5
5010.W....55010.....SD.8:SR.28:CC$."49":
.55000... ..SD$"THIS IS THE ASCII CODE F
OR";.H.*.." .I.".S.4..62000...5..55010..
.>.SD.8:SR.31:CC$."B2":.55000.#.H..SD$"T
HIS IS THE ASCII CODE FOR";./.R.." .=.".
:.\..62000.E.]..55010.D.F.SD.9:SR.10:CC$
."31":.55000...P..SD$"THIS IS THE ASCII
CODE FOR";...Z.." .1."......62000......5
5010.K...SD.9:SR.13:CC$."A4":.55000.....
.SD$"THIS IS THE 'TOKEN' FOR";......" .T
O."......62000......55010.0...SD.9:SR.16
:CC$."31":.55000.V....SD$"THIS IS THE AS
CII CODE FOR";.I.J.." .1.(AGAIN)".T.T..6
2000..U..55010.....SD.9:SR.19:CC$."30":
.55000.D....SD$"THIS IS THE ASCII CODE F
OR";.P...." .0."......62000......55010..
...SD.9:SR.22:CC$."00":.55000.(....SD$"T
HIS IS THE BYTE MEANING".C....".END OF S
TATEMENT..".N.$..62000.Y.%..55010.{...SD
.9:SR.25:CC$."18 08":.55000...8..SD$"THE
SE POINT TO ADDRESS OF"...B.."THE .NEXT.
STATEMENT".F.L..62000.Q.W..55010...J..S
D$"THIS 2ND STATEMENT BEGINS"...T.."AT $
080D AS NOTED EARLIER.".9.~.SD.8:SR.13:C
C$."0D 08":.55000.G....I.1.50:..R....550
10.F....A$:.A$."".2430.|....SD$CL$:.CL$:
.CL$.....SD.9:SR.25:CC$."18 08":.55000.L
....SD$"THE ADDRESS OF THE 'NEXT' STATEM
ENT"......"IS GIVEN .LO-BYTE. THEN .HI-B
YTE.."......"IT'S (LO-BYTE)+256*(HI-BYTE
).".&.D..62000.1.E..55010.^.N..SD$"..SAM
E FOR THE 'STATEMENT NUMBER'."...X.SD.8:
SR.19:CC$."0A 00":.55000......I.1.50:...
...SD.8:SR.19:CC$."0A 00":.55000.D....A$
:.A$."".2520.O....62000.Z....55010......
SD$"THEN COMES 2 BYTES FOR THE "......"S
TATEMENT NUMBER .20.".>...."(1ST BYTE)+2
56*(2ND BYTE)".]...SD.9:SR.31:CC$."14":.
55000.}...SD.10:SR.10:CC$."00":.55000...
...62000......H(SD$,9).31)"14"......H(SD
$,10).10)"00".U...SD.10:SR.13:CC$."99":.
55000...(..SD$"THIS IS THE 'TOKEN' FOR .
PRINT."...2..62000...3..55010.5.<.SD.10:
SR.16:CC$."22":.55000.A.F..SD$"THIS IS T
HE ASCII CODE FOR ."G(34).L.P..62000.W.Q
..55010...Z.SD.10:SR.19:CC$."2A":.55000.
..D..SD$"THIS IS THE ASCII CODE FOR .*."
.K.N..62000.V.O..55010...X.SD.10:SR.22:C
C$."22":.55000.( ...SD$"..THE ASCII CODE
FOR ."G(34):."...AGAIN".3 ...62000.> ..
.55010.^ ..SD.10:SR.25:CC$."3A":.55000.
..SD$"THE ASCII CODE FOR .:.".. ...620
00.. ...55010.. ..SD.10:SR.28:CC$."82":.
55000.T ...SD$"THE TOKEN FOR .NEXT.".. H
..62000.. I..55010..!R.SD.10:SR.31:CC$."
00":.55000.-!..SD.11:SR.10:CC$."00 00":.
55000.L!...SD$"THE 3 ZERO BYTES SAY".I!.
..".END OF THE PROGRAM.!".T!...62000..!.
..H(SD$,10).31)"00"..!...H(SD$,11).10)"0
0 00"..!...62000.P!..SD.10:SR.31:CC$."00
":.55000..!...SD$"THIS ONE IS THE NORMAL
"..""..".END OF STATEMENT."..",..62000.!
"-..55010.D"..SD.11:SR.10:CC$."00 00":.5
5000.K"6..SD$"THESE GIVE .00 00. AS A LI
NK".."@.."TO THE 'NEXT' STATEMENT.".."J.
."MEANING .NO NEXT STATEMENT..".."T..620
00.E"U..55010.."V..H(SD$,11).16)".AA AA
AA AA AA AA."..#^..SD$"THE BUNCH OF .AA.
S IS JUST.......".)#H.."GARBAGE!".P#|..6
2000:.".": MS$."AA AA AA":.63100..#...".
IF YOU REALLY.............. WANTED TO YO
U"..#...".COULD ENTER THE MLM WITH .SYS2
048".Z#...".AND WRITE (OR CHANGE) A BASI
C PROGRAM"..$...".BY SIMPLY ENTERING THE
APPROPRIATE".4$...".BYTES (IN HEX!) INT
O THE RIGHT LOC'NS!".Z$..."...BUT LEARN
YOUR ASCII CODE.."..$B..".AND THE SINGLE
-BYTE 'TOKENS' I USE"..$L..".TO IDENTIFY
THE VARIOUS BASIC COMMANDS"..$V..".LIKE
.PRINT.,.FOR.,.NEXT.,.RUN.,.LIST.,ETC."
..%...".(TRY IT AFTER............ YOU EN
D TUTOR)".1%...63000:.40000:.5000.P% .."
.NOW... **********".M%..."
* A TEST *..%..." ********
**"..%...I.1.500:.:MS$." .A TEST?!.":.63
100..%..."....I'LL ASK YOU QUESTIONS ABO
UT MYSELF.":MS$."GOOD!GOOD!"..&...".IF T
HE ANSWER IS AN 'ADDRESS' OR".H&...".MEM
ORY LOCATION GIVE IT TO ME AS A".K&H..".
.4 DIGIT HEX NUMBER WITH $"..&R..".(LIKE
$1234)"..&..."....UNLESS OTHERWISE SPEC
IFIED!"..&...50000:.63000.R&...N.1.QQ:."
...."Q$(N)..&...A$:.A$.."".4085..'..."..
. V...";A$:."....".1'...A$.A$(N)..6310
0:."..............":.4120.?'...AN$A$(N).
V'..."."M$(N):.63000:..'"..".WANT TO TA
KE THE **TEST** AGAIN?"..',..".. Y..."
;A$..'6..A$."Y"..".":.4080..'@..39999..'
...".AFTER RUNNING A PROGRAM LIKE:":QT$.
G(34):.63900..(...". 10 AB$=STR$(7)".2(.
..".LET'S SEE WHERE I PUT THE STRING '7'
.".T(...".WE'LL TYPE .SYS2048. THEN".~(.
.."...M 0800-0830. TO SEE THE PROGRAM"..
(..."...M 7FF8-7FFF. TO SEE THE STRING."
..(D..63000:.".";..(Q.."..: 0800 00 0E
08 0A 00 41 42 24..)R..".: 0808 B2 C4 2
8 37 29 00 00 00./)S..".: 0810 41 C2 02
FC 7F 00 00 AA.V)T..".: 0818 AA AA AA
AA AA AA AA AA.)U.."...: 7FF8 AA AA AA
AA 20 37 12 04..)T.SD.3:SR.24:CC$."00 0
0 00":.55000.R)...SD$"THESE ARE THE 3 '0
0'-BYTES THAT END"..)..."THE PROGRAM."..
)...62000:.55010..*..SD.4:SR.9:CC$."41 C
2":.55000.5*...SD$".41.='A' IN ASCII".W*
...".42.='B'..BUT $80 IS ADDED"..*..."IN
DICATING A .STRING., GIVING .C2."..*$..6
2000:.55010..*..SD.4:SR.15:CC$."02":.550
00..*8..SD$"THE STRING AB$ IS .02. BYTES
LONG."..*B..62000:.55010..+L.SD.4:SR.18
:CC$."FC 7F":.55000.:+V..SD$"AND IT'S LO
CATED AT $.7FFC..".L+`..62000:.55010.N+J
.SD.8:SR.21:CC$."20 37":.55000..+T..SD$"
HERE, AT $7FFC, IS AB$."..+~..".AB$ IS:.
20.='SPACE'+.37.='7'".G+...62000:.55010.
.+..SD.8:SR.27:CC$."12 08":.55000..,...S
D$"AND WHERE DOES IT SAY IT'S".#,..."2 B
YTES LONG?".E,..."..AT MEMORY LOC'N $.08
12.!".D,..SD.4:SR.15:CC$."02":.55000.,D
..55010:.A$:.A$."".6330..,N..".IF, HOWEV
ER, YOUR PROGRAM WAS:"..,X..". 10 AB$="Q
T$"7"QT$..,...".WHERE DO YOU THINK THE P
OINTER WILL"..,...".POINT TO?".*-..."..N
OT. TO $7FFC, BUT TO THE LOCATION".T-...
".IN THE BASIC PROGRAM ITSELF WHERE".L-.
..".'7' IS LOCATED.".W-...62000..-...SD$
"THAT IS, TO $.080A."..-..."..AND IT WIL
L BE 1 BYTE LONG!".W-..SD.3:SR.9:CC$."7"
:.55000..-(..55010:.A$:.A$."".6430..-2..
.".?..".":MS$.".AU REVOIR!.":.63100:."."
:..M.@..".LET'S LOOK AT SOME POINTERS":.
63900.X.E..".BEFORE WRITING ANY........
PROGRAM". .F.."(AFTER FIRST TURNING ON T
HE C64)".N.J..".WE'LL .SYS2048. TO GET I
NTO THE MLM.."...T..".THEN ..M 002B 0033
...."...^..".B*../_.." PC SR AC XR
YR SP".5/`..".; 0801 32 04 5E 00 F8".I/
A..".M 002B 0033".Q/B..".: 002B 01 08 0
3 08 03 08 03 08"../C..".: 0033 00 80 0
0 00 00 80 00 FF"../D..".X _ =EXIT...REM
EMBER?".Z/H.SD.14:SR.09:CC$."01 08":.550
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RT".'0|.."AT $0801..READ IT BACKWARDS!".
90...62000:.55010.\0..SD.14:SR.15:CC$."0
3 08":.55000..0...SD$"THIS SAYS THE NIL-
PROGRAM ENDS"..0..."AT $0803..AFTER 3 '0
0' BYTES!"..0...62000:.55010..0..SD.14:S
R.21:CC$."03 08":.55000..1B..SD$"THIS SA
YS ARRAYS START".$1L.."AT $0803 TOO..NO
ARRAYS YET!".61V..62000:.55010.Y1..SD.14
:SR.27:CC$."03 08":.55000.X1...SD$"THIS
SAYS ARRAYS END"..1..."AT $0803 TOO...NO
ARRAYS YET.!"..1...62000:.55010.S1..SD.
15:SR.09:CC$."00 08":.55000..1...SD$"THI
S SAYS STRINGS GO DOWN"..2..."TO $8000..
.NO STRINGS YET.!".,2&..62000:.55010.O20
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"THIS POINTER (TO CURRENT STRING)"..2D..
"WE'LL IGNORE."..2N..62000:.55010.D2X.SD
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IS SAYS 'TOP OF BASIC RAM' IS"..3L.."AT
$8000..OF COURSE."..3V..62000:.55010.?3.
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NUMBER..IGNORE!"..3...62000:.55010.L3...
".OK...NOW WE'LL WRITE A SHORT PROGRAM.:
":.I.1.500:...3..."..10 FORI=1TO10:A(I)=
I*I:A$(I)=STR$(I)".34...".20 PRINT"G(34)
"+"G(34)":NEXT ".A4F.
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".Z4P..".WE'LL .SYS2048.:"..4Z..".B*..4.
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01 32 04 5E 00 F8".V4...".M 002B 0033"..
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5...".: 0033 00 80 DA 7F 00 80 14 FF".0
5...".X".S5 .SD.14:SR.09:CC$."01 08":.55
000.V5*..SD$"THE BASIC PROGRAM STARTS"..
54.."AT $0801..OF COURSE!"..5>..62000:.5
5010.G5H.SD.14:SR.15:CC$."2E 08":.55000.
.5R..SD$"THE BASIC PROGRAM ENDS"..6\.."A
T $082E..AFTER THE 3 '00' BYTES.".#6F..6
2000:.55010.L6P.SD.14:SR.21:CC$."2E 08 2
E 08":.55000.Q6Z..SD$"NO VARIABLES, NO A
RRAYS OR"..6..."STRINGS CREATED YET."..6
...62000:.55010.T6..SD.15:SR.09:CC$."00
80 DA 7F 00 80 14 FF":.55000..6...SD$"NO
THING WORTH NOTING (!)"..7..."HAS HAPPEN
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WATCH...."..7O..".
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":..*8T..62
000:.55010.M8..SD.14:SR.09:CC$."01 08":.
55000.S8...SD$"START OF BASIC WON'T CHAN
GE"..8...62000:.55010..8..SD.14:SR.15:CC
$."2E 08":.55000.L8...SD$"END OF BASIC W
ON'T CHANGE"..8..."(IT'S ALSO 'START OF
VARIABLES)"..9...62000:.55010..9$.SD.14:
SR.21:CC$."35 08 9B 08":.55000.R9...SD$"
ARRAY A(I) IS STORED FROM".I98.."$0835 A
ND 'UP'.".T9B..62000..9C..SD$"IT ACTUALL
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$089B."..9F..62000:.55010..:L.SD.15:SR.0
9:CC$."D7 7F":.55000.9:V..SD$"ARRAY A$(I
) IS STORED FROM".E:`.."$8000 (REALLY $7
FFF) .DOWN. T0 $7FD7".P:J..62000..:T..SD
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RE KEPT IN $0873-$089B".B:...62000..:...
SD$"THE STRINGS THEMSELVES='1'-'10'"..;.
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0:.55010.I;..SD.14:SR.15:CC$."2E 08 35 0
8":.55000.U;...SD$".SO....THE VALUE OF '
I' IS STORED"..;..."IN 7 BYTES FROM $082
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FOR IT'S NAME:.I."..;X.."5 BYTES FOR IT'
S VALUE=1,THEN 2,ETC."..<...62000:.55010
.1<..SD.14:SR.21:CC$."35 08 9B 08":.5500
0.Z<...SD$"VALUES OF A(I) GO INTO LOC'N
S"..<. ."$0835-$0872 (INCLUDING 2 BYTES"
..<. ."FOR IT'S NAME .A.)"..<. .62000.J<
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"$0835-$089B IS TO KEEP TRACK OF"..=2 ."
WHERE EACH A$(I) IS STORED IN HI RAM.".0
=< .62000:.55010.[=F .SD$"IF YOU TYPE .C
LR. AFTER .RUN.ING"..=P ."THE PROGRAM,AL
L VARIABLES,ARRAYS AND"..=Z ."STRINGS GE
T CLEARED."..=D .62000.X=N .SD$"THE ABOV
E POINTERS REVERT TO..."..=X .62000..>.
SD.14:SR.09:CC$."01 08 2E 08 2E 08 2E 08
":.55010.M>. SD.15:SR.09:CC$."00 80 DA 7
F 00 80 14 FF":.55010.T>. .SD$"JUST THE
PROGRAM..FROM $0801"..> ."TO $082E"..>.
.62000..>. .SD$"..AND GUESS WHAT HAPPEN
S IF YOU".M>. ."TYPE .NEW.!!".X>H .62000
..?. SD.14:SR.09:CC$."01 08 03 08 03 08
03 08":.55010.B?. SD.15:SR.09:CC$."00 80
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"THAT'S ALL":.63100:..O?PCQQ.10:AN$.".AN
SWER=."..?QCA$(1)."V2":.B(32768).9 .A$(1
)."V4"..@TC.I.2.QQ:.A$(I):..3@UC. $A000,
$0400,$0801,3,N,Y,$033C,Y,Y.H@8G.I.1.QQ:
.Q$(I):..X@9G. "..WHAT BRAND OF BASIC HA
VE I GOT. V2/V4". @:G. "..WHERE DO THE B
ASIC ROMS START".I@;G. "..WHERE DOES SCR
EEN MEMORY START"..@<G. "..WHERE DO BASI
C PROGRAMS START."..A=G. "..BASIC PROGRA
MS END IN ? ZERO BYTES".^A>G. "..PEEK(10
25)+256*PEEK(1026).=1ST STATEMENT NUMBER
(Y/N)"..A?G. "..STRINGS ARE STORED AT TO
P OF RAM.(Y/N)"..A@G. "..THE CASSETTE BU
FFER STARTS WHERE"..AAG. "..$002B/$002C=
POINTER TO START OF BASIC.(Y/N)".!BBG. "
..$0037/$0038=POINTER TO TOPOF RAM.(Y/N)
".6B K.Q.1.QQ:.M$(Q):..[B!K. IF PEEK(327
68)=9 THEN IT'S V4..VB"K. FROM $A000 TO
$BFFF...B#K. T0 $07FF..JUST BEFORE START
OF BASIC...B$K. 2048=$0800 HAS '00'.WB%
K. THE 'LINK' IS 00 00...C&K. ABOVE GIVE
S 'LINK' TO 2ND STATEMENT.&C'K. THEY'RE
STORED FROM $7FFF DOWN.=C(K. DIRTY QUEST
ION!!.TC)K. 43/44 IN DECIMAL.KC*K. 55/56
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